Third Indochina War

Third Indochina War
Part of the Indochina Wars and the Cold War
Date 1 February 1973 (1973-02-01) – October 1992 (1992-10) (19 years) Location Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, China Result Vietnamese military victory Removal of the Khmer Rouge from power End of the Cambodian genocide Pro-Vietnamese government installed in Cambodia China withdraws from Vietnam after 27 days of fighting Communist Party of Thailand abandons armed struggle Vietnam withdraws from Cambodia in 1991 1990 Chengdu summit leads to the normalization of relations between China and Vietnam Restoration of the House of Norodom Ongoing insurgency in Laos
Belligerents
Democratic Kampuchea Khmer Rouge CGDK Lao royalists Hmong insurgents FULRO Thailand China Supported by: United States North Korea	Vietnam LPDR PRK CPT Pak Mai Supported by: Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries

The Third Indochina War was a series of interconnected conflicts in Indochina after the peace accords were signed between the United States of America and North Vietnam January 27, 1973 and lasted from 1973 until 1992. While the direct cause of most of these conflicts can be seen to be the end of American involvement in the Second Indochina War, known in the US as the Vietnam war, it was far more about the shifting alliances of the various republics in the region as the Soviet and Chinese foreign offices fought over the regions influence.

Background

Main articles: Vietnam War and Sino-Soviet split

In 1953, Joseph Stalin died, and after a brief power vacuum, Nikita Khrushchev succeeded him as the most powerful man in the Soviet Union. This angered China, as Mao Zedong had been good friends with Stalin, and saw Khruschev as a direct threat to Mao's agrarian economic policies and the Maoist insistence on the cult of personality as a unifying force of the nation. China officially split from the USSR in 1956, when in a speech to the Soviet government, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and pushed for expelling his influence from the government. A series of incidents during the late 1960s cemented the Soviets and the Chinese as opposing forces of communist influence across the globe. As decolonization movements began to pick up speed in the 1960s, and more and more movements descended into violence, both of the communist powers competed for political control of the new nations, or competing factions in ongoing fights in civil wars.

Meanwhile in Indochina, since 1952 American Forces had been fighting against the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was secured in the North of the country, while it supported the anti-communist Republic of Vietnam. This fighting often spilt over into Vietnam's neighbours, especially as the John F. Kennedy's administration began U.S. involvement in the war proper, and as the Richard Nixon's administration tried to escalate the war in its later stages. This escalation led to the destabilisation of Vietnamese neighbours. The first was Kingdom of Laos, who was taken over by communist militias in the 1970s, after a brief civil war between the Royal Lao Army and the Soviet-backed Pathet Lao. This facilitated first the creation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and drew the first battle lines of the upcoming war. It also led to the Vietnam People's Army occupying some areas of southern Laos in order to move the Ho Chi Minh Trail through these regions.

As the Vietnam War progressed, American involvement lessened, and by 1975 American troops had completely left the country. This allowed the communist Vietnamese to enter Saigon largely unopposed and declared themselves the sole government of Vietnam. While at first closer to the Chinese, due to assistance during the war and general closeness, the two governments soon drifted apart, due to ideological differences, and pressures from Russia.

Cambodia

After the 1954 Geneva Conference, Cambodia restored its monarchy under the authoritarian and isolationist regime of Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who sought to be neutral as the region descended into violence. Cambodia, however, descended into political violence further in 1968 after a group of Maoist-influenced rebels rose up in the nation and began an insurgency against the royalist forces, led by Pol Pot and calling themselves the Khmer Rouge(French for the Khmer reds). During this time, Vietnamese forces, under attack by U.S. troops, fled into Cambodia, expanding the Ho Chi Minh Trail into the nation, and established camps to continue the war on a front with South Vietnam. Sihanouk saw these forces as equal threats against his rule and began a brutal campaign against all communist forces in the country, especially in the northeast.

The U.S. meanwhile began to view Sihanouk as more and more of a threat to the ongoing war efforts in the region. This is because during the opening stages of the Khmer Rouge insurgency Sihanouk had cut off diplomatic relations with America, and his movement into the northeast had caused ARVN advisors to begin fearing of a Cambodian invasion. As a result, America began a bombing campaign into Cambodia. The bombing, and the subsequent invasion by the U.S. military and destabilised the nation. In 1970, a U.S. backed coup ousted Sihanouk and established the Khmer Republic. Though initially liked by the elite of Cambodia, the republic became more and more dictatorial as the war against the Khmer Rouge continued.

During this time, America continued its bombing campaign against Cambodia, leading to huge amounts of civilian deaths. The Khmer Rouge used the campaign as recruiting material for the largely ignored and angry peasantry of Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge also started to centralise around Pol Pot, who took power in 1962. Pot took the opportunity to purge the party, and the party became increasingly focused around the worship of Pol Pot. The Khmer Republic fell in April 1975, when the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh, and ousted the Republican government, officially declaring allegiance to Pol Pot.

Start of the Conflict: 1973–1980

Main Articles: Cambodian–Vietnamese War, Sino–Vietnamese War, border conflicts

After the signing of the peace accords that ended the Second Indochina War the North Vietnam spent two years rebuilding its military; South Vietnam was hamstrung in its responses by a fear the U.S. Congress would cut off all aid if it took military action against communist buildup. Its army lacked reserves, while the NVA was growing.

After the Fall of Saigon and Phnom Penh within the same month, and the subsequent communist takeover in Laos 5 months later, the Indochinese region became fully controlled by communist governments. The new Cambodian government was extremely antagonistic to other members of the region, capturing Vietnamese islands less than 24 hours after the fall of Saigon.

It consisted of:

• The Cambodian–Vietnamese War
• The Thai–Vietnamese border conflict
• The Sino–Vietnamese War and subsequent border conflicts
• The Insurgency in Laos
• The Communist insurgency in Thailand
• The Thai–Laotian Border War
• The Johnson South Reef Skirmish
• The FULRO insurgency against Vietnam

See also

• First Indochina War
• Sino-Soviet split
• Vietnam War