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Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)

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2016-17 West Libya clashes
Part of the Libyan Crisis (2011–present), post-civil war violence in Libya and the Second Libyan Civil War
Date14 October 2016 – present
(8 years, 3 months and 1 day)
LocationWestern Libya
Result

Ongoing

  • The Rixos Al Nasr Hotel, the Government Palace, and some ministries located in Tripoli are seized by the Presidential Guard in October 2016
  • The GNA maintains control of Tariq al-Sikka Palace and the Abu Sitta Naval Base
  • New clashes erupted in December
  • Libyan National Guard entered Tripoli in February.
  • GNA recaptures Rixos Al Nasr Hotel and Guest Palace complex in March 2017
  • GNA forces all GNC-loyal militias from Tripoli
  • Fighting continues at the outskirts of Tripoli after pro-GNC forces withdraw from Tripoli on 29 May 2017 while GNA control all of Tripoli[6]
Belligerents

Libya Government of National Accord

  • Ministry of Interior
  • Al-Bunyan al-Marsous
  • Abu Sleem Central Security Force[1][2]
  • Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade (TRB)[3]
  • Zintan Brigades

Libya Government of National Salvation

  • Presidential Guard
  • Misrata Brigades[4][5]
  • Libyan National Guard
Flag of Libya (1977-2011) Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya & other militias
Commanders and leaders
Libya Fayez al-Sarraj
(Prime Minister-designate)
Libya Ahmed Maiteeq
Libya Abdulrahman Asswehly
Libya Haytham Tajouri (TRB leader)[7]

Libya Khalifa al-Ghawil (WIA)
Libya Awad Abdul Saddeq
Libya Ali Ramali[8]

Flag of Libya (1977-2011) Mohammed Al-Abdalli  (POW)
Al-Mabrouk Ehnish  (POW)
Casualties and losses
Unknown 2 PG members killed[9]
17 killed, 46+ wounded[10][11]


A Libyan coup d'état attempt took place on 14 October 2016. The attempt was conducted by the former head of the "Government of National Salvation" Khalifa al-Ghawil against Prime Minister-designate Fayez al-Sarraj.

Background[]

Main article: Libyan Crisis (2011–present)

Following the ousting of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by NATO forces in 2011, the country had been in a state of discord and civil war. From April 2016, two rival governments existed, one based in Tripoli and the other in Tobruk. In April 2016, the UN brokered an agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA), effectively disbanding the Government of National Salvation (GNS). The latter's former leader, Khalifa al-Ghawil, rejected the proposal and became the subject of EU sanctions.[12]

Other factions in the East led by Marshal Khalifa Haftar also opposed the GNA. His forces had taken over the four key oil ports of Essidra, Ra's Lanuf, Brega and Al-Zueitina, but were cooperating with the GNA to permit oil exports.[13]

In August 2016, a 94-member rival to the High Council of State (HCS) was proclaimed in Benghazi and its members offered to join the official HCS.[14] On 10 October, the HCS's headquarters was attacked by unknown gunmen.[15]

Coup d'état attempts[]

Late on 14 October, al-Ghawil proclaimed the reinstatement of the former GNS, having taken over the offices of a key consultative body of the GNA[which?] at the Rixos Hotel,[13] a complex of administrative buildings and a television station[which?], with GNA forces pulling back in the late afternoon without violence. The GNS supporters said the GNA was "void" and that they had replaced it.[16] Al-Ghawil also declared all members of the GNA "suspended from their duties."[12] He also said: "The presidential council was given chances one after another to form the government, but it has failed...and has become an illegal executive authority." He called for a new administration to be formed by the former Tripoli and Tobruk governments. He further claimed that all institutions including banks, the judiciary, and local authorities were under their jurisdiction.

The following day, the GNS-supporting militiamen in pickup trucks with mounted machine guns remained in place,[16] though Tripoli was calm after the events. Meanwhile, the GNA posted images on social media showing its Presidential Council and ministers holding a meeting in the main offices of parliament in a different part of Tripoli,[13] though earlier reports suggested they may have been in neighboring Tunisia.[16] The GNA then reacted by threatening to arrest "those politicians who... attempt to create parallel institutions and destabilise the capital," while also condemning "efforts to sabotage the political agreement" and denounced the seizure of the Council of State building by an "armed group."[12]

On 16 October, forces loyal to al-Ghawil sent reinforcements to protect the parliament building.[17] They also seized the Government Palace.[18] On the same day, fighting near a refugee camp in the area of Fallah, near the road to the airport, led to the death of at least one woman. Six other people, including a child, were wounded.[10] The Presidential Guard then also pledged allegiance to the GNS.[19] It was reported by Jeune Afrique that the Presidential Guard dropped the GNA because of unpaid wages.[20]

On 17 October, Ghwail claimed on television that the GNS had fully taken control of the capital.[21] Clashes between Ghawil forces and policemen also occurred.[22]

Further clashes[]

On 28 November, representatives from House of Representatives (HoR) and GNC met in Tripoli to reach a deal and form a new government.[23] On 1 December, Omar al-Hassi announced the formation of the High Council of Revolution, a parallel executive body.[24]

Clashes occurred in Tripoli between the two sides from 1 to 2 December after pro-GNA militias attacked pro-GNS militias. 8 people were killed, including civilians, while more than 20 were wounded. Clashes were reported in many areas including Rixos hotel. A ceasefire agreement was reached the next day. The agreement required two armed groups in the Al-Nasr Park in Bab Benghashir areas to leave and hand the location to the Presidential Security Personnel of the Salvation Government before being transferred to the control of Youth and Sports Ministry.[2][11][25] Omar al-Hassi meanwhle announced the creation of a new council called "High Council of Revolution".[26] Clashes erupted again between Tripoli and Misratan militias on 4 December due to disputes over the control of territories.[27]

GNS claimed it had seized the buildings of ministries of defence, labour and the "martyrs and the wounded” on 12 January 2017.[28] A GNA spokesman later confirmed that the militias had tried to seize the buildings, however stated they were unsuccessful.[29]

On 2 February 2017, clashes in western Tripoli district of Janzour near Bridge 17 broke out between Wirshefana militias and the Fursan Janzour brigade, with some sources suggesting up five people have been killed and 15 wounded.[30]

On 10 February 2017, the newly created Libyan National Guard (LNG), which are loyal to GNC, entered Tripoli.[31]

On 24 February 2017, 8 people was killed during fighting between GNA and GNS forces in Tripoli’s Abu Sleem district. Three of the dead were civilians who were killed when a missile hit Hamza Street.[32] During nighttime on 13 March 2017, clashes erupted between armed residents of Gurji and Hay Andalus backed by Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade against Misratan and Amazigh militias.[33]

The fighting spread to other areas of Tripoli on 14 March.[34] Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade attacked and besieged the Rixos compound, the location of GNC and Salvation Government, in Bab Bin Ghashir district during the night after a night of fighting on 15 May.[33] The Pro-GNA forces had recaptured the Guest Palace complex as well as the Rixos hotel. The office of the Al-Nabaa channel loyal to GNC was attacked by unknown gunmen and was burnt down in the clashes. The channel was taken off-air while Khalifa Al-Ghawil was also reported by one of his aides to have been injured in the clashes.[35][36] A ceasefire agreement was later signed by GNA members, elders and councils of Misrata and Tripoli, Tripoli High Council for reconciliation and a number of brigades’ commanders from Tripoli, Souq al Jum'aa and Misrata during a meeting at Abu Sittal Naval Base. The agreement called for withdrawal of all armed groups from Tripoli in 30 days.[37] The ceasefire was however rejected by both Tripoli Revolutionaries' Brigade as well as the Abu Sleem Central Security Force on 16 March while renewed clashes were reported.[38][39]

On 9 May 2017, at least one person was killed and a number of others injured in Tripoli old town and around Musheer marketplace when two rival local militias clashed.[40][41]

On 26 May 2017, at least 52 UN-backed Government of National Accord (GNA) fighters have been killed (at least 17 executed) and many others wounded in heavy clashes with rival militiamen in Abu Salim, Hai Damscus, Al-Eddine, Hai Akhwakh, Salahedeen and Qasr Bin Ghashir districts, according to a GNA official.[42][43][44][45] The Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade attacked the Hadba prison and clashed with the Security Department Forces led by Khaled Al-Sharif, killing at least two guards. The Al-Sharif-led forces pulled out.[3] TRB seized the prison and demolished Al-Sharif's house. The Presidency Council-backed Ministry of Interior meanwhile stated that all prisoners had been transferred, including Saadi Qaddafi and former intelligence chief Abdullah Senussi.[46]

On 28 May, Presidential Guard under command of GNA took control of Tripoli International Airport from Kani militia from city of Tarhuna. This marked first time in three years that airport has been controlled by force loyal to internationally-recognized government.[47] By the next day, the city of Tripoli was fully under control of pro-GNA forces, with all pro-GNC forces withdrawing as a result of clashes with pro-GNA forces.[6]

On 4 July, a family of five were reported killed and at least 32 injured in the early afternoon at a beach near Mitiga airport when a rocket-propelled grenade exploded beside them.[48][49] Later on that day, Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade had been sent to the area and the airport was forced to close.[50]

On 7 July 2017, three Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers belonging to the GNA's Brigade 103, along with two of their friends were found shot dead in Wadi Rabie, near Tripoli International Airport.[51]

On 9 July, heavy clashes reportedly erupted between the National Guard and pro-Serraj forces in Castelverde.[52] A day later, it was reported that GNA-allied militias which came out from Tripoli to block the advance of the pro-GNC forces have withdrawn back to their positions in Tripoli for due to unclear reasons.[53] On 11 July, the Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade (TRB) claimed to be in complete control of Garabulli after three days of fighting which forced more than 85 percent of the town population to flee. A Tripoli hospital reported four deaths during the fighting, including two foreign workers and 21 injuries. TRB had advanced on the town to block a push on by forces loyal to Khalifa Ghwell. These forces included members of Sala Badi's Samoud militia as well as Benghazi Defense Brigades. Hospitals in Tripoli recorded 4 deaths and 21 injuries, while casualties among the attacking forces were unknown.[54]

Three people, including a civilian, were killed in clashes between Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade on 1 October and Nawasi Brigade in Tripoli's Gurji district. The TRB forces were reportedly sent to clear Gurji’s Massara area from a Nawasi unit led by an extended family, Alwad Radiah, and reportedly succeeded. One of the Alwad Radiah leaders was killed while the third body was unidentified. The fighting had been triggered by Nawasi's attempt to take over TRB headquarters in Shara al-Shatt, though there were no serious clashes except shooting in the air.[55]

Fighting erupted between Support Brigade 42 and Abdul-Raoaf Al-Jabari Brigade in Arada area of Tripoli on 6 October, leaving four dead and 17 injured. The cause of the clashes was unclear with reports stating that the fighting erupting after Al-Jabari Brigade attacked Brigade 42 members in Ein Zara on the preceding night, leading to a counter-attack om Al-Jabari Brigade camp in Arada.[56]

The Special Deterrence Forces stated on 16 October 2017 that it had arrested Al-Mabrouk Ehnish, a leader of Gaddafi loyalist-led Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya, as well as a Sudanese national named Emam Al-Faqi. It stated that they were plotting to take control of Tripoli’s entrances.[57] The Gaddafi loyalists on return threatened to shut off the water supplies from the Great Man-Made River if they didn't release Al-Mabrouk. His brother threatened to cut off all water supplies and shut down oil and gas fields if he wasn't released within 72 hours.[58] Another demand for Al-Mabrouk was later made on 19 October, with threats to blow up the gas pipeline if he wasn't released in 72 hours.[59] The group meanwhile carried out its threat to shut down the water supply.[60] The group temporarily blocked the Tripoli-Sebha road on 22 October.[61]

Clashes between the Special Deterrence Forces (Rada) and armed youth from the Ghararat region of Soug al Ju'maa led to suspension of flights in morning on 16 October from the Mitiga International Airport.[62] The airport was closed again in the evening and in the morning on the next day due to clashes. The clashes began when Rada had conducted raids in Ghrarat. Rada spokesman Ahmed Bin Salem said the group targeted in the raids had tried to attack the airport area after a wanted drug dealer was killed when he fired on their patrol. He added that Ghrarat was now under their control and was being treated as a military zone. He also stated that one Rada member was killed while two were wounded, with the opposition receiving several casualties.[63] Clashes continued in Ghararat despite Rada's declaration. The Port of Tripoli was closed by militiamen in the afternoon on 17 October.[64] The Central Security Force, known as Nawasi Brigade, had attacked the port in an attempt to expel Brigade 50 which had been controlling it for years. The Nawasi Brigade said that it was fighting to expel an armed group and hand to port over to state authorities.[65] Flights resumed at Mitiga airport on the next day.[66] A Tripoli Security Directorate source meanwhile stated that the central security forces had taken over the Tripoli port, adding that the armed group stationed there illegally was expelled.[67]

Sabratha clashes[]

Clashes broke out on 17 September in Sabratha between the newly formed IS-fighting Operations Room group as well as a local militia of Annas Dabbashi, known for payments by Italy to human trafficking gangs to stop the flow of migrants from the city, leaving one person dead and several others injured.[68] There was a temporary ceasefire on 20 September to allow elders from Zintan and Zawia to negotiae a permanent ceasefire. Both the combatants were supposedly under the authority of the Presidency Council.[69] The negotiations collapsed with clashes intensifying on 21 September.[70] 5 were killed and 20 injured by 21 September.[71] The Anti_IS Operation Room captured the downtown Qamar hotel on 23 September, killing three members of the rival 48th Battalion.[72] By 29 September, the AIOR had extended control to the Roman ruins of the city.[73] AIOR captured the city by 6 October.[74] 43 were killed and 340 injured in the clashes according to the health ministry.[75]

Wershiffana offensive[]

Fighting broke out in Wershiffana district in western Libya between local armed groups and forces led by western military zone commander Osama Jowaili, who was appointed by the Presidential Council. Per reports from the area and statement of the district's Council of Elders the clashes had intenisified around Checkpoint 60.[76] Serraj-linked forces attacked Libyan National Army's fourth brigade headquarters. Local residents and military sources reported military forces inching in from Zintan towards Aziziya. The Zintan Brigades said it was targeting crime scenes and outlaws. It also called on residents to stay away from gatherings and areas of clashes. LNA special operations commander Major Imad Trabelsi meanwhile denied reports of alliance with GNA.[77]

Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade announced on 4 November about taking part in the military operations against criminal groups and to clear Jafara and Aziziya. It stated that Wershiffana was a stronghold of many criminal groups including Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya, a military opposition wing loyal to Muammar Gaddafi.[78][79] The joint forces announced complete control over Wershiffana on 8 November in addition to capturing three prominent leaders of the rival groups, including Mohammed Al-Abdalli alias "Al-Suborto."[80] Abdullah Al-Fak'hal, media official of Zintan's Military Council, stated on 10 November that 70 people had died in the clashes in the area in the past few days and they had completely stopped.[81]

Reactions[]

Domestic[]

On 15 October, al-Ghawil was accompanied by Awad Abdul Saddeq, first deputy president of the GNC, and the former head of the Presidential Guard, Ali Ramali, in calling upon Abdullah al-Thani, the head of the interim government in Beida, to join him in forming a national unity government.[8]

On 19 October, Abdulrahman Asswehly, the head of the High Council of State, urged al-Ghawil's loyalist forces to leave the buildings that they had taken over from the GNA.[82]

On 24 October, Fayez al-Sarraj said that he could use force to oust Ghawil forces from Tripoli.[83]

On 5 November, Khalifa Al-Ghawil attended operation of a gas turbine of Al-Khums power station. Meanwhile, Ahmed Maiteeq and his delegation including Presidential Council-selected steering committee for General Electric Company were ordered to leave the city. The Tripoli Court of Appeal had ruled against the appointment of the steering committee while the current management which is loyal to Salvation Government was ordered to stay in office.[84] Tripoli Revolutionary Brigades issued a statement calling on the Presidential Council to commit to Skhirat agreement or declare it as a failure, while blaming GNA for deteriorating living and security conditions in Libya. It also urged Khalifa Haftar to be stopped from carrying out a possible coup.[85] Meanwhile, a militia calling itself “The Brigades of Revolutionaries in Libya” rallied in Tripoli's Martyr Square, calling for a national dialogue while rejecting foreign moves to resolve the country’s political crisis. It accused the Presidential Council of deteriorating the situation in Libya while also criticising attacks on and seizure of governmental institutions during the coup.[86]

After the clashes in mid-March, protests against militias were held in Tripoli on 18 March. Some pro-Haftar protestors were also present amongst the protestors. Shootings by gunmen to intimidate and disperse the protesters were also reported.[87][88] In response to the protests, Misratan members of the House of Representatives stated that they were suspending all contacts with the Presidential Council until it apologized for the inflammatory statements which it alleged the protestors had made against Misrata. Misratan fighters and their supporters also closed the Dafnuya checkpoint on road from Misrata to Tripoli, demanding the release of all those kidnapped in Tripoli based in their opinions. They also demanded handing back of Guest Palaces to GNS as well as apology for attack on Rixos compound. It also called for mobilisation of Misratan fighters against what it alleged was a "conspiracy" in Tripoli, claiming it was being run by followers of Khalifa Haftar.[89][90] Haftar meanwhile warned the militias to leave Tripoli, warning them that the Libyan National Army will attack them if they didn't and also condemned the attack on pro-Haftar protesters.[91]

International[]

  • Flag of the United Nations UN - Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Special Representative for Libya Martin Kobler[92] condemned the incident and warned it could sow "further disorder and insecurity."[13] On 23 October, Martin Kobler, also urged them to leave the buildings.[93]
  • Flag of Turkey Turkey - Turkey condemned the GNC coup and the Turkish President’s delegate, Emrullah İşler said "Turkey will keep on supporting the GNA and the political agreement signed in Skhirat resort, Morocco last December in order to see peace prevail in Libya," in a statement during a meeting with Libyan officials.[94]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ "Renewed militia clashes shake Tripoli". Libya Herald. 16 December 2016. https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/12/16/renewed-militia-clashes-shake-tripoli/. Retrieved 14 January 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Fighting in Tripoli as pro-PC forces move to crush militants". Libya Herald. 1 December 2016. https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/12/01/fighting-in-tripoli-as-pro-pc-forces-move-to-crush-militants/. Retrieved 14 January 2017. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade seizes Hadba Prison, kills two guards as fighting intensifies". Libyan Express. 27 May 2017. http://www.libyanexpress.com/tripoli-revolutionaries-brigade-seizes-hadba-prison-kills-two-guards-as-fighting-intensifies/. 
  4. ↑ "Misurata-based brigades parade their military might in Tripoli to support GNC - Libyan Express". 22 October 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/misurata-based-brigades-parade-their-military-might-in-tripoli-to-support-gnc/. Retrieved 16 November 2016. 
  5. ↑ "Op-Ed: Coup plotters still have control of their headquarters in Tripoli". Digital Journal. 17 October 2016. http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/op-ed-coup-plotters-still-have-control-of-their-headquarters-in-tripoli/article/477480. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Ghwell said his fighters withdrew to prevent further damage in Tripoli". 29 May 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/05/29/ghwell-said-his-fighters-withdrew-to-prevent-further-damage-in-tripoli/. 
  7. ↑ "TRB militia leader Haitham Tajouri issues new warning". Libya Herald. 23 January 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/01/23/trb-militia-leader-haitham-tajouri-issues-new-warning/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Rump of GNC and Ghwell stage coup, declaring themselves back in power". Libya Herald. 15 October 2016. https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/10/14/gnc-and-ghwell-stage-coup-declaring-themselves-back-in-powe/. 
  9. ↑ https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/2-fighters-gnc-presidential-guard-killed-tripoli
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Libya: media, anarchy in Tripoli over failed coup". ANSAMed.it. http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2016/10/17/libya-media-anarchy-in-tripoli-over-failed-coup_2a6af5cf-f3f0-4801-8b1c-130291c7559f.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Libya: Rival militias in deadly clashes in Tripoli". BBC. 2 December 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38189609. Retrieved 5 December 2016. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Libya's UN-backed government narrowly survives coup attempt". http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libyas-un-backed-government-narrowly-survives-coup-attempt-1858553972. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Rival faction challenges Libya's UN-backed government in Tripoli". http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/rival-faction-challenges-libyas-un-backed-government-tripoli-754810947. 
  14. ↑ "Al-Sweihli sends three High Council of State (HCS) members to investigation". The Libya Observer. http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/al-sweihli-sends-three-high-council-state-members-investigation. 
  15. ↑ "High Council of State evacuated over rift with its security guards". Libyan Express. 10 October 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/high-council-of-state-evacuated-over-rift-with-its-security-guards/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Stephen, Chris (14 October 2016). "Libya coup attempt as Tripoli militias seek to topple UN-backed government". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/15/libya-coup-attempt-as-tripoli-militias-seek-to-topple-un-backed-government. 
  17. ↑ "Shells fell on IDPs camp while anticipation builds in Tripoli". The Libya Observer. http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/shells-fell-idps-camp-while-anticipation-builds-tripoli. 
  18. ↑ Yeranian, Edward. "Rival Governments Vie for Control of Libya". http://www.voanews.com/a/libya-rival-governments-vie-control/3554992.html. 
  19. ↑ "Presidential Guard defects and pledges allegiance to Al-Ghweil Salvation Government". 16 October 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/presidential-guard-defects-and-pledges-allegiance-to-al-ghweil-salvation-government/. 
  20. ↑ "Libye : un rival du gouvernement d'union affirme avoir repris le pouvoir" (in French). JeuneAfrique.com. 16 October 2016. http://www.jeuneafrique.com/365877/politique/libye-rival-gouvernement-dunion-affirme-repris-pouvoir/. 
  21. ↑ "Al-Ghweil says his govt. controls the entire capital, Tripoli's Attorney General orders arrest of Presidential Guard defectors". Libyan Express. 17 October 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/al-ghweil-says-his-govt-controls-the-entire-capital-tripolis-attorney-general-orders-arrest-of-presidential-guard-defectors/. 
  22. ↑ "Drums of War Beat in Libyan Capital". Asharq Al-Awsat. 18 October 2016. http://english.aawsat.com/2016/10/article55360390/drums-war-beat-libyan-capital. 
  23. ↑ Moutaz Ali (28 November 2016). "Libya-Libya dialogue working on its own unity government". Libya Herald. https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/11/28/libya-libya-dialogue-working-on-its-own-unity-government/. Retrieved 5 December 2016. 
  24. ↑ "Former SG Prime Minster forms High Council of Revolution". The Libya Observer. 1 December 2016. http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/former-sg-prime-minster-forms-high-council-revolution. Retrieved 5 December 2016. 
  25. ↑ "Tripoli clashes halted after clashing armed groups reached ceasefire". The Libya Observer. 3 December 2016. http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/tripoli-clashes-halted-after-clashing-armed-groups-reached-ceasefire. Retrieved 5 December 2016. 
  26. ↑ "High Council of Revolution founded to vie for power in Tripoli". Libyan Express. 1 December 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/high-council-of-revolution-founded-to-vie-for-power-in-tripoli/. Retrieved 14 January 2017. 
  27. ↑ "Clashes between rival militias renew in Libya's Tripoli". Al-Arabiya. 4 December 2016. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/12/04/Violent-clashes-between-rival-militias-renew-in-Libya-s-Tripoli.html. Retrieved 8 December 2016. 
  28. ↑ "Rival Libya government seizes ministries in Tripoli". Middle East Monitor. 13 January 2017. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170113-rival-libya-government-seizes-ministries-in-tripoli/. Retrieved 14 January 2016. 
  29. ↑ "Libya: GNA government dismisses claims on seized ministries". Africanews. 14 January 2017. http://www.africanews.com/2017/01/14/libya-gna-government-dismisses-claims-on-seized-ministries/. Retrieved 14 January 2016. 
  30. ↑ "Deadly clashes in Tripoli’s Janzour district". Libya Herald. 2 February 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/02/02/deadly-clashes-in-tripolis-janzour-district/. 
  31. ↑ http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170211-libye-milices-renforcent-leur-presence-tripoli-ghowel
  32. ↑ "Fighting in Abu Sleem intensifies". Libya Herald. 24 February 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/02/24/fighting-in-abu-sleem-intensifies/. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Situations in Libyan capital of Tripoli are tense". The Libya Observer. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/situations-libyan-capital-tripoli-are-tense. 
  34. ↑ "West Tripoli clashes force evacuation of central business area". The Libya Herald. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/03/14/west-tripoli-clashes-force-evacuation-of-central-business-area/. 
  35. ↑ "Libya govt forces overrun Tripoli militia headquarters". Agence-France Presse. Arab News. 15 March 2017. http://www.arabnews.com/node/1068906/middle-east. 
  36. ↑ "Fighting in Libya's capital as one government seizes another's compound". Reuters. The New York Times. 15 March 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/world/middleeast/libya-tripoli-fighting.html. 
  37. ↑ "Ceasefire reached in Tripoli after three days of bloody fighting". Libyan Express. 15 March 2017. http://www.libyanexpress.com/ceasefire-reached-in-tripoli-after-three-days-of-bloody-fighting/. 
  38. ↑ "Haithem Tajouri rejects the Tripoli ceasefire as more fighting reported". Libya Herald. 16 March 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/03/16/haithem-tajouri-rejects-the-tripoli-ceasefire-as-more-fighting-reported/. 
  39. ↑ "Clashes In Tripoli After Libya Factions Agree Ceasefire". Agence-France Presse. NDTV. 16 March 2017. http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/clashes-in-tripoli-after-libya-factions-agree-ceasefire-1670418. 
  40. ↑ "Clashes between rival militias cause panic in Tripoli". Libya Herald. 9 May 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/05/09/clashes-between-rival-militias-cause-panic-in-tripoli/. 
  41. ↑ "Clashes break out at Tripoli old town, injuries reported". The Libya Observer. 9 May 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/clashes-break-out-tripoli-old-town-injuries-reported. 
  42. ↑ "Rival factions clash in Libya's Tripoli". 27 May 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/rival-factions-clash-libya-tripoli-170526154255187.html. 
  43. ↑ "Intense fighting hits Tripoli as GNC and Presidency Council force clash". Libya Herald. 26 May 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/05/26/intense-fighting-hits-tripoli-as-gnc-and-presidency-council-force-clash/. 
  44. ↑ "Fighting erupts in Libyan capital". The Libya Observer. 26 May 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/fighting-erupts-libyan-capital. 
  45. ↑ "About 28 dead, 130 wounded as militias clash in Libya capital". Asian Age. 27 May 2017. http://www.asianage.com/world/middle-east/270517/about-28-dead-130-wounded-as-militias-clash-in-libya-capital.html. 
  46. ↑ "Tajouri takes Hadba prison, also demolishes home of Khaled Al-Sharif". Libyan Herald. 27 May 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/05/27/tajouri-takes-hadba-prison-also-demolishes-home-of-khaled-al-sharif/. 
  47. ↑ "Presidential Guard moves into Tripoli International Airport: report". 28 May 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/05/29/presidential-guard-moves-into-tripoli-international-airport-report/. 
  48. ↑ "Five people killed by shelling on Tripoli beach". Reuters. 5 July 2017. http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN19P2ME. 
  49. ↑ "Family at Tripoli beach killed in RPG attack: report". Libya Herald. 4 July 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/07/04/family-at-tripoli-beach-killed-in-rpg-attack-report/. 
  50. ↑ "BREAKING: Mitiga airport closed by internal militia fighting". Libya Herald. 5 July 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/07/05/breaking-mitiga-airport-closed-by-fighting-within-a-militia/. 
  51. ↑ "Three members of LNA unit found shot dead south of Tripoli". Libya Herald. 7 July 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/07/07/three-members-of-lna-unit-found-shot-dead-south-of-tripoli/. 
  52. ↑ "Fierce clashes between anti-GNA and pro-GNA forces break out in east Tripoli". Libya Herald. 9 July 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/fierce-clashes-between-anti-gna-and-pro-gna-forces-break-out-east-tripoli. 
  53. ↑ "Residents terrified as Garabulli fighting goes into second day". Libya Herald. 10 July 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/07/10/residents-terrified-as-garabulli-fighting-goes-into-day-two/. 
  54. ↑ "TRB claims Garabulli victory but attackers may have changed direction". Libya Herald. 11 July 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/07/11/trb-claims-garabulli-victory-but-attackers-may-have-changed-direction/. 
  55. ↑ "Tripoli clashes between Tajouri forces and Nawasi brigade leave three dead". Libya Herald. 2 October 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/10/02/tripoli-clashes-between-tajouri-forces-and-nawasi-brigade-leave-three-dead/. 
  56. ↑ "Deadly clashes erupt in Tripoli". Libya Observer. 6 October 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/deadly-clashes-erupt-tripoli. 
  57. ↑ "Tripoli-based Special Deterrent Force apprehends Gaddafi-loyal armed group". Libya Observer. 16 October 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/tripoli-based-special-deterrent-force-apprehends-gaddafi-loyal-armed-group. 
  58. ↑ "Gaddafis threaten Tripoli residents with water cut". Libya Observer. 17 October 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/gaddafis-threaten-tripoli-residents-water-cut. 
  59. ↑ "Armed Group Threatens to Blow Up Pipeline that Transmits Libya’s Gas to Italy". Asharq al-Awsat. 19 October 2017. https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/armed-group-threatens-blow-pipeline-transmits-libyas-gas-italy. 
  60. ↑ "Water stops in Tripoli as Qaddafi militants now threaten to blow up gas pipeline". Libya Herald. 19 October 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/10/19/water-stops-in-tripoli-as-qaddafi-militants-now-threaten-to-blow-up-gas-pipeline/. 
  61. ↑ "Gunmen block Tripoli-Sebha road in new bid to force release of Mabrouk Ahnish". Libya Herald. 23 October 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/10/23/gunmen-block-tripoli-sebha-road-in-new-bid-to-force-release-of-mabrouk-ahnish/. 
  62. ↑ "Mitiga airport flights resume after suspension due to airport attack". Libya Herald. 16 October 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/10/16/mitiga-airport-flights-resume-after-suspension-due-to-airport-attack/. 
  63. ↑ "Fighting in Libyan capital closes airport". Reuters. 17 October 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/fighting-in-libyan-capital-closes-airport-idUSKBN1CM1Q5. 
  64. ↑ "Now Tripoli port as well as Mitiga airport closed as Ghararat fighting continues". Libya Herald. 17 October 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/10/17/now-tripoli-port-as-well-as-mitiga-airport-closed-as-ghararat-fighting-continues/. 
  65. ↑ "Clashes break out around Tripoli Port". Libya Observer. 17 October 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/clashes-break-out-around-tripoli-port. 
  66. ↑ "Flights resume at Libya’s Mitiga airport after clashes". Anadolu Agency. 18 October 2017. http://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/flights-resume-at-libya-s-mitiga-airport-after-clashes/941388. 
  67. ↑ "Libya gov't force seizes Tripoli Port after violent clashes with gunmen". Xinhua News Agency. 18 October 2017. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/18/c_136689734.htm. 
  68. ↑ "Uneasy calm prevails after deadly clashes in Sabratha". Libya Observer. 17 September 2017. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/uneasy-calm-prevails-after-deadly-clashes-sabratha. 
  69. ↑ "Temporary ceasefire in Sabratha as elders from Zintan and Zawia try to mediate peace". Libya Herald. 20 September 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/09/20/temporary-ceasefire-in-sabratha-as-elders-from-zintan-and-zawia-try-to-mediate-peace/. 
  70. ↑ "Fighting intensifies in Sabratha as militias blame each other". Libya Herald. 21 September 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/09/21/fighting-intensifies-in-sabratha-as-militias-blame-each-other/. 
  71. ↑ "Military tensions rise in western Libya". Xinyhua News Agency. 21 September 2017. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-09/22/c_136627849.htm. 
  72. ↑ "Sabratha clashes continue despite mediation efforts". Libya Herald. 23 September 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/09/23/sabratha-clashes-continue-despite-mediation-efforts/. 
  73. ↑ "Still no ceasefire in Sabratha". Libya Observer. 29 September 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/09/29/still-no-ceasefire-in-sabratha/. 
  74. ↑ "Libyan group captures 'migrant hub' on Mediterranean coast". The New Arab. 6 October 2017. https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/10/7/libyan-group-captures-migrant-hub-on-mediterranean-coast. 
  75. ↑ "Thousands of migrants stranded in Libyan smuggling hub". Sydney Morning Herald. 11 October 2017. http://www.smh.com.au/world/thousands-of-migrants-stranded-in-libyan-smuggling-hub-20171010-gyxvy8.html. 
  76. ↑ "TRB claims Garabulli victory but attackers may have changed direction". Libya Observer. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/fighting-breaks-out-wershiffana-district-southwestern-tripoli. 
  77. ↑ "Security Tensions Engulf Tripoli, LNA Field Marshal Hafter Visits Cairo". Asharq al-Awsat. 3 November 2017. https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1072291/security-tensions-engulf-tripoli-lna-field-marshal-hafter-visits-cairo. 
  78. ↑ "Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade joins in military operation in Wershiffana, southwestern Tripoli". Libya Observer. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/tripoli-revolutionaries-brigade-joins-military-operation-wershiffana-southwestern-tripoli. 
  79. ↑ "Libya gov't security force willing to join military operation in western Libya". Xinhua News Agency. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/05/c_136728638.htm. 
  80. ↑ "Joint forces seize control of Wershiffana district". Libya Observer. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/tripoli-revolutionaries-brigade-joins-military-operation-wershiffana-southwestern-tripoli. 
  81. ↑ "Recent clashes in western Libya kill 70 people: official". Xinhua News Agency. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/10/c_136743246.htm. 
  82. ↑ "Al-Sweihli and Peter Millett urge Salvation Government to leave peacefully". Libyan Express. 19 October 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/al-sweihli-and-peter-millett-urge-salvation-government-to-leave-peacefully/. 
  83. ↑ "Sarraj Hints Using Force to End Ghawil’s Tripoli-Based Government - Asharq Al-Awsat English". Asharq Al-Awsat. 24 October 2016. http://english.aawsat.com/2016/10/article55360757/sarraj-hints-using-force-end-ghawils-tripoli-based-government. Retrieved 16 November 2016. 
  84. ↑ "Salvation Government opens Khums Power Station, PC denied access - The Libya Observer". http://www.libyaobserver.ly/life/salvation-government-opens-khums-power-station-pc-denied-access. Retrieved 16 November 2016. 
  85. ↑ "Leaders of Tripoli revolutionary brigades blame PC for low living, security conditionspublisher=Libya Observer". http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/leaders-tripoli-revolutionary-brigades-blame-pc-low-living-security-conditions. Retrieved 17 November 2016. 
  86. ↑ Ali, Moutaz (5 November 2016). "Revolutionaries in Tripoli call for new national dialogue, warn of dangers to the city". Libya Herald. https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/11/05/revolutionaries-in-tripoli-call-for-new-national-dialogue-warn-of-dangers-to-the-city/. Retrieved 17 November 2016. 
  87. ↑ "Libyans stage anti-militia rallies in volatile Tripoli". Africanews. 18 March 2017. http://www.africanews.com/2017/03/18/libyans-stage-anti-militia-rallies-in-volatile-tripoli/. 
  88. ↑ Valerie Stocker (26 March 2017). "Upheaval in Tripoli and Misrata rocks Libya's 'unity government'". The New Arab. https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2017/3/28/upheaval-in-tripoli-and-misrata-rocks-libyas-unity-government. 
  89. ↑ "Misrata says relations with PC frozen; road to Tripoli is blockaded". Libya Herald. 19 March 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/03/18/misratans-say-relations-with-pc-frozen-gate-into-city-from-tripoli-is-blockaded/. 
  90. ↑ Assad, Abdulkader (19 March 2017). "Misrata fighters reject dragging Libya backward to bygone military rule". Libya Herald. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/misrata-fighters-reject-dragging-libya-backward-bygone-military-rule. 
  91. ↑ Maha, Ellawati (18 March 2017). "After Tripoli attack, Hafter warns militias to leave capital or face the full force of the LNA". Libya Herald. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/03/18/after-tripoli-atttack-hafter-warns-militias-to-leave-capital-or-face-the-full-force-of-the-lna/. 
  92. ↑ "Libya: As situation worsens, UN envoy calls for pause in fighting near Benghazi". Indiablooms. http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/world-details/F/8670/libya-as-situation-worsens-un-envoy-calls-for-pause-in-fighting-near-benghazi.html. 
  93. ↑ "Sewehli slams Rixos plotters saying the real thuwar are dying in Sirte". https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/10/22/sewehli-slams-rixos-plotters-saying-the-real-thuwar-are-dying-in-sirte/. 
  94. ↑ "Turkey condemns GNC coup on legitimate High Council of State in Tripoli". http://www.libyanexpress.com/turkey-condemns-gnc-coup-on-legitimate-high-council-of-state-in-tripoli/. Retrieved 3 November 2016. 
Coups, self-coups, and attempted coups since 1991
1990s
2000s
2010s
Coups d'état in Africa since 1960
1960s
1970s
  • Lesotho (1970)‡c
  • Libya (1970)
  • Uganda (1971)c
  • Morocco (1971)
  • Sudan (1971)c
  • Dahomey (1972)c
  • Ghana (1972)c
  • Morocco (1972)
  • Republic of the Congo (1972)
  • Rwanda (1973)c
  • Uganda (1974)
  • Niger (1974)c
  • Ethiopia (1974)c
  • Comoros (1975)c
  • Sudan (1975)
  • Libya (1975)
  • Nigeria (1975)c
  • Chad (1975)c
  • Comoros (1976)c
  • Sudan (1976)
  • Burundi (1976)c
  • Nigeria (1976)
  • Benin (1977)
  • Republic of the Congo (1977)c
  • Seychelles (1977)c
  • Sudan (1977)
  • Somalia (1978)
  • Comoros (1978)c
  • Ghana (1978)‡c
  • Mauritania (1978)c
  • Central African Republic (1979)c
  • Ghana (1979)c
  • Equatorial Guinea (1979)c
    • 1980s
    1990s
    2000s
    2010s
    2020s
  • c: successful coup
  • ‡ self-coup
  • no sign for attempted coup
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