G-2 Galeb | |
---|---|
Soko G-2A Galeb | |
Role | Jet trainer and ground-attack |
Manufacturer | SOKO Yugoslavia |
Designer | Aeronautical Technical Institute |
First flight | 3 July 1961 |
Status | Limited service |
Primary user | Yugoslav Air Force |
Produced | 1965-1983 |
Number built | 248[1] |
Variants | J-21 Jastreb |
The SOKO G-2 Galeb (English: Seagull) is a single engine, two-seater advanced jet trainer and light ground-attack aircraft that was designed by ATI and manufactured by SOKO of Yugoslavia. G-2 Galeb was the first jet aircraft serial manufactured in Yugoslavia and the Balkans.
Design and development[]
The G-2 Galeb was developed as a replacement for the Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star, which had been the most commonly used jet trainer aircraft of the Yugoslav Air Force up until 1967. Yugoslavia's VTI (Aeronautical Technical Institute) began design work on the airplane, named Galeb, in 1957. The Galeb features a straight wing with tip tanks, Folland Type 1-B lightweight ejector seats, sideways hinging canopy transparencies and under-wing hard points for light bombs and rockets. The first flight of the prototype, Galeb 1, was performed by test pilot captain Ljubomir Zekavica on 3 July 1961. Galeb 1 had three rubber tanks in the fuselage, while Galeb 2 had two fuselage tanks holding 230 gallons (US) and two wingtip tanks holding 51 gallons (US) each. Soon, after a full-size wooden mock-up, the second prototype Galeb 2 was built - establishing the G-2 type designation.
During flight tests, a maximum speed of 812 km/h (440 kt) at 6,200 m (20,100 ft) was achieved in clean configuration, with no paint and a polished airframe. Top diving speed was Mach 0.81, obtained after a prolonged dive. Without a pressurized cabin the practical ceiling is between 7,000 (22,800 ft) and 9,000 m (29,000 ft). A pressurized cabin would have increased costs by up to 15% because all components needed to be imported. The Air Force needed a trainer with secondary combat ability that could operate from unprepared runways. Not familiar with such requirements, the designers provided for landing gear strong enough to make the aircraft suitable for landing on aircraft carriers.
The need for a safe training aircraft that is forgiving on landings meant that the wheels retract into the wings instead of the fuselage, making for a heavier, straight wing, which is less likely to stall on landing, but precludes supersonic flight. It was flown primarily by the Air Academy of Yugoslavia. Production ceased in 1985.
Production began in 1964, making it the first indigenous jet to enter mass production in Yugoslavia (the first jet-powered plane built by Yugoslavia was the Ikarus 451M in 1952, which did not enter production). After the Soko 522, it was the second aircraft built at SOKO. The first production series G-2A was entered in the aircraft register of the Yugoslav Air Force on 30 July 1965, and the last one on 6 January 1981. The G-2A was known in Yugoslav military under the N-60 designation. Production of updated aircraft for export to Libya was extended until mid-1983. Soko produced a total of 248 Galeb aircraft, 132 of which were used by the Yugoslav Air Force.
Operational history[]
Powered by a license-built Rolls Royce Viper Mk 22-6 turbojet, the G2-A was the standard version for the Yugoslav Air Force. They were used primarily for school-combat training of VVA (Military Air Force Academy) cadets, so that the largest number of these aircraft was located in the VVA units. The aircraft was very easy and forgiving in flight, with easy maintenance, so students and technicians loved it.[citation needed] They regularly achieved 5,000 hours in the air (the G-2 Galeb in the Yugoslav Aeronautical Museum had 6,200 hours in its logbook).[2] A G2-AE export variant became available from late 1974 and was built for Libya and Zambia.
Balkans[]
The G-2A was used extensively by the 105th Fighter-Bomber Regiment of the Yugoslav Air Force, in combat over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
First Congo War[]
According to some reports, France and Yugoslavia supported Mobutu's government during the First Congo War. Namely, Yugoslavia agreed to deliver three J-21 and one G-2 aircraft, as well as four MiG-21PFMs, while three Mi-24s were purchased from Ukraine. All these aircraft were based at Gbadolite and flown mainly by Serbian mercenaries.
With few exceptions it remains unknown exactly what happened with each of these aircraft and how were they used after their arrival in Zaire, in late 1996-1997. In the case of Mi-24s it is known that one hit a power line and crashed on 27 March 1997, killing the three crewmen and four passengers. The fate of at least one J-21 Jastreb was not much better: one of the Serbian mercenaries, called Ratko Turčinović, was killed while flying an ultra-low-level pass over Gbadolite and clipping a lamp post with his wing. The wreckage of his aircraft fell directly into a column of young soldiers on a parade, killing dozens of them. Turčinović apparently fell victim to a massive alcohol problem.[3]
After this event, the Serbs were expelled and the Jastrebs and Galebs were abandoned along with the MiG-21s and two Mi-24s which were meant to be put together by group of Russian or Ukrainian technicians at Gbadolite but the assembly work was never completed.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Libya[]
Colonel Gaddafi's forces used the type to attack rebel forces during the 2011 Libyan civil war. One was destroyed after landing on 24 March 2011 by a French Dassault Rafale after violating the No-Fly-Zone over Misrata.[11] Another five together with 2 Mi-35 helicopters were reported destroyed by the French Air Force in the same area the following day, but satellite images showed that the five fixed wing aircraft were MiG-23s.[12][13]
Popular warbird[]
Before the Yugoslav Wars, at least a dozen Galebs were purchased by American warbird dealers, and several are still on the civil register today.[14] Other operators are located in Indonesia, Serbia, New Zealand, Slovenia and the United States.
Variants[]
- G-2A
- Two-seat advanced jet trainer, light attack aircraft.
- G-2A-E
- Two-seat export version for Libya and Zambia.
- G-2Š
- Unarmed trainer.
- G-3 Galeb-3
- Prototype of export version first flown 19 August 1970, with BMB (Rolls-Royce/Bristol Siddeley) Viper Mk 532 Turbojet engine from J-21 Jastreb, modern cockpit, cameras in tip-tanks, weapon load doubled , JATO and other modifications.[15]
Operators[]
- Private owner
- Libyan Air Force - (G2A-E version) 5 aircraft captured from the Gaddafist air force at Misrata Airport on 24 February 2011.[16] At least 4 operational in 2013.[17]
- Private owners
- Serbian Air Force - 1 aircraft in operation.[18]
Former Operators[]
- Libyan Air Force - (G2A-E version) Initially 116 (5 aircraft captured during 2011 conflict at Misrata).
- Yugoslav Air Force - former
- Croatian Air Force briefly flew 3 examples captured during Operation Storm[citation needed]
- IPTN have 1 Soko G-2 Galeb. This Aircraft was used as chaser for N-250 First Flight. Registered as PK-XGS. Now stored in PTDI Hangar with N-250 Prototypes.
- 1 Galeb delivered together with 3 Jastrebs as part of a French-Yugoslav contract in 1997.[19]
- Zambian Air Force,[20] two aircraft delivered in 1971
Specifications (G-2A)[]
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83[21]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 10.34 m (33 ft 11 in)
- Wingspan: 11.62 m [22] (38 ft 1½ in)
- Height: 3.28 m (10 ft 9 in)
- Wing area: 19.43 m² (209.1 ft²)
- Empty weight: 2,620 kg (5,775 lb)
- Loaded weight: 3,374 kg (7,438 lb) (clean aerobatic trainer)
- Max. takeoff weight: 4,300 kg (9,480 lb) (strike mission)
- Powerplant: 1 × DMB (license-built Rolls Royce/Bristol Siddeley) Viper ASV.11 Mk 22-6 turbojet, 11.12 kN (2,500 lbf)
- Internal fuel load: 780 kg (1,720 lb)
- External fuel load: Up to 340 kg (750 lb) in two wing-tip drop tanks
Performance
- Maximum speed: 812 km/h (438 knots, 505 mph) at 6,200 m (20,350 ft)
- Cruise speed: 730 km/h (393 knots, 453 mph at) at 6,000 m (19,700 ft)
- Stall speed: 158 km/h (85 knots, 98 mph) (flaps and airbrakes down)
- Range: 1,240 km (669 nmi, 770 mi)
- Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,375 ft)
- Rate of climb: 22.8 m/s (4,500 ft/min)
Armament
- Guns: 2× 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine guns in nose
- Hardpoints: 4 with a capacity of 300 kg (660 lb) total
See also[]
- J-21 Jastreb
- Soko G-4 Super Galeb
- Aero L-29 Delfín
- BAC Jet Provost
- Fouga Magister
- Aermacchi MB-326
- PZL TS-11 Iskra
- Hispano HA-200
- Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star
- Ikarus 452
References[]
Notes[]
- ↑ G-Galeb
- ↑ N-60 Galeb (Seagull) G-2А
- ↑ http://www.acig.info/CMS/?option=com_content&task=view&id=246&Itemid=47
- ↑ http://airserbia.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1561
- ↑ http://cyrilaucongo.canalblog.com/albums/gbadolite/photos/17758024-le_controle.html
- ↑ http://cyrilaucongo.canalblog.com/albums/gbadolite/photos/17758033-mi_24_bis.html
- ↑ http://cyrilaucongo.canalblog.com/albums/gbadolite/photos/17758744-mil_mi_24_hind.html
- ↑ http://cyrilaucongo.canalblog.com/albums/gbadolite/photos/17758746-nez_pointu.html
- ↑ http://cyrilaucongo.canalblog.com/albums/gbadolite/photos/17758738-mig_21_bis.html
- ↑ http://cyrilaucongo.canalblog.com/albums/gbadolite/photos/17758881-soko_j_21_jastreb.html
- ↑ "U.S. Welcomes NATO's Decision to Enforce No-Fly Zone Over Libya". Fox News. 24 March 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03/24/french-jets-reportedly-shoot-libyan-warplane-qaddafi-violates-fly-zone/.
- ↑ "UPDATE 1-French forces destroy seven Libyan aircraft on ground". Reuters. 26 March 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFLDE72P0H620110326.
- ↑ http://cencio4.wordpress.com/
- ↑ Warbird Alley: Galeb page
- ↑ Galeb-3 Jet Trainer
- ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0orW5K8Xoas&feature=related
- ↑ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=542727115757557&set=a.429090517121218.101216.427396087290661&type=1&theater
- ↑ "World Air Forces 2013". Flightglobal Insight. 2013. http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/101015/world-air-forces-2013.pdf. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- ↑ Zaire/DR Congo since 1980
- ↑ Taylor 1982, p. 487.
- ↑ Taylor 1982, pp. 487–488.
- ↑ with wingtip tanks - 10.47 m (34 ft 4½ in without tanks)
Bibliography[]
- Gunston, Bill. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes: The Development and Specifications of All Active Military Aircraft. New York: MetroBooks, 1995. ISBN 1-58663-207-8.
- Gunston, Bill. Encyclopedia Of World Air Power. London: Crescent, 1987. ISBN 0-517-49969-X.
- Taylor John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
External links[]
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