A Tomb of the Unknown Soldier refers to a monument in dedication to the services of an unidentified soldier and to the common memories of all soldiers killed in any war. Such tombs can be found in many nations and are usually high-profile national monuments. Throughout history, many soldiers have died in wars without their remains being identified. Following the First World War, a movement arose to commemorate these soldiers with a single tomb, containing the body of one such unidentified soldier.
During the First World War, the British and French armies jointly decided to bury soldiers themselves. In Britain, under the Imperial War Graves Commission, Reverend David Railton had seen a grave marked by a rough cross while serving in the British Army as a chaplain on the Western Front, which bore the pencil-written legend "An Unknown British Soldier".[1] He suggested (together with the French in their own country) the creation at a national level of a symbolic funeral and burial of an "Unknown Warrior", proposing that the grave should in Britain include a national monument in the form of what is usually, but not in this particular case, a headstone. The idea received the support of the Dean of Westminster, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and later from King George V, responding to a wave of public support.[1] At the same time, there was a similar undertaking in France, where the idea was debated and agreed upon in Parliament.
The United Kingdom and France conducted services connected with their 'monumental' graves (as presumably newly conceived, and in any case approved, by their respective armies) on Armistice Day 1920 (the burial itself taking place later in January of the following year in France). In Britain, the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior was created at Westminster Abbey, while in France La tombe du soldat inconnu was placed in the Arc de Triomphe. The idea of a symbolic Tomb of the Unknown Soldier then spread to other countries. In 1921, tombs were unveiled in the United States, Portugal and Italy. Since then, other nations have followed the practice and installed their own tombs. In the United States, further tombs have subsequently been created in order to represent different wars seen as key in its history.
In Chile and Ukraine, a second tomb was unveiled to commemorate The Unknown Sailor.
The tombs typically contain the remains of a dead soldier who is unidentified (or "known but to God" as the stone is sometimes inscribed)[2] and thought to be impossible ever to identify, so that he might serve as a symbol for all of the unknown dead wherever they fell. The anonymity of the entombed soldier is key to the symbolism of the monument: since his identity is unknown, it could theoretically be the tomb of anyone who fell in service of the nation in question, and therefore serves as a monument to all of their sacrifices. Much work goes into trying to find a certain soldier, and to verify that it is indeed one of the relevant nation's soldiers.
The other places that have tombs of the unknown soldiers:
Countries | Location | Image | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Argentina | Metropolitan Cathedral in Buenos Aires | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the Independence | |
Australia | Australian War Memorial in Canberra | The tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. | |
Austria | Heldenplatz in Vienna | [citation needed] | |
Belgium | Congress Column in Brussels | The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the base of the location. | |
Bolivia | Monumento al Soldado Desconocido in La Paz | The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, center piece of the location.[citation needed] | |
Brazil | Monument to the Pracinhas in Rio de Janeiro | The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the platform of the location. | |
Bulgaria | Monument to the Unknown Soldier in Sofia | ||
Monument to the Unknown Soldier in Haskovo[citation needed] | |||
Canada | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National War Memorial, Confederation Square in Ottawa | [3] | |
Chile | General Manuel Baquedano Square in Santiago | Contains the remains of a soldier who died in 1881 during the War of the Pacific.[citation needed] | |
Plaza de la Cuidadanía (Citizenship Square), Santiago de Chile | Contains the remains of a soldier found in Zig Zag, Perú.[citation needed] Died in 1881 during the War of the Pacific. | ||
Cripta del Morro de Arica (Rock of Arica Crypt), Arica | Contains the remains of a soldier found in 1998.[citation needed] Died during the War of the Pacific. | ||
Unknown Sailor Monument | A monument built in honor to the sailors that fought and died in the Battle of Iquique, a naval battle off the coast of Chile. | ||
Czech Republic | National Memorial on Vítkov Hill in Prague | contains remains of a soldier fallen at the Battle of Zborov as a part of a larger memorial to all Czechoslovak soldiers | |
Egypt | Unknown Soldier Memorial in Cairo | Also includes the tomb of President Anwar Sadat. | |
Estonia | Defence Forces Cemetery in Tallinn | File:Bronze Soldier, 27 May 2007, portrait.jpg | |
Finland | Hietaniemi cemetery in Helsinki | In the centre of the military cemetery are the tombs of the unknown soldier and Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. | |
France | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier beneath the Arc de Triomphe in Paris | ||
Germany | Unter den Linden, Berlin | Within a 19th-century guardhouse, the Neue Wache | |
Greece | $3 on Syntagma Square in Athens |
| |
Hungary | Heroes' Square in Budapest | ||
India | India Gate, New Delhi | Burning in a shrine under the arch of India Gate since 1971 is the Amar Jawan Jyoti (the flame of the immortal soldier) which marks the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The shrine itself is a black marble cenotaph with a rifle placed on its barrel, crested by a soldier's helmet. Each face of the cenotaph has inscribed in gold the words "Amar Jawan" (Immortal Warrior) in the Hindi language.[6] The Prime Minister of India pays homage to the country's fallen soldiers along with the Chiefs of Staff of each arm of the Armed Forces on each Republic Day of India. | |
Indonesia | The Pandu war cemetery at Bandung | The Field of Honor is a memorial to the unknown soldier. There is also the Tomb of the Unknown (Dutch) Sailor in Kembang Kuning war cemetery in Surabaya.[7] | |
Iraq | The Monument to the Unknown Soldier, Baghdad | ||
Israel | Garden of the Missing Soldiers in Mount Herzl, Jerusalem | Initially called the "Unknown Soldier Monument", the garden commemorates IDF soldiers whose burial place is unknown. A National Memorial Hall featuring a new memorial to the Unknown Soldier is scheduled to open nearby in 2015. | |
Italy | Piazza Venezia in Rome | The Tomb of the Milite Ignoto in the Altare della Patria (Vittoriano) | |
Japan | Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery in Tokyo | ||
Ryozen Kannon in Kyoto | |||
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the World in Ogose, Saitama | |||
Dai Heiwa Kinen Tō in Tondabayashi, Osaka | |||
Lithuania | Vienybės Square in Kaunas | Tomb of Nežinomas kareivis, with remains of soldier who died in fights against Bolsheviks in 1919. | |
Malaysia | National Monument in Kuala Lumpur | Completed in 1966 to commemorate combatants who fought against Japanese occupation of pre-independence Malaysia in World War II and the Malayan Races Liberation Army insurgency during the Malayan Emergency. Also includes a pre-independence cenotaph, which was shifted from its original location closer to the old town of Kuala Lumpur, commemorating the war dead of World War I, World War II and the Malayan Emergency. | |
Namibia | Heroes' Acre in Windhoek | The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier contains soil from Cassinga and Oshatotwa from the Namibian War of Independence. | |
New Zealand | Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, National War Memorial in Wellington | ||
Peru | Plaza Bolivar in Lima | Contains the remains of a soldier who died in 1881 during the War of the Pacific. | |
Philippines | Heroes' Cemetery in Manila | Contains the remains of Filipino soldiers who have joined the military and served on the Philippine Revolution, Philippine–American War and World War II. | |
Shrine of Valour in Bataan | Contains the remains of the valiant Filipino and American soldiers who had fallen in the Battle of Bataan during World War II. | ||
Poland | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Marshall Józef Piłsudski Square in Warsaw | Constructed as the arcade of Saxon Palace, which was destroyed in 1944. Contains the remains of a soldier who died between 1918 and 1920. | |
Portugal | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Batalha Monastery | ||
Romania | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Carol Park in Bucharest | ||
Russia | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Alexander Garden in Moscow | File:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow, 2004).jpg | |
Serbia | Monument to the Unknown Hero on Mt. Avala near Belgrade | ||
Slovenia | Monument to the Unknown French Soldier, French Revolution Square in Ljubljana | ||
Somalia | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Mogadishu City Centre. | A monument erected in honour of the Somali men and women who died in defense of the Somali Republic. It's popularly known as Daljirka Dahsoon, and its an important landmark in Mogadishu. | |
Spain | Monumento a los Caídos por España, Plaza de la Lealtad in Madrid | Popularly known as the Obelisco ("Obelisk"), it is built on the same place where General Joachim Murat ordered the execution of numerous Spaniards after the Dos de Mayo Uprising of 1808. Originally inaugurated on May 2, 1840, it was re-inaugurated on November 22, 1985, by Juan Carlos I of Spain as a remembrance to all those who gave their life for Spain. An eternal flame fuelled by gas has been constantly burning on the front of the monument. | |
Spain | Fossar de les Moreres,in Barcelona | The Fossar de les Moreres is a memorial plaza in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), adjacent to the basilica of Santa Maria del Mar. The plaza was built over a cemetery where defenders of the city were buried following the Siege of Barcelona at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714. The plaza retains its everyday use as a public space, but also prominently features a memorial to the fallen Catalans of the war, with a torch of eternal flame and a heroic poem by Frederic Soler, "El Fossar de les Moreres". | |
Syria | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Damascus | File:The Tomb of the Unknown SoldierDam.jpg | |
Turkey | Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial on Gallipoli | Erected for the unknown martyrs of the Çanakkale Front, which was the arena for the Battle of Gallipoli during World War I. Opened on 20 August 1960. Another monument at the same site is for the foreign soldiers (mostly Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) lost in the same clash. | |
Ukraine | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Dnieper Park in Kiev[citation needed] | ||
Monument to the Unknown Sailor, Shevchenko Park in Odessa | |||
United Kingdom | Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, Westminster Abbey in London | File:Unknown-warrior-london.jpg | |
United States | Tomb of the Unknowns, Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia | ||
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier, Washington Square in Philadelphia | |||
Civil War Unknowns Monument, Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia | |||
Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier at Beauvoir in Biloxi, Mississippi | |||
Venezuela | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Carabobo Field, Carabobo | File:Soldados en Campo de Carabobo.jpg | Contains the remains of a Venezuelan soldier who died in 1824 during the Battle of Ayacucho |
Zimbabwe | Statue of the Unknown Soldier at the National Heroes Acre, Harare |
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Henry Allingham, Dennis Goodwin (2011). "Kitchener's Last Volunteer: The Life of Henry Allingham, the Oldest Surviving Veteran of the Great War". p. 132. Random House, 2011
- ↑ Kwon, Heonik (2008). Ghosts of War in Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-88061-0.
- ↑ ottowakiosk.com
- ↑ Thucydides (1942). "2.34.3". Historiae in two volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.+2.34&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0199. Available online at the Perseus Project.
- ↑ Thucydides (1942). "2.43.3". Historiae in two volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0199%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D43. Available online at the Perseus Project.
- ↑ 1.bp.blogspot.com
- ↑ "Netherlands war cemeteries in Indonesia", Netherlands War Graves Foundation
External links[]
- Copernicus Organization, World Veterans Federation, "Tombs of the Unknown Soldier in Central and Eastern Europe" by Prof. Michał Chilczuk, Chairman, Working Group on Central and Eastern Europe, SCEA
- Vivaboo.com, "Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Around The World (History)"
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