Xinjiang clique

1924	Second Zhili–Fengtian War; Beijing Coup
1925	Yunnan–Guangxi War; May Thirtieth Movement
1925–1926	Anti-Fengtian War
1926–1928	Northern Expedition
1928	Jinan Incident; Huánggūtun Incident; Flag Replacement of the Northeast
1929	Sino-Soviet conflict
1930	Central Plains War

1915–1916	Empire of China (Yuan Shikai); National Protection War
1916	Death of Yuan Shikai
1917	Manchu Restoration
1917–1922	Constitutional Protection Movement
1918–1920	Siberian Intervention
1919	Paris Peace Conference; May Fourth Movement
1919–1921	Occupation of Mongolia
1920	Zhili–Anhui War
1920–1921	Guangdong–Guangxi War
1922	First Zhili–Fengtian War

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The Xinjiang clique was a military faction that ruled Xinjiang during China's warlord era. Unlike other cliques, its leaders were from outside the province.

During the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Qing governor fled from Dihua (Ürümqi). A band of Yunnanese led by Yang Zengxin quelled the rebellion and established himself as the provincial leader. President Yuan Shikai recognized Yang as governor. Yang was one of the few who supported Yuan's attempt to become emperor. During the National Protection War, he purged officers who sympathized with the Yunnan clique's leader Cai E. After Yuan's death, he recognized whichever government ruled in Beijing and maintained an isolationist and neutrality policy which kept Xinjiang away from the upheavals experienced in the rest of China.

Ma Fuxing and Ma Shaowu, both of them Chinese Muslims were members of the clique. They held military and political positions under Yang.

In 1928, days after recognizing the Nationalist (KMT) government in Nanjing, Yang was assassinated by Fan Yaonan. He was succeeded by his protégé Jin Shuren who was originally from Gansu. Jin wholly mismanaged the province and alienated its Muslim majority. In 1931, Muslims rebelled against Jin. Gansu warlord Ma Zhongying of the Hui Ma clique invaded in support of the rebellion. Soon various other groups rebelled against Jin, often fought against each other including the breakaway First East Turkestan Republic.

Jin was deposed by mutineers in 1933 and was succeeded by a Manchu, Sheng Shicai. Sheng was not a protégé of either Yang or Jin. He was initially an officer under Guo Songling and defected with Guo to the Guominjun. He was appointed by Nanjing to serve under Jin as late as 1930. The war continued unabated with Nanjing unable to resolve the conflict. Frustrated, Sheng turned to the Soviet Union in 1934. With Soviet support, Ma Hu-shan was defeated in 1937. Sheng turned Xinjiang into a Soviet protectorate and safe haven for the Chinese Communist Party.

With Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Sheng decided to rejoin the Kuomintang and expelled Soviet advisors and executed communists. Chiang Kai-shek couldn't trust Sheng, who tried renegotiating with Joseph Stalin, so he deposed him and installed direct rule in 1944. The new KMT administration then faced a rebellion that coalesced into the Second East Turkestan Republic.

Xinjiang clique

See also[]

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