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{{Infobox national military
  
{{Infobox national military
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|name = [[Singapore]] [[Armed forces|Armed Forces]]
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|name = Singapore [[Armed forces|Armed Forces]]
 
|native_name =
 
|native_name =
 
|image = [[File:Singapore Armed Forces flag.svg|border|150px]] [[File:Crest of the Singapore Armed Forces.png|100px]]
  
|image = [[File:Singapore Armed Forces flag.svg|border|150px]] [[File:Crest of the Singapore Armed Forces.png|100px]]
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|minister = [[Ng Eng Hen]]
  
|minister = [[Ng Eng Hen]]
 
|minister_title = Minister for Defence
  
|minister_title = Minister for Defence
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|commander = [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Ng Chee Meng]]<ref name="channelnewsasia.com">[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1262678/1/.html "MG Ng Chee Meng is new Chief of Defence Force for SAF"], [[Channel NewsAsia]] (27 March 2012)</ref>
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|commander = [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Ng Chee Meng]]<ref name="channelnewsasia.com">[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1262678/1/.html "MG Ng Chee Meng is new Chief of Defence Force for SAF"], Channel NewsAsia (27 March 2012)</ref>
 
|commander_title = [[Chief of Defence Force (Singapore)|Chief of Defence Force]]
  
|commander_title = [[Chief of Defence Force (Singapore)|Chief of Defence Force]]
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|branches = [[File:Singapore Army service flag.svg|border|25px|]] [[Singapore Army]]<br>[[File:Naval Ensign of Singapore.svg|border|25px|]] [[Republic of Singapore Navy]]<br>[[File:Republic of Singapore Air Force service flag.svg|border|25px|]] [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]]
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|branches = [[File:Singapore Army service flag.svg|border|25px]] [[Singapore Army]]<br>[[File:Naval Ensign of Singapore.svg|border|25px]] [[Republic of Singapore Navy]]<br>[[File:Republic of Singapore Air Force service flag.svg|border|25px]] [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]]
 
|age = 16.5 years of age (voluntary)
  
|age = 16.5 years of age (voluntary)
 
|conscription = 18 years of age, 22 – 24 month period
  
|conscription = 18 years of age, 22 – 24 month period
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|reserve = 950,000+ (SAF, RSAF, RSN) (2013 est.)
  
|reserve = 950,000+ (SAF, RSAF, RSN) (2013 est.)
 
|deployed =
  
|deployed =
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|amount = SGD 12.08 billion +1 in every 4 dollars spent by government (FY2011)<ref>[http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/budget_2011/expenditure_overview/mindef.html] Singapore's Military Budget & Expenditure 2011]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>
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|amount = SGD 12.08 billion +1 in every 4 dollars spent by government (FY2011)<ref>[http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/budget_2011/expenditure_overview/mindef.html] Singapore's Military Budget & Expenditure 2011]{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>
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|percent_GDP = 6.00% (FY2011)<ref>[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html Singapore Annual Stats]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>
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|percent_GDP = 6.00% (FY2011)<ref>[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html Singapore Annual Stats]{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>
 
|domestic_suppliers = [[ST Engineering]]
  
|domestic_suppliers = [[ST Engineering]]
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|foreign_suppliers = {{flag|Australia}}<ref name=trade>[http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php]</ref> <br>{{flag|Cuba}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|France}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Germany}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Israel}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Italy}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Netherlands}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Norway}}<ref name=trade/><br>{{flag|Russia}}<ref name=trade/> <br> {{flag|Sweden}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Switzerland}}<ref name=trade/> <br> {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|United States}}<ref name=trade/>
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|foreign_suppliers = {{flag|Australia}}<ref name=trade>[http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php]</ref> <br>{{flag|Cuba}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|France}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Germany}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Israel}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Italy}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Netherlands}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Norway}}<ref name=trade/><br>{{flag|Russia}}<ref name=trade/> <br> {{flag|Sweden}}<ref name=trade/> <br>{{flag|Switzerland}}<ref name=trade/> <br> {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name=trade/> <br>[[United States of America|United States]]<ref name=trade/>
 
|imports =
  
|imports =
 
|exports =
  
|exports =
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|ranks = [[Singapore Armed Forces ranks]]
  
|ranks = [[Singapore Armed Forces ranks]]
 
}}
  
}}
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The '''Singapore Armed Forces''' (abbreviation: SAF, {{lang-ms|Angkatan Bersenjata Singapura}}, [[Simplified Chinese]]: {{lang|zh-cn|新加坡武装部队}}; {{lang-ta|சிங்கப்பூர் ஆயுதப்படை}}) is the military arm of the [[Total Defence (Singapore)|Total Defence]] of the [[Singapore|Republic of Singapore]]; as well as the military component of the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]]. The SAF comprises three branches: the [[Singapore Army]], the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF) and the [[Republic of Singapore Navy]] (RSN). The SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore from external threats.
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The '''Singapore Armed Forces''' (abbreviation: SAF, {{lang-ms|Angkatan Bersenjata Singapura}}, Simplified Chinese: {{lang|zh-cn|新加坡武装部队}}; {{lang-ta|சிங்கப்பூர் ஆயுதப்படை}}) is the military arm of the [[Total Defence (Singapore)|Total Defence]] of the Republic of Singapore; as well as the military component of the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]]. The SAF comprises three branches: the [[Singapore Army]], the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF) and the [[Republic of Singapore Navy]] (RSN). The SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore from external threats.
   
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The SAF relies heavily on a large pool of [[National Service in Singapore|conscripts]] in the active and reserve forces. It has an active strength of around 71,600 personnel and is capable of mobilising over 800,000 reservists.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}
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The SAF relies heavily on a large pool of [[National Service in Singapore|conscripts]] in the active and reserve forces. It has an active strength of around 71,600 personnel and is capable of mobilising over 800,000 reservists.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}
   
 
==History==
  
==History==
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Singapore's military role stems from its strategic geographical location, an asset exploited by both local settlers and foreign colonists alike. Archaeological excavations have discovered remnants of fortresses and other forms of military fortifications in pre-colonial Singapore. Sir [[Stamford Raffles]], founder of modern Singapore, selected Singapore in 1819 to establish a new colony with the security concerns of the [[British Empire|British]] in the Far East in mind against the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]]. Thus, Singapore played an active role in British military interests for decades, particularly in the years leading up to the First and Second World War.
  
Singapore's military role stems from its strategic geographical location, an asset exploited by both local settlers and foreign colonists alike. Archaeological excavations have discovered remnants of fortresses and other forms of military fortifications in pre-colonial Singapore. Sir [[Stamford Raffles]], founder of modern Singapore, selected Singapore in 1819 to establish a new colony with the security concerns of the [[British Empire|British]] in the Far East in mind against the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]]. Thus, Singapore played an active role in British military interests for decades, particularly in the years leading up to the First and Second World War.
   
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The Singapore Armed Forces has its humble origin in the [[Straits Settlements Volunteer Force]] (''SSVF'', formed in 1922) as well as Raffles Institution Army Corps formed on May 15, 1901, which in turn had its roots in the [[Singapore Volunteer Corps|Singapore Volunteer Artillery]] (''SVA'', formed in 1888). The Motto of the ''SVA'' is ''"In Oriente Primus"'' ({{lang-la|First in the East}}), which is still in use today by the artillery formations of the Singapore Army.<ref>{{cite web |title= History of Singapore Artillery |url= http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/ourforces/Artillery/History.html |publisher= [[Ministry of Defence, Singapore]] |date= 13 November 2006 |accessdate=17 September 2008 }}</ref> In 1915 it helped to suppress the [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements#Singapore Mutiny 1915|mutiny of the Sepoys in Singapore]].
 +
The Singapore Armed Forces has its humble origin in the [[Straits Settlements Volunteer Force]] (''SSVF'', formed in 1922) as well as Raffles Institution Army Corps formed on May 15, 1901, which in turn had its roots in the [[Singapore Volunteer Corps|Singapore Volunteer Artillery]] (''SVA'', formed in 1888). The Motto of the ''SVA'' is ''"In Oriente Primus"'' ({{lang-la|First in the East}}), which is still in use today by the artillery formations of the Singapore Army.<ref>{{cite web |title= History of Singapore Artillery |url= http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/ourforces/Artillery/History.html |publisher= [[Ministry of Defence, Singapore]] |date= 13 November 2006 |accessdate=17 September 2008}}</ref> In 1915 it helped to suppress the [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements#Singapore Mutiny 1915|mutiny of the Sepoys in Singapore]].
   
 
During [[World War II]], the SSVF took part in the [[Battle of Singapore]] but most of its members were captured on 15 February 1942 when their positions were overrun by Japanese forces. After the end of the war, the SSVF was re-constituted in 1948, but the SVF was absorbed into the Singapore Military Forces (SMF, predecessor of the SAF) following the disbandment of the SSVF in 1954. Subsequently in 1961, SMF was renamed to Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).
  
During [[World War II]], the SSVF took part in the [[Battle of Singapore]] but most of its members were captured on 15 February 1942 when their positions were overrun by Japanese forces. After the end of the war, the SSVF was re-constituted in 1948, but the SVF was absorbed into the Singapore Military Forces (SMF, predecessor of the SAF) following the disbandment of the SSVF in 1954. Subsequently in 1961, SMF was renamed to Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).
   
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When Singapore achieved independence in 1965, its military consisted of only two infantry regiments, commanded by British officers and made up of mostly non-Singaporean residents. Singapore believed that it needed a larger force, with the presence of larger neighbouring countries. To that end, Singapore secretly contacted [[Israel]], which sent military advisers who helped Singapore set up a defence force modelled in part after the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. Tactics such as jungle warfare were studied so that the Singaporean army could fight in neighbouring countries, if need be. The army obtained tanks from Israel before neighbouring Malaysia had tanks, and became a highly effective force.<ref name="cs.uwec">{{cite web |url=http://cs.uwec.edu/~tan/saf_israel.htm |first=Amnon |last=Barzilai |title=A Deep, Dark, Secret Love Affair |publisher=University of Wisconsin (originally published by [[Haaretz]], July 2004) |accessdate=24 August 2012}}</ref>
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When Singapore achieved independence in 1965, its military consisted of only two infantry regiments, commanded by British officers and made up of mostly non-Singaporean residents. Singapore believed that it needed a larger force, with the presence of larger neighbouring countries. To that end, Singapore secretly contacted Israel, which sent military advisers who helped Singapore set up a defence force modelled in part after the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. Tactics such as jungle warfare were studied so that the Singaporean army could fight in neighbouring countries, if need be. The army obtained tanks from Israel before neighbouring Malaysia had tanks, and became a highly effective force.<ref name="cs.uwec">{{cite web |url=http://cs.uwec.edu/~tan/saf_israel.htm |first=Amnon |last=Barzilai |title=A Deep, Dark, Secret Love Affair |publisher=University of Wisconsin (originally published by Haaretz, July 2004) |accessdate=24 August 2012}}</ref>
   
 
On independence, Singapore had two infantry regiments commanded by British officers. This was considered too small to provide effective security to the newly established republic, so the development of the military became a priority.<ref name="cs.uwec"/> Britain pulled its military out of Singapore in October 1971, leaving behind only a small amount of British, Australian and New Zealand forces as a token military presence. The last of the British soldiers left Singapore in March 1976. The New Zealand troops were the last to leave Singapore, in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1001_2009-02-10.html |title=British withdrawal from Singapore |author1=Marsita Omar |author2=Chan Fook Weng |publisher=National Library Board |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=24 August 2012}}</ref>
  
On independence, Singapore had two infantry regiments commanded by British officers. This was considered too small to provide effective security to the newly established republic, so the development of the military became a priority.<ref name="cs.uwec"/> Britain pulled its military out of Singapore in October 1971, leaving behind only a small amount of British, Australian and New Zealand forces as a token military presence. The last of the British soldiers left Singapore in March 1976. The New Zealand troops were the last to leave Singapore, in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1001_2009-02-10.html |title=British withdrawal from Singapore |author1=Marsita Omar |author2=Chan Fook Weng |publisher=National Library Board |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=24 August 2012}}</ref>
   
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Singapore Armed Forces Day is commemorated by the SAF every 1st of July with an annual parade held in the Padang.<ref>{{cite news |title= SAF remains final guarantor of Singapore's independence |author= S. Ramesh |publisher= [[Channel NewsAsia]] |date= 1 July 2007 |accessdate=17 September 2008 |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/285586/1/.html}}</ref>
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Singapore Armed Forces Day is commemorated by the SAF every 1 July with an annual parade held in the Padang.<ref>{{cite news |title= SAF remains final guarantor of Singapore's independence |author= S. Ramesh |publisher= Channel NewsAsia |date= 1 July 2007 |accessdate=17 September 2008 |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/285586/1/.html}}</ref>
   
 
==Defence policy==
  
==Defence policy==
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[[Deterrence theory|Deterrence]] and diplomacy have been the fundamental tenets of Singapore's military defence policy. Through the years, the military has developed extensive links with armed forces from other countries. In recent years, there has also been an increased emphasis on international peace-keeping and relief operations, notably the peace-keeping operations in [[East Timor]] and the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Emergency management|disaster relief]] in the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean earthquake-tsunami of 2004]], [[2005 Sumatra earthquake|2005 Nias earthquake]] and [[May 2006 Java earthquake|2006 Yogyakarta earthquake]] in [[Central Java]], Indonesia.
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[[Deterrence theory|Deterrence]] and diplomacy have been the fundamental tenets of Singapore's military defence policy. Through the years, the military has developed extensive links with armed forces from other countries. In recent years, there has also been an increased emphasis on international peace-keeping and relief operations, notably the peace-keeping operations in East Timor and the Persian Gulf and disaster relief in the Indian Ocean earthquake-tsunami of 2004, 2005 Nias earthquake and [[May 2006 Java earthquake|2006 Yogyakarta earthquake]] in Central Java, Indonesia.
   
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According to military and strategic analysts, such as Tim Huxley in ''Defending the Lion City'',<ref>{{cite book |title= Defending the Lion City: The Armed Forces of Singapore |author= Tim Huxley |publisher= Allen & Unwin |location= St. Leonards, N.S.W. |year= 2000 |isbn= 981-04-9157-3}}</ref> Singapore is known to be using a forward-defence [[military doctrine]]. Press statements from Singapore's [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] (MINDEF) describe the SAF as a deterrent force.<ref>{{cite web |title= Speech by Minister for Manpower & Second Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen, at The International Defence Procurement Conference 2008 |url= http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/speeches/2008/18feb08_speech2.html |publisher= [[Ministry of Defence, Singapore]] |date= 18 February 2008 |accessdate=17 September 2008 }}</ref> The SAF's declared mission statement is to "enhance Singapore’s peace and security through deterrence and diplomacy, and should these fail, to secure a swift and decisive victory over the aggressor".<ref>''[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/mission.html]''</ref> Today, a career military force of 38,700 is supplemented by 42,800 men on active National Service duty.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} The main force actually comprises 400,000 or so Operationally-Ready National Servicemen (ORNSmen).{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}
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According to military and strategic analysts, such as Tim Huxley in ''Defending the Lion City'',<ref>{{cite book |title= Defending the Lion City: The Armed Forces of Singapore |author= Tim Huxley |publisher= Allen & Unwin |location= St. Leonards, N.S.W. |year= 2000 |isbn= 981-04-9157-3}}</ref> Singapore is known to be using a forward-defence [[military doctrine]]. Press statements from Singapore's [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] (MINDEF) describe the SAF as a deterrent force.<ref>{{cite web |title= Speech by Minister for Manpower & Second Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen, at The International Defence Procurement Conference 2008 |url= http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/speeches/2008/18feb08_speech2.html |publisher= [[Ministry of Defence, Singapore]] |date= 18 February 2008 |accessdate=17 September 2008}}</ref> The SAF's declared mission statement is to "enhance Singapore’s peace and security through deterrence and diplomacy, and should these fail, to secure a swift and decisive victory over the aggressor".<ref>''[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/mission.html]''</ref> Today, a career military force of 38,700 is supplemented by 42,800 men on active National Service duty.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} The main force actually comprises 400,000 or so Operationally-Ready National Servicemen (ORNSmen).{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}
   
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The SAF's policy towards [[Malay people|Malays]], who share religion and ethnic ties with Singapore's largest neighbours, [[Malaysia]] and Indonesia, has been a source of controversy over the years. Malays were virtually excluded from [[conscription]] from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977<ref name="alon">''[http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/ponsacs/seminars/Synopses/s93peled.htm A Question of Loyalty: Ethnic Minorities, Military Service and Resistance]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}'' by Alon Peled, 3 March 1993. Seminar Synopses of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard.</ref> and, after the policy was eased, were assigned mainly to serve in the [[Singapore Police Force|police]] and [[Singapore Civil Defence Force|civil defence]] (fire brigade), not active combat roles.<ref name="alon"/> In 1987,
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The SAF's policy towards Malays, who share religion and ethnic ties with Singapore's largest neighbours, [[Malaysia]] and Indonesia, has been a source of controversy over the years. Malays were virtually excluded from [[conscription]] from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977<ref name="alon">''[http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/ponsacs/seminars/Synopses/s93peled.htm A Question of Loyalty: Ethnic Minorities, Military Service and Resistance]{{dead link|date=November 2014}}'' by Alon Peled, 3 March 1993. Seminar Synopses of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard.</ref> and, after the policy was eased, were assigned mainly to serve in the [[Singapore Police Force|police]] and [[Singapore Civil Defence Force|civil defence]] (fire brigade), not active combat roles.<ref name="alon"/> In 1987,
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[[Lee Hsien Loong]] (then Second Minister for Defence) stated that "If there is a conflict, if the SAF is called to defend the homeland, we do not want to put any of our soldiers in a difficult position where his emotions for the nation may be in conflict with his religion"<ref name="lee">Straits Times, 2 April 1987.</ref> and in ''The Roar of the Lion City'' (2007), military analyst Sean Walsh claimed that "official discrimination against the Malay population remains an open secret".<ref name="walsh"/> The Ministry of Defence contests the charge, noting that there are "Malay pilots, commandos and air defence personnel" and stating that "the proportion of eligible Malays selected for specialist and officer training is similar to the proportion for eligible non-Malays."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.todayonline.com/articles/176695print.asp |title= US soldier takes potshots at SAF |publisher = [[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]] |date= 12 March 2007 |accessdate=17 September 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
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[[Lee Hsien Loong]] (then Second Minister for Defence) stated that "If there is a conflict, if the SAF is called to defend the homeland, we do not want to put any of our soldiers in a difficult position where his emotions for the nation may be in conflict with his religion"<ref name="lee">Straits Times, 2 April 1987.</ref> and in ''The Roar of the Lion City'' (2007), military analyst Sean Walsh claimed that "official discrimination against the Malay population remains an open secret".<ref name="walsh"/> The Ministry of Defence contests the charge, noting that there are "Malay pilots, commandos and air defence personnel" and stating that "the proportion of eligible Malays selected for specialist and officer training is similar to the proportion for eligible non-Malays."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.todayonline.com/articles/176695print.asp |title= US soldier takes potshots at SAF |publisher = [[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]] |date= 12 March 2007 |accessdate=17 September 2008}} {{Dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>
   
 
Women are exempt from National Service, but have served in both combat and non-combat roles, some as combat officers, but mostly in clerical and logistic positions in the earlier years.<ref name="cd">[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11917.html Singapore: Recruitment and Training of Personnel]. Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress.</ref> The range of positions available to women has been expanded gradually, but is still limited.<ref name="walsh">{{cite journal | author = Sean Walsh | journal = [[Armed Forces & Society]] | title = The Roar of the Lion City: Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture in the Singapore Armed Forces | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1177/0095327X06291854 | page = 265}}</ref> In July 2007, the SAF launched an exhibition highlighting the contributions of women in the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2007/jun/04jun07_nr2.html Women in the Armed Forces Exhibition – The Spirit of Patriotism]. Mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref>
  
Women are exempt from National Service, but have served in both combat and non-combat roles, some as combat officers, but mostly in clerical and logistic positions in the earlier years.<ref name="cd">[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11917.html Singapore: Recruitment and Training of Personnel]. Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress.</ref> The range of positions available to women has been expanded gradually, but is still limited.<ref name="walsh">{{cite journal | author = Sean Walsh | journal = [[Armed Forces & Society]] | title = The Roar of the Lion City: Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture in the Singapore Armed Forces | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1177/0095327X06291854 | page = 265}}</ref> In July 2007, the SAF launched an exhibition highlighting the contributions of women in the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2007/jun/04jun07_nr2.html Women in the Armed Forces Exhibition – The Spirit of Patriotism]. Mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref>
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Prior to enlistment, recruits are required to attend a medical examination ([[PULHHEEMS]]) to determine their medical status. Following that, they will be issued a Physical Employment Status (PES), which will be used a guideline to determine which vocations they are suited for.
  
Prior to enlistment, recruits are required to attend a medical examination ([[PULHHEEMS]]) to determine their medical status. Following that, they will be issued a Physical Employment Status (PES), which will be used a guideline to determine which vocations they are suited for.
   
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PES A and PES B Combat-fit recruits go through a nine-week [[Recruit training|Basic Military Training]] (BMT) course, held either at the [[Basic Military Training Centre]] (BMTC) on the offshore island of [[Pulau Tekong]], or at the various military units that directly accept mono-intake recruits. Recruits who are considered mildly or severely [[Obesity|obese]], are required to attend a 19 week BMT course. PES C Non-combat-fit recruits undertake a nine-week modified BMT course.
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PES A and PES B Combat-fit recruits go through a nine-week [[Recruit training|Basic Military Training]] (BMT) course, held either at the [[Basic Military Training Centre]] (BMTC) on the offshore island of [[Pulau Tekong]], or at the various military units that directly accept mono-intake recruits. Recruits who are considered mildly or severely obese, are required to attend a 19 week BMT course. PES C Non-combat-fit recruits undertake a nine-week modified BMT course.
   
 
In BMT, all recruits attend courses on [[fieldcraft]], basic survival skills, weapon maintenance and a field camp, participate in [[live fire exercise|live firing]] and [[hand grenade]] throwing exercises, go through a Standard Obstacle Course (SOC), and do daily physical training in preparation for the Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT). The best performing ones among non-mono-intake recruits in BMT are selected to become [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]s or [[Specialist (Singapore)|specialist]]s. They will be posted to the [[Officer Cadet School (Singapore)|Officer Cadet School]] (OCS) or the [[Specialist Cadet School]] (SCS) respectively for further training. Other recruits are posted to various units or schools, where they may continue on specialised vocational training.
  
In BMT, all recruits attend courses on [[fieldcraft]], basic survival skills, weapon maintenance and a field camp, participate in [[live fire exercise|live firing]] and [[hand grenade]] throwing exercises, go through a Standard Obstacle Course (SOC), and do daily physical training in preparation for the Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT). The best performing ones among non-mono-intake recruits in BMT are selected to become [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]s or [[Specialist (Singapore)|specialist]]s. They will be posted to the [[Officer Cadet School (Singapore)|Officer Cadet School]] (OCS) or the [[Specialist Cadet School]] (SCS) respectively for further training. Other recruits are posted to various units or schools, where they may continue on specialised vocational training.
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OCS and SCS both have an [[infantry]]-based curriculum; special-to-arms training for both officers and WOSPECs is conducted at various training institutes and establishments such as the [[SAF Medical Training Institute]] (SMTI), Artillery Institute (AI), [[Singapore Signals#Signal Institute (SI)|Signals Institute]] (SI), [[Singapore Combat Engineers#Engineer Training Institute (ETI)|Engineer Training Institute]] (ETI), Armour Training Institute (ATI), Motorised Infantry Training Institute (MITI), Supply & Transport Centre (STC) and Ordnance Engineering Training Institute (OETI).
  
OCS and SCS both have an [[infantry]]-based curriculum; special-to-arms training for both officers and WOSPECs is conducted at various training institutes and establishments such as the [[SAF Medical Training Institute]] (SMTI), Artillery Institute (AI), [[Singapore Signals#Signal Institute (SI)|Signals Institute]] (SI), [[Singapore Combat Engineers#Engineer Training Institute (ETI)|Engineer Training Institute]] (ETI), Armour Training Institute (ATI), Motorised Infantry Training Institute (MITI), Supply & Transport Centre (STC) and Ordnance Engineering Training Institute (OETI).
   
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[[Pointer (journal)|Pointer]] is the official journal of the SAF. It is a quarterly publication distributed to all Officers and Warrant Officers, which helps with their ongoing professional education.
 +
Pointer is the official journal of the SAF. It is a quarterly publication distributed to all Officers and Warrant Officers, which helps with their ongoing professional education.
   
 
==Foreign defence relations==
  
==Foreign defence relations==
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Singapore is part of the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]], whose other members include the United Kingdom, Australia, [[New Zealand]] and [[Malaysia]]. Designed to replace the former defence role of the British in Singapore and Malaysia, the arrangement obliges members to consult in the event of external threat against Malaysia and Singapore.
 +
Singapore is part of the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]], whose other members include the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and [[Malaysia]]. Designed to replace the former defence role of the British in Singapore and Malaysia, the arrangement obliges members to consult in the event of external threat against Malaysia and Singapore.
   
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Singapore has consistently supported a strong [[United States armed forces|U.S. military]] presence in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1990, the U.S. and Singapore signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MOU) which allows the U.S. access to Singapore facilities at [[Paya Lebar Air Base]] and the [[Sembawang]] wharves. Under the MOU, a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] logistics unit was established in Singapore in 1992; U.S. fighter aircraft deploy periodically to Singapore for exercises, and a number of U.S. military vessels visit Singapore. The MOU was amended in 1999 to permit U.S. naval vessels to berth at [[Changi Naval Base]], which was completed in early 2001.
 +
Singapore has consistently supported a strong [[United States armed forces|U.S. military]] presence in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1990, the U.S. and Singapore signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MOU) which allows the U.S. access to Singapore facilities at [[Paya Lebar Air Base]] and the Sembawang wharves. Under the MOU, a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] logistics unit was established in Singapore in 1992; U.S. fighter aircraft deploy periodically to Singapore for exercises, and a number of U.S. military vessels visit Singapore. The MOU was amended in 1999 to permit U.S. naval vessels to berth at [[Changi Naval Base]], which was completed in early 2001.
   
−
Singapore's defence resources have also been used for international humanitarian aid missions. They included United Nations [[peacekeeping]] missions in areas such as [[Kosovo]], Kuwait and [[East Timor]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mindef.gov.sg/peacekeepers/peacekeepers.htm |title= Peacekeepers : In the Service of Peace |accessdate=1 May 2006}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> participation in the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|multi-national force in Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news |title= Singapore to send 192 military personnel to Iraq |url= http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/031027af.htm |date= 27 October 2003 |accessdate=17 September 2008 |publisher= Agence France Presse}}</ref> sending military equipment and personnel to assist in the [[Singaporean response to Hurricane Katrina|humanitarian rescue and relief efforts in the United States after Hurricane Katrina]], and establishing medical and dental assets for use by the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] people.<ref>{{cite news |title= SAF to provide medical aid, set up dental clinic in Afghanistan |author= Ashraf Safdar |publisher= [[Channel NewsAsia]] |date= 16 May 2007 |accessdate=17 September 2008 |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/276527/1/.html}}</ref> Several of the SAF's top officers have thus overseas operational military experience.<ref>http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0932010.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0102010.pdf</ref>
 +
Singapore's defence resources have also been used for international humanitarian aid missions. They included United Nations peacekeeping missions in areas such as Kosovo, Kuwait and East Timor,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mindef.gov.sg/peacekeepers/peacekeepers.htm |title= Peacekeepers : In the Service of Peace |accessdate=1 May 2006}} {{Dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref> participation in the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|multi-national force in Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news |title= Singapore to send 192 military personnel to Iraq |url= http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/031027af.htm |date= 27 October 2003 |accessdate=17 September 2008 |publisher= Agence France Presse}}</ref> sending military equipment and personnel to assist in the [[Singaporean response to Hurricane Katrina|humanitarian rescue and relief efforts in the United States after Hurricane Katrina]], and establishing medical and dental assets for use by the Afghan people.<ref>{{cite news |title= SAF to provide medical aid, set up dental clinic in Afghanistan |author= Ashraf Safdar |publisher= Channel NewsAsia |date= 16 May 2007 |accessdate=17 September 2008 |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/276527/1/.html}}</ref> Several of the SAF's top officers have thus overseas operational military experience.<ref>http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0932010.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0102010.pdf</ref>
   
 
==Legislation==
  
==Legislation==
−
Under the SAF Act<ref>{{Singapore legislation |cap= 295|title= The SAF Act}}</ref> the [[President of Singapore]] has the authority to raise and maintain the SAF. The President also has the power to form, disband or amalgamate units within the SAF.
 +
Under the SAF Act the [[President of Singapore]] has the authority to raise and maintain the SAF. The President also has the power to form, disband or amalgamate units within the SAF.
   
 
The Armed Forces Council (AFC) administers matters relating to the SAF under the SAF Act. The AFC consists of:
  
The Armed Forces Council (AFC) administers matters relating to the SAF under the SAF Act. The AFC consists of:
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Supporting the combat role of the SAF, are other governmental organisations of the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] (MINDEF), such as the Defence Policy Group, the Defence Management Group, the Defence Industry and System Office and the Defence Research and Technology Office. Within these groups are the [[Defence Science and Technology Agency]] (DSTA), the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)#Departments & divisions|Central Manpower Base]] (CMPB), and the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)#Departments & divisions|Military Security Department]] (MSD). Domestic technology companies also play a role in building up Singapore's military capabilities, particularly the government-linked [[ST Engineering]] (formerly known as '''Chartered Industries of Singapore'''), which designed and built some of the SAF's more advanced weaponry and equipment based on specific local requirements which may be expensive for foreign companies to adapt and produce.<ref>[http://app.sgdi.gov.sg/listing.asp?agency_subtype=dept&agency_id=0000000002 gov.sg – Directory]. App.sgdi.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref>
  
Supporting the combat role of the SAF, are other governmental organisations of the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] (MINDEF), such as the Defence Policy Group, the Defence Management Group, the Defence Industry and System Office and the Defence Research and Technology Office. Within these groups are the [[Defence Science and Technology Agency]] (DSTA), the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)#Departments & divisions|Central Manpower Base]] (CMPB), and the [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)#Departments & divisions|Military Security Department]] (MSD). Domestic technology companies also play a role in building up Singapore's military capabilities, particularly the government-linked [[ST Engineering]] (formerly known as '''Chartered Industries of Singapore'''), which designed and built some of the SAF's more advanced weaponry and equipment based on specific local requirements which may be expensive for foreign companies to adapt and produce.<ref>[http://app.sgdi.gov.sg/listing.asp?agency_subtype=dept&agency_id=0000000002 gov.sg – Directory]. App.sgdi.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref>
   
−
The [[Special Operations Task Force]], comprised by the selected members of the [[Special Operations Force (Singapore)|Special Operations Force]], [[Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation|SAF Commando Formation]], [[Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)|Naval Diving Unit]] and other forces integrated under one command, is formed to combat common terrorist threats.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_397550.html]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>
 +
The [[Special Operations Task Force]], comprised by the selected members of the [[Special Operations Force (Singapore)|Special Operations Force]], [[Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation|SAF Commando Formation]], [[Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)|Naval Diving Unit]] and other forces integrated under one command, is formed to combat common terrorist threats.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_397550.html]{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>
   
 
==Technology in the SAF==
  
==Technology in the SAF==
−
The SAF utilises technology as "[[Force multiplication|force multiplier]]s", especially in the area of [[C4ISTAR|C4I]] integration, which will enable its various units to fight in an integrated manner.<ref>{{cite book |title=Singapore in the New Millennium: Challenges Facing the City-State |last=Da Cunha |first=Derek |year=2002 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore |isbn=981-230-131-3 |page=145 |url= }}</ref> The Army, Air Force and Navy are linked via advanced data-links and networks to enable coordinated attacks and support for various units and forces. Technology is an important element in the SAF's transformation into a 3rd Generation Fighting Force.<ref>{{cite web |title=MINDEF – The 3rd Generation SAF |publisher=[[MINDEF]] |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/3g/home.html |accessdate=25 February 2008}}</ref>
 +
The SAF utilises technology as "[[Force multiplication|force multiplier]]s", especially in the area of [[C4ISTAR|C4I]] integration, which will enable its various units to fight in an integrated manner.<ref>{{cite book |title=Singapore in the New Millennium: Challenges Facing the City-State |last=Da Cunha |first=Derek |year=2002 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore |isbn=981-230-131-3 |page=145 |url=}}</ref> The Army, Air Force and Navy are linked via advanced data-links and networks to enable coordinated attacks and support for various units and forces. Technology is an important element in the SAF's transformation into a 3rd Generation Fighting Force.<ref>{{cite web |title=MINDEF – The 3rd Generation SAF |publisher=[[MINDEF]] |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/3g/home.html |accessdate=25 February 2008}}</ref>
   
 
The SAF acknowledges that technology is crucial for overcoming the limitations of Singapore's small population. Having consistently had one of the largest defence budgets in the Asia-Pacific region, Singapore has focused on maintaining its spending on sophisticated and superior weaponry.<ref>{{cite report |title=Singapore Defence and Security Report Q1 2009 |year=2009|publisher=Business Monitor International|docket=}}</ref> Research and experimentation to develop a technological edge began as early as 1971, even though the SAF then had only rudimentary capabilities. The effort started off with a three-man team. At present,<ref>[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2005/apr/21apr05_nr2.html News – Lunch Talk on "Defending Singapore: Strategies for a Small State" by Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean (21 Apr 05)]. MINDEF. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref> [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|MINDEF]] is one of the largest employers of engineers and scientists in Singapore and the SAF continues to devote considerable resources to defence research and development (R&D) and experimentation – 5% and 1% of the defence budget, respectively. [[Education in Singapore|Singapore's education system]] has also produced national servicemen who can be trained to operate SAF's sophisticated platforms and systems.
  
The SAF acknowledges that technology is crucial for overcoming the limitations of Singapore's small population. Having consistently had one of the largest defence budgets in the Asia-Pacific region, Singapore has focused on maintaining its spending on sophisticated and superior weaponry.<ref>{{cite report |title=Singapore Defence and Security Report Q1 2009 |year=2009|publisher=Business Monitor International|docket=}}</ref> Research and experimentation to develop a technological edge began as early as 1971, even though the SAF then had only rudimentary capabilities. The effort started off with a three-man team. At present,<ref>[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2005/apr/21apr05_nr2.html News – Lunch Talk on "Defending Singapore: Strategies for a Small State" by Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean (21 Apr 05)]. MINDEF. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref> [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|MINDEF]] is one of the largest employers of engineers and scientists in Singapore and the SAF continues to devote considerable resources to defence research and development (R&D) and experimentation – 5% and 1% of the defence budget, respectively. [[Education in Singapore|Singapore's education system]] has also produced national servicemen who can be trained to operate SAF's sophisticated platforms and systems.
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*{{cite web|title=Singapore Ministry of Defence|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)]]|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg|accessdate=8 July 2005}}
  
*{{cite web|title=Singapore Ministry of Defence|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)]]|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg|accessdate=8 July 2005}}
 
*{{cite web|title=Structure of the SAF|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)]]|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/organisation_structure.html|accessdate=26 July 2007}}
  
*{{cite web|title=Structure of the SAF|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)]]|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/organisation_structure.html|accessdate=26 July 2007}}
−
*{{cite web|title=Singapore Budget 2004|publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (Singapore)]]|url=http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2004/|accessdate=4 March 2005}}
 +
*{{cite web|title=Singapore Budget 2004|publisher=Ministry of Finance (Singapore)|url=http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2004/|accessdate=4 March 2005}}
−
*{{cite web|title=Key Stats – Annual Statistics|publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html|accessdate=4 March 2005 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050303000939/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html|archivedate=3 March 2005}}{{dead link|date=February 2011}}
 +
*{{cite web|title=Key Stats – Annual Statistics|publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html|accessdate=4 March 2005 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050303000939/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html|archivedate=3 March 2005}}{{dead link|date=November 2014}}
   
 
==External links==
  
==External links==
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|by=no
  
|by=no
   
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}}
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}}
 
*Official websites: [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/home.html/ MINDEF], [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/home.html Singapore Army], [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/navy/home.html Singapore Navy], [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/content/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/air_force/index.html Singapore Air Force]
  
*Official websites: [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/home.html/ MINDEF], [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/home.html Singapore Army], [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/navy/home.html Singapore Navy], [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/content/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/air_force/index.html Singapore Air Force]
 
*[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/content/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/3g/home.html The 3rd Generation SAF]
  
*[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/content/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/3g/home.html The 3rd Generation SAF]
 
*[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/publications/pointer/index.html Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces] – Contains scholarly articles on military issues, including those pertaining to the SAF's transformation into a 3rd Generation Fighting Force
  
*[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/publications/pointer/index.html Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces] – Contains scholarly articles on military issues, including those pertaining to the SAF's transformation into a 3rd Generation Fighting Force
−
*[[US Department of State]], [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2798.htm Background notes on Singapore], Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
 +
*US Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2798.htm Background notes on Singapore], Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
 
*[[MINDEF]], [http://www.ns.sg/ The NS Portal], Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
  
*[[MINDEF]], [http://www.ns.sg/ The NS Portal], Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
 
*[http://hfmy.110mb.com/RanksMilitary.html Ranks and Paramilitary Ranks of Singapore], Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
  
*[http://hfmy.110mb.com/RanksMilitary.html Ranks and Paramilitary Ranks of Singapore], Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
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{{Association of SouthEast Asian Nations Armed Forces}}
  
{{Association of SouthEast Asian Nations Armed Forces}}
 
{{Military of Asia}}
  
{{Military of Asia}}
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{{Use British English|date=May 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
  
   
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{{Wikipedia|Singapore Armed Forces}}
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[[Category:Conscript militaries|Singapore]]
  
 
[[Category:Military of Singapore]]
  
[[Category:Military of Singapore]]
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[[bn:সিঙ্গাপুরের সামরিক বাহিনী]]
  

Revision as of 14:14, 3 November 2019

Singapore Armed Forces
File:Singapore Armed Forces flag.svg File:Crest of the Singapore Armed Forces.png
Flag and crest of the Singapore Armed Forces
Service branches File:Singapore Army service flag.svg Singapore Army
Naval Ensign of Singapore Republic of Singapore Navy
File:Republic of Singapore Air Force service flag.svg Republic of Singapore Air Force
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief President Tony Tan Keng Yam
Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen
Chief of Defence Force Lieutenant-General Ng Chee Meng[1]
Manpower
Military age 16.5 years of age (voluntary)
Conscription 18 years of age, 22 – 24 month period
Available for
military service		 1,292,471, age 18–49 (2005 est.)
Fit for
military service		 934,317, age 18–49 (2005 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		 (2005 est.)
Active personnel 71,600 (incl. 39,800 conscripts)
Reserve personnel 950,000+ (SAF, RSAF, RSN) (2013 est.)
Expenditures
Budget SGD 12.08 billion +1 in every 4 dollars spent by government (FY2011)[2]
Percent of GDP 6.00% (FY2011)[3]
Industry
Domestic suppliers ST Engineering
Foreign suppliers Flag of Australia Australia[4]
Flag of Cuba Cuba[4]
Flag of France France[4]
Flag of Germany Germany[4]
Flag of Israel Israel[4]
Flag of Italy Italy[4]
Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands[4]
Flag of Norway Norway[4]
Flag of Russia Russia[4]
Flag of Sweden Sweden[4]
Flag of Switzerland  Switzerland[4]
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom[4]
United States[4]
Related articles
History Military history of Singapore
Ranks Singapore Armed Forces ranks

The Singapore Armed Forces (abbreviation: SAF, Malay language: Angkatan Bersenjata Singapura, Simplified Chinese: 新加坡武装部队; Tamil language: சிங்கப்பூர் ஆயுதப்படை) is the military arm of the Total Defence of the Republic of Singapore; as well as the military component of the Ministry of Defence. The SAF comprises three branches: the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). The SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore from external threats.

The SAF relies heavily on a large pool of conscripts in the active and reserve forces. It has an active strength of around 71,600 personnel and is capable of mobilising over 800,000 reservists.[citation needed]

History

See also: Military history of Singapore

Singapore's military role stems from its strategic geographical location, an asset exploited by both local settlers and foreign colonists alike. Archaeological excavations have discovered remnants of fortresses and other forms of military fortifications in pre-colonial Singapore. Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of modern Singapore, selected Singapore in 1819 to establish a new colony with the security concerns of the British in the Far East in mind against the Dutch. Thus, Singapore played an active role in British military interests for decades, particularly in the years leading up to the First and Second World War.

The Singapore Armed Forces has its humble origin in the Straits Settlements Volunteer Force (SSVF, formed in 1922) as well as Raffles Institution Army Corps formed on May 15, 1901, which in turn had its roots in the Singapore Volunteer Artillery (SVA, formed in 1888). The Motto of the SVA is "In Oriente Primus" (Latin language: First in the East), which is still in use today by the artillery formations of the Singapore Army.[5] In 1915 it helped to suppress the mutiny of the Sepoys in Singapore.

During World War II, the SSVF took part in the Battle of Singapore but most of its members were captured on 15 February 1942 when their positions were overrun by Japanese forces. After the end of the war, the SSVF was re-constituted in 1948, but the SVF was absorbed into the Singapore Military Forces (SMF, predecessor of the SAF) following the disbandment of the SSVF in 1954. Subsequently in 1961, SMF was renamed to Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).

When Singapore achieved independence in 1965, its military consisted of only two infantry regiments, commanded by British officers and made up of mostly non-Singaporean residents. Singapore believed that it needed a larger force, with the presence of larger neighbouring countries. To that end, Singapore secretly contacted Israel, which sent military advisers who helped Singapore set up a defence force modelled in part after the Israel Defense Forces. Tactics such as jungle warfare were studied so that the Singaporean army could fight in neighbouring countries, if need be. The army obtained tanks from Israel before neighbouring Malaysia had tanks, and became a highly effective force.[6]

On independence, Singapore had two infantry regiments commanded by British officers. This was considered too small to provide effective security to the newly established republic, so the development of the military became a priority.[6] Britain pulled its military out of Singapore in October 1971, leaving behind only a small amount of British, Australian and New Zealand forces as a token military presence. The last of the British soldiers left Singapore in March 1976. The New Zealand troops were the last to leave Singapore, in 1989.[7]

Singapore Armed Forces Day is commemorated by the SAF every 1 July with an annual parade held in the Padang.[8]

Defence policy

Deterrence and diplomacy have been the fundamental tenets of Singapore's military defence policy. Through the years, the military has developed extensive links with armed forces from other countries. In recent years, there has also been an increased emphasis on international peace-keeping and relief operations, notably the peace-keeping operations in East Timor and the Persian Gulf and disaster relief in the Indian Ocean earthquake-tsunami of 2004, 2005 Nias earthquake and 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake in Central Java, Indonesia.

According to military and strategic analysts, such as Tim Huxley in Defending the Lion City,[9] Singapore is known to be using a forward-defence military doctrine. Press statements from Singapore's Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) describe the SAF as a deterrent force.[10] The SAF's declared mission statement is to "enhance Singapore’s peace and security through deterrence and diplomacy, and should these fail, to secure a swift and decisive victory over the aggressor".[11] Today, a career military force of 38,700 is supplemented by 42,800 men on active National Service duty.[citation needed] The main force actually comprises 400,000 or so Operationally-Ready National Servicemen (ORNSmen).[citation needed]

The SAF's policy towards Malays, who share religion and ethnic ties with Singapore's largest neighbours, Malaysia and Indonesia, has been a source of controversy over the years. Malays were virtually excluded from conscription from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977[12] and, after the policy was eased, were assigned mainly to serve in the police and civil defence (fire brigade), not active combat roles.[12] In 1987, Lee Hsien Loong (then Second Minister for Defence) stated that "If there is a conflict, if the SAF is called to defend the homeland, we do not want to put any of our soldiers in a difficult position where his emotions for the nation may be in conflict with his religion"[13] and in The Roar of the Lion City (2007), military analyst Sean Walsh claimed that "official discrimination against the Malay population remains an open secret".[14] The Ministry of Defence contests the charge, noting that there are "Malay pilots, commandos and air defence personnel" and stating that "the proportion of eligible Malays selected for specialist and officer training is similar to the proportion for eligible non-Malays."[15]

Women are exempt from National Service, but have served in both combat and non-combat roles, some as combat officers, but mostly in clerical and logistic positions in the earlier years.[16] The range of positions available to women has been expanded gradually, but is still limited.[14] In July 2007, the SAF launched an exhibition highlighting the contributions of women in the armed forces.[17]

National Service

Main article: National Service in Singapore

According to the Enlistment Act, conscription is mandatory for all "persons subject to [the] act", defined as those who are not less than 16 years and 6 months of age and not more than 40 years of age, with some exemptions and with no specific bias to gender (not limited to males).[18] In practice however, it is only compulsory for all fit and able-bodied Singaporean men who have reached 18 years of age, and are not deferred for certain reasons, to be conscripted in military service, or Full-time National Service (NSF).

NS was initially three years for commissioned officers and two years for other ranks, but it was later changed to two years and six months for soldiers with the rank of Corporal or higher, and two years for those with the rank of Lance Corporal or lower. In June 2004, NS was shortened to two years for all Full-time National Servicemen (NSFs), regardless of rank, due to changes in population demographics and manpower requirements. NSFs who obtain a silver or gold standard in the NAPFA test will serve two months less. Upon completion of their NSF stint, servicemen will be considered as having reached their Operationally-ready Date (ORD) and will be known as Operationally-ready National Servicemen (NSmen). Most NSmen will have to go through a 10-year cycle of military training with their assigned unit. Most NSmen are called up annually for training, courses and physical fitness tests, depending on their unit.

Training

See also: Recruit training
SAFTI MI OCS 01

The Officer Cadet School building within the SAFTI Military Institute as seen from the northwest.

Prior to enlistment, recruits are required to attend a medical examination (PULHHEEMS) to determine their medical status. Following that, they will be issued a Physical Employment Status (PES), which will be used a guideline to determine which vocations they are suited for.

PES A and PES B Combat-fit recruits go through a nine-week Basic Military Training (BMT) course, held either at the Basic Military Training Centre (BMTC) on the offshore island of Pulau Tekong, or at the various military units that directly accept mono-intake recruits. Recruits who are considered mildly or severely obese, are required to attend a 19 week BMT course. PES C Non-combat-fit recruits undertake a nine-week modified BMT course.

In BMT, all recruits attend courses on fieldcraft, basic survival skills, weapon maintenance and a field camp, participate in live firing and hand grenade throwing exercises, go through a Standard Obstacle Course (SOC), and do daily physical training in preparation for the Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT). The best performing ones among non-mono-intake recruits in BMT are selected to become officers or specialists. They will be posted to the Officer Cadet School (OCS) or the Specialist Cadet School (SCS) respectively for further training. Other recruits are posted to various units or schools, where they may continue on specialised vocational training.

Due to limited space within Singapore's territorial land and waters, some training programmes and facilities are located overseas.

Military education

Initially, commissioned officers were drawn exclusively from the ranks of Singaporeans who had completed their GCE A levels or embarked on tertiary studies.[19] While the requirements have since been relaxed, the SAF has still been criticised for "using a promotion system that is based more on education and scholarships than on proven competence".[14]

Officers receive their initial leadership training at the tri-service OCS in the SAFTI Military Institute (SAFTI MI). As they progress in their career, they may undergo further formal military education at the SAF Advanced Schools and the Singapore Command and Staff College. On the other hand, specialists first receive leadership training at the SCS. Future platoon sergeants and Company Sergeants Major receive further instruction at the Advanced Specialist Training Wing (ASTW) in SCS. Specialists undergo further education at the SAF Warrant Officer School before receiving their appointments as Warrant Officers.

OCS and SCS both have an infantry-based curriculum; special-to-arms training for both officers and WOSPECs is conducted at various training institutes and establishments such as the SAF Medical Training Institute (SMTI), Artillery Institute (AI), Signals Institute (SI), Engineer Training Institute (ETI), Armour Training Institute (ATI), Motorised Infantry Training Institute (MITI), Supply & Transport Centre (STC) and Ordnance Engineering Training Institute (OETI).

Pointer is the official journal of the SAF. It is a quarterly publication distributed to all Officers and Warrant Officers, which helps with their ongoing professional education.

Foreign defence relations

Singapore is part of the Five Power Defence Arrangements, whose other members include the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia. Designed to replace the former defence role of the British in Singapore and Malaysia, the arrangement obliges members to consult in the event of external threat against Malaysia and Singapore.

Singapore has consistently supported a strong U.S. military presence in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1990, the U.S. and Singapore signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) which allows the U.S. access to Singapore facilities at Paya Lebar Air Base and the Sembawang wharves. Under the MOU, a U.S. Navy logistics unit was established in Singapore in 1992; U.S. fighter aircraft deploy periodically to Singapore for exercises, and a number of U.S. military vessels visit Singapore. The MOU was amended in 1999 to permit U.S. naval vessels to berth at Changi Naval Base, which was completed in early 2001.

Singapore's defence resources have also been used for international humanitarian aid missions. They included United Nations peacekeeping missions in areas such as Kosovo, Kuwait and East Timor,[20] participation in the multi-national force in Iraq,[21] sending military equipment and personnel to assist in the humanitarian rescue and relief efforts in the United States after Hurricane Katrina, and establishing medical and dental assets for use by the Afghan people.[22] Several of the SAF's top officers have thus overseas operational military experience.[23][24]

Legislation

Under the SAF Act the President of Singapore has the authority to raise and maintain the SAF. The President also has the power to form, disband or amalgamate units within the SAF.

The Armed Forces Council (AFC) administers matters relating to the SAF under the SAF Act. The AFC consists of:

  • ministers who are responsible for defence matters and any other minister who has been assigned to assist them;
  • the Permanent Secretaries of MINDEF;
  • the Chief of Defence Force (CDF);
  • the Chief of Army (COA);
  • the Chief of Air Force (CAF);
  • the Chief of Navy (CNV); and
  • not more than four other members as the President may appoint if the President, acting in his discretion, concurs with the advice of the Prime Minister.

Organisation

The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) consists of the:

  • Army (three Combined Arms Divisions: 3 Div, 6 Div & 9 Div, two Army Operational Reserve Divisions, 21st and 25th, and one island defence command: 2 People's Defence Forces)
  • Air Force (seventeen squadrons and four air bases)
  • Navy (eight squadrons and two naval bases)

The SAF is headed by the Chief of Defence Force (CDF), a three-star General (i.e. Lieutenant General) by establishment and the sole and only (active) SAF General that can be promoted or hold three-star rank; he is assisted by the three chiefs of the respective services (Army, Airforce, Navy), who are two-star generals/admirals by establishment (or Major-General/ Rear-Admiral). The SAF has a Sergeant Major who is currently CWO .[25] The CDF is supported by various staff from branches such as the Joint Operations and Planning Directorate, the Joint Manpower Department, the Joint Logistic Department, the Military Intelligence Organisation and the Foreign Military Liaison Branch.[26]

Supporting the combat role of the SAF, are other governmental organisations of the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF), such as the Defence Policy Group, the Defence Management Group, the Defence Industry and System Office and the Defence Research and Technology Office. Within these groups are the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA), the Central Manpower Base (CMPB), and the Military Security Department (MSD). Domestic technology companies also play a role in building up Singapore's military capabilities, particularly the government-linked ST Engineering (formerly known as Chartered Industries of Singapore), which designed and built some of the SAF's more advanced weaponry and equipment based on specific local requirements which may be expensive for foreign companies to adapt and produce.[27]

The Special Operations Task Force, comprised by the selected members of the Special Operations Force, SAF Commando Formation, Naval Diving Unit and other forces integrated under one command, is formed to combat common terrorist threats.[28]

Technology in the SAF

The SAF utilises technology as "force multipliers", especially in the area of C4I integration, which will enable its various units to fight in an integrated manner.[29] The Army, Air Force and Navy are linked via advanced data-links and networks to enable coordinated attacks and support for various units and forces. Technology is an important element in the SAF's transformation into a 3rd Generation Fighting Force.[30]

The SAF acknowledges that technology is crucial for overcoming the limitations of Singapore's small population. Having consistently had one of the largest defence budgets in the Asia-Pacific region, Singapore has focused on maintaining its spending on sophisticated and superior weaponry.[31] Research and experimentation to develop a technological edge began as early as 1971, even though the SAF then had only rudimentary capabilities. The effort started off with a three-man team. At present,[32] MINDEF is one of the largest employers of engineers and scientists in Singapore and the SAF continues to devote considerable resources to defence research and development (R&D) and experimentation – 5% and 1% of the defence budget, respectively. Singapore's education system has also produced national servicemen who can be trained to operate SAF's sophisticated platforms and systems.

In Sep 2008, the SAF officially opened its Murai Urban Training Facility (MUTF) to hone the SAF's networked urban operations capability. The MUTF resembles a typical town and allows the soldiers to train realistically in an urban setting. In the same month, the SAF's new combat uniform,[33] as well as the Advanced Combat Man System, were also unveiled for the first time.

The country also has an established military manufacturing industry is responsible for the design and development of the following military hardware:

In popular culture

Film

  • Army Daze (1996)
  • Zo Peng (2006)
  • Ah Boys to Men (2012–2013)

Television

  • Army Series (1983)
  • Airforce (1988)
  • Navy (1990)
  • The Reunion (2001)
  • Honour and Passion (2007)

Theatre

  • Army Daze (1987)

Documentary

  • Every Singaporean Son (2010)
  • Every Singaporean Son - Epilogue (2011)
  • Ops Diaries: SAF in Afghanistan (2011)
  • Making The Cut: Guards Conversion Course (2011)
  • Every Singaporean Son II - The Making of an Officer (2012)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "MG Ng Chee Meng is new Chief of Defence Force for SAF", Channel NewsAsia (27 March 2012)
  2. ↑ [1] Singapore's Military Budget & Expenditure 2011][dead link]
  3. ↑ Singapore Annual Stats[dead link]
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 [2]
  5. ↑ "History of Singapore Artillery". Ministry of Defence, Singapore. 13 November 2006. http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/ourforces/Artillery/History.html. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Barzilai, Amnon. "A Deep, Dark, Secret Love Affair". University of Wisconsin (originally published by Haaretz, July 2004). http://cs.uwec.edu/~tan/saf_israel.htm. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 
  7. ↑ "British withdrawal from Singapore". National Library Board. 31 December 2007. http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1001_2009-02-10.html. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 
  8. ↑ S. Ramesh (1 July 2007). "SAF remains final guarantor of Singapore's independence". Channel NewsAsia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/285586/1/.html. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
  9. ↑ Tim Huxley (2000). Defending the Lion City: The Armed Forces of Singapore. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 981-04-9157-3. 
  10. ↑ "Speech by Minister for Manpower & Second Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen, at The International Defence Procurement Conference 2008". Ministry of Defence, Singapore. 18 February 2008. http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/speeches/2008/18feb08_speech2.html. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
  11. ↑ [3]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 A Question of Loyalty: Ethnic Minorities, Military Service and Resistance[dead link] by Alon Peled, 3 March 1993. Seminar Synopses of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard.
  13. ↑ Straits Times, 2 April 1987.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Sean Walsh (2007). "The Roar of the Lion City: Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture in the Singapore Armed Forces". p. 265. Digital object identifier:10.1177/0095327X06291854. 
  15. ↑ "US soldier takes potshots at SAF". Today. 12 March 2007. http://www.todayonline.com/articles/176695print.asp. Retrieved 17 September 2008. [dead link]
  16. ↑ Singapore: Recruitment and Training of Personnel. Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress.
  17. ↑ Women in the Armed Forces Exhibition – The Spirit of Patriotism. Mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.
  18. ↑ "Enlistment Act". http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=2001-REVED-93&doctitle=ENLISTMENT%20ACT%0A&date=latest&method=part&sl=1&segid=888380896-000004#888380896-000006. Retrieved 14 September 2010. 
  19. ↑ Minchin, James. No Man is an Island, p. 227. Allen & Unwin Australia, 1986.
  20. ↑ "Peacekeepers : In the Service of Peace". http://www.mindef.gov.sg/peacekeepers/peacekeepers.htm. Retrieved 1 May 2006. [dead link]
  21. ↑ "Singapore to send 192 military personnel to Iraq". Agence France Presse. 27 October 2003. http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/031027af.htm. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
  22. ↑ Ashraf Safdar (16 May 2007). "SAF to provide medical aid, set up dental clinic in Afghanistan". Channel NewsAsia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/276527/1/.html. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
  23. ↑ http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0932010.pdf
  24. ↑ http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0102010.pdf
  25. ↑ The Singapore Army – News Archive – New SMA Appointed; former SMA becomes SAF SM. Mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.
  26. ↑ gov.sg – Directory. App.sgdi.gov.sg (28 September 2010). Retrieved on 2012-05-20.
  27. ↑ gov.sg – Directory. App.sgdi.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.
  28. ↑ [4][dead link]
  29. ↑ Da Cunha, Derek (2002). Singapore in the New Millennium: Challenges Facing the City-State. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 145. ISBN 981-230-131-3. 
  30. ↑ "MINDEF – The 3rd Generation SAF". MINDEF. http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/3g/home.html. Retrieved 25 February 2008. 
  31. ↑ Singapore Defence and Security Report Q1 2009 (Report). Business Monitor International. 2009. 
  32. ↑ News – Lunch Talk on "Defending Singapore: Strategies for a Small State" by Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean (21 Apr 05). MINDEF. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.
  33. ↑ cyberpioneer – News – Features of the new SAF combat uniform. Mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.

References


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