Siege of Derry

Siege of Derry
Part of the Williamite War in Ireland
Cannon on the Walls of Derry
Date 18 April – 28 July 1689 Location Londonderry, Ireland Result City relieved by Royal Navy ships
Belligerents
Jacobite forces	Williamite forces
Commanders and leaders
Richard Hamilton James II & VII Conrad de Rosen	Henry Baker Adam Murray George Walker
Strength
?	?
Casualties and losses
?	~8000 dead (mostly by disease)

The Siege of Derry (Irish language: Léigear Dhoire ) lasted from 18 April to 28 July 1689, during the Williamite War in Ireland. The city, a Williamite stronghold, was besieged by a Jacobite army until it was relieved by Royal Navy ships. The siege is commemorated yearly in August by the Apprentice Boys of Derry.

Background

In the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, James II (King of England, Ireland and Scotland), a Roman Catholic convert, was ousted from power by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. Most of the Irish population were Catholic, and James had given them some real concessions during his reign. He had made an Irish Catholic the Lord Deputy of Ireland (Richard Talbot), and re-admitted Catholics into the Irish Parliament, public office, and the army. Irish Catholics also hoped that James would re-grant them their lands, which had been seized after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53). James thus looked to Ireland to muster support in re-gaining his kingdoms.

Richard Talbot, who was acting as James's viceroy in Ireland, was eager to ensure that all strongholds in the country were held by garrisons loyal to James. He focused on the northern province of Ulster, which had been the most heavily planted by British Protestant colonists.

By November 1688, Enniskillen and Derry were the two garrisons in Ulster that were not wholly loyal to James. The elderly Alexander MacDonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim, was ordered to replace them with a more trustworthy force. He agreed, but wasted several weeks searching for men who were at least six feet tall. A force of about 1,200 Scottish Catholic "Redshanks" then set out for Derry. On 7 December, with the army a short distance away, thirteen apprentice boys seized the city keys and locked the gates.

On 10 December, King James fled London. He was caught, but fled a second time on 23 December and made his way to France. James's first cousin, King Louis XIV of France, said he would help James regain power. In London on 13 February 1689, William and Mary were crowned.

The Walls of Derry in 2009

On 12 March, James landed in Kinsale (on Ireland's south coast) with 6000 French soldiers. He took Dublin and marched north with an army of Irish and French Catholics.

The siege

The Derry City Governor, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Lundy, wrote on 15 April that "without an immediate supply of money and provisions this place must fall very soon into the enemy's hands". Lundy called a meeting with several of his most loyal supporters to discuss surrender. News of the meeting spread, angering many of the citizens. That night, Lundy (in disguise) and many others left the city and took ship to Scotland. The city's defence was overseen by Major Henry Baker, Colonel Adam Murray, and Major George Walker (also an Anglican priest). Their slogan was "No Surrender".

As the Jacobite army neared, all the buildings outside the city walls were set alight by the defenders to prevent them being used as cover by the besiegers.

The Jacobite army reached Derry on 18 April. King James rode to Bishop's Gate and asked the city to surrender. He was rebuffed, and some of the city's defenders fired at him. James would ask thrice more, but was refused each time. This marked the beginning of the siege. Cannon and mortar fire were exchanged, and disease took hold within the city. James returned to Dublin and left his forces under the command of Richard Hamilton.

File:Michael Browning Memorial Derry.JPG

Michael Browning Memorial Plaque

Royal Navy warships under Admiral Rooke arrived in Lough Foyle on 11 June, but refused to smash through the defensive boom (floating barrier) across the River Foyle at Culmore. On 28 July, under the orders of Major General Percy Kirke, three armed merchant ships, Mountjoy, Phoenix and Jerusalem (a cutter) sailed toward the boom, protected by the frigate HMS Dartmouth under Captain John Leake. Mountjoy rammed but did not break the boom. Instead, she was broken by sailors in a long boat from the frigate HMS Swallow,^{[citation needed]} letting the fleet sail upriver and relieve the city.

The city had endured 105 days of siege during which some 8000^{[citation needed]} people of a population of 30,000 were said to have died.

Remembrance

The siege is commemorated yearly by the Protestant Apprentice Boys of Derry who stage the week-long Maiden City Festival culminating in a parade around the walls of the city by local members, followed by a parade of the city by the full Association. Although violence has attended these parades in the past, those in recent years have been largely peaceful.

The song Derry's Walls was written to commemorate the siege.

See also

• List of Irish battles

External links

• The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology
• Apprentice Boys of Derry
• The Maiden City Festival
• Another Account of the Siege of Derry
• Derry and Enniskillen in the Year 1689: The Story of Some Famous Battle-fields in Ulster by Rev. Thomas Witherow