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Shenyang J-15

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J-15 Flying Shark
Two J-15Ts and a J-15D in Zhuhai Airshow 2024.
Role Carrier-based multirole fighter
National origin China
Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
First flight August 2009[1]
Introduction 2013
Status In active service
Primary user People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force
Number built 76+[2]
Developed from Sukhoi Su-33
Shenyang J-11B

The Shenyang J-15 (Chinese: 歼-15), also known as Flying Shark (Chinese: 飞鲨; pinyin: Fēishā; NATO reporting name: Flanker-X2,[3] Flanker-K[4]) is a Chinese all-weather, twin-engine, carrier-based 4.5 generation[5] multirole fighter aircraft developed by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC) and the 601 Institute, specifically for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF) to serve on People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) aircraft carriers.

The aircraft entered active service with the PLAN in 2013.[6] An improved variant, named J-15T, incorporating CATOBAR launch capability, modern fifth-generation avionics, entered active service in the South China Sea in October 2024.[7] The J-15 is to be replaced by the naval variant of the fifth-generation fighter Shenyang J-35.

Development[]

In 2001, the T-10K-3, an unfinished prototype of the Su-33,[8] was acquired by SAC from Ukraine[9] and is claimed to have been studied extensively and reverse-engineered, with development on the J-15 beginning immediately afterward.[10][11]

China had sought to purchase Su-33s from Russia on several occasions—an unsuccessful offer was made as late as March 2009[12]—but negotiations collapsed in 2006 after it was discovered that China had developed a modified version[13][14][15] of the Sukhoi Su-27SK, designated the Shenyang J-11B,[16][17] in violation of intellectual property agreements.

However, according to Chinese sources, the reason China withdrew from talks was that Russia wanted large payments to re-open Su-33 production lines and insisted on a Chinese purchase of at least 50 Su-33s, about which China was reluctant, as it believed the aircraft would become outdated in a few years. China hence decided on an indigenous variant instead of continuing to assemble the J-11, the licensed Chinese version of Su-27.[18][19]

The J-15 program was officially started in 2006 with the codename Flying Shark.[20] The program goal was to develop a naval-capable fighter aircraft from the Shenyang J-11, with technologies reverse-engineered from T-10K-3, a Soviet Su-33 prototype that had been acquired from Ukraine.[21] The first J-15 prototype made its maiden flight on August 31, 2009, believed to have been powered by Russian-supplied Saturn AL-31 turbofan engines.[22] Video and still images of the flight were released in July 2010, showing the same basic airframe design as the Su-33.[23]

On May 7, 2010, the aircraft conducted its first takeoff from a simulated ski-jump on land.[22] On November 25, 2012, the aircraft successfully performed its first takeoff and landing on Liaoning,[24] China's first operational aircraft carrier. The twin-seat variant, J-15S, made its maiden flight on November 4, 2012.

After conclusion of the flight-test phase, in 2013 the first 24 J-15 aircraft were delivered to the Naval Aviation’s Carrier Fighter Group.[25]

In 2016, the new and updated J-15T prototype of the J-15 with added CATOBAR capability began test flight at PLAN land-based catapult facilities.[26] The twin-seat electronic warfare variant, similar to the role of United States Navy's EA-18G Growler, dubbed J-15D, took its maiden flight in 2018.[27] In November 2020, Jane's reported that SAC had produced a second prototype of the J-15T fighter aircraft.[28]

While the J-15 appears to be structurally based on the prototype of Su-33, the fighter features indigenous Chinese technologies as well as avionics from the Shenyang J-11B program.[22] In February 2018, discussions about replacing the J-15 appeared in several Chinese media outlets including Xinhua and China's main military newspaper, discussing that it belongs to the 4th- or 4.5-generation fighters. Thus, the J-15 was correspondingly viewed as an interim carrier-based fighter until a fifth-generation successor enters service, namely the Shenyang J-35.

In 2021, analysts reported work on an upgraded variant, referred to as the "J-15B",[29] with new avionics, engines, and CATOBAR launch capability. The upgrade variant of J-15 is capable of launching newer PL-10 and PL-15 missiles.[30] The J-11D upgrade program reportedly contributed to the subsystems of the "J-15B".[31] The J-15B program, often called by this name in the media, was officially given the original name "J-15T" later.[32]

In November 2022, a production J-15 powered by the Shenyang WS-10, possibly the WS-10B, appeared in Chinese media.[33] It was the last indigenous Chinese combat aircraft to replace the AL-31;[34] possibly due to navalisation.[35] According to Chinese observers, compared to the AL-31 the WS-10 had superior safety, reliability, and service life, aspects which are magnified by the constraints of carrier aviation.[36]

Design[]

PLAN Shenyang J-15 carrier-based fighter aircraft 20211221 - 1

The belly of a J-15

The airframe of the J-15 is structurally reinforced for carrier landing and launching, with the addition of a tailhook and strengthened landing gears.[20] The aircraft incorporated a higher portion of composite materials than the Sukhoi Su-33 to save weight and improve aerodynamic performance, allowing for a slower landing speed compared to Su-33.[21]

An article in the China SignPost believes the J-15 "likely exceeds or matches the aerodynamic capabilities of virtually any fighter aircraft currently operated by regional militaries, except for the U.S. F-22 Raptor", alleging that the J-15 likely possesses a 10% greater thrust-to-weight ratio and 25% lower wing loading than the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[37][38] However, one of the authors of that same article described the J-15 in another article as no game changer; the reliance on ski-jump launches and lack of Chinese carrier-based aerial refueling capabilities are believed to greatly reduce its effective combat range.[39] In 2014, it was revealed that the J-15 is capable of aerial refueling, using the UPAZ-1 buddy refueling pod, which can be carried by another J-15.[40] Hu Siyuan of the PLA National Defense University said that "the current weak point of the J-15 is its Russian-made AL-31 engines, which are less powerful than that of the American F-35 fighter".[41]

The J-15's chief designer, Sun Cong of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, has said that the J-15 could match the F/A-18 in bomb load, combat radius and mobility. However, in a similar statement, he said more work was required on its electronics and combat systems.[42] Rear Admiral Yin Zhuo stated that the aircraft's air combat capabilities were better than that of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. However, he also stated that its ability to attack land and sea targets was slightly inferior to the F/A-18E/F; it is also stated that its electronic equipment meets the standards of those on a fifth-generation fighter.[43]

File:J15 fighter jets on aircraft carrier Liaoning, July 2017.png

Shenyang J-15 fighter jets on the aircraft carrier Liaoning, July 2017

The J-15 may be operating from the aircraft carriers Liaoning and Shandong. The carriers have two launch positions. The waist position has a runway length of 195 m, and the two forward positions have a runway length of 105 m. The take-off weight of the J-15 depends on the launch position and carrier speed. For ship speed at 28 knots, J-15's maximum take-off weight is 33 tons (with 9 tons of internal fuel and a 6.5-ton external payload) for the waist position. The maximum weight is 28 tons (9-ton internal fuel and 1.5-ton external payload) for the forward position. However, when the carrier moves at 20 knots, MTOW at the waist position is reduced to 31 tons.[1]

Operational history[]

On 25 November 2012, Chinese media reported that two J-15s had made arrested landings on Liaoning..[44][45][46] The first landing was made by pilot Dai Mingmeng (戴明盟).[47] Luo Yang, the aircraft's head of production and designer, died the same day.[48] PLA Daily newspaper indicated that the first five naval pilots (including Dai) conducted J-15 fighter landings and takeoffs. Test and training program officials confirmed the carrier-borne aircraft and special equipment for the landing flight had gone through strict tests, and fighter jets can be deployed on the carrier.[49]

In December 2013, Chinese media reported that mass production of J-15s in full operational condition with combat markings had begun.[50]

PLANS Liaoning, J-15 and Z-9

A J-15 taking off from the Liaoning

In January 2017, Liaoning conducted take-off and landing drills with its J-15s in the South China Sea after its first deployment into the Western Pacific.[51]

In July 2018, PLAAF Lieutenant General Zhang Honghe reported that a carrier-based replacement for the J-15 was in development after two crashes and "unpardonable mechanical failures". One issue was the limited payload due to the weight of the aircraft - the empty weight is 17,500 kg (38,600 lb) compared to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's 14,600 kg - and operating from a STOBAR carrier.[52][53]

In October 2024, Chinese state media reported the J-15T and J-15D flying with Liaoning and Shandong in the South China Sea, suggesting the aircraft had entered service.[54] Both aircraft were officially revealed at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in November 2024.[32][55][56]

Accidents[]

  • In April 2016, a J-15 crashed into the ocean after experiencing a flight control system failure. The pilot, Cao Xianjian, ejected shortly before impact, below the altitude needed for the parachute to function; he was severely injured upon landing.[57]
  • On 27 April 2016, a J-15 crashed during a simulated landing when a flight control system malfunction caused the aircraft to pitch up to 80 degrees. The pilot, Zhang Chao, ejected below the altitude needed for the parachute to function; he eventually died from injuries sustained upon landing, and was posthumously awarded the First Class Order of Heroic Exemplar on 30 November.[58][59]
  • In July 2017,[60] a J-15 suffered a left engine fire after ingesting a bird shortly after takeoff. The pilot, Yuan Wei, with the aid of instructions from air traffic controllers, performed an emergency landing and ground crews extinguished the fire.[61]
  • On 15 March 2025, a J-15 crashed near Jialai Town in the Hainan Province of China. The aircraft's nose down, tail up position, along with it flying with gear down at slow speeds indicates that the aircraft was trying to land when the incident happened, however the cause is still being investigated. Reports say that the pilot successfully ejected from the aircraft and no one was harmed in the incident.[62]

Variants[]

PLAN Shenyang J-15 carrier-based fighter aircraft 20221223

Two J-15s from Liaoning

  • J-15 (NATO reporting name Flanker-X2):[63][3] Single-seat variant.[27]
  • J-15S : Two-seat variant, first flown in 2012.[63][27]
  • J-15T : Improved variant of J-15 incorporating CATOBAR launch capability, WS-10 engines, modern fifth-generation avionics, AESA radar, new airframes, stealth coatings, and compatibility to launch PL-10 and PL-15 missiles.[29] First seen in September 2016, with two prototypes built.[26][28][32] In active service as of October 2024.[54] Previously referred to as J-15B in media.[32]
  • J-15D : Two-seat electronic warfare variant with EW pods and other electronic equipment installed and IRST sensor removed.[27] Began operational testing in December 2018,[26][64] and entered service by October 2024.[54]

Operators[]

 People's Republic of China
  • People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force - 60 J-15, 10+ J-15T and 6 J-15D units in service as of 2025.[2]
    • Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning
    • Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong
    • Lingshui Air Base[65]
      External video
      J-15 pilots receiving training(1:59-12:18)
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKwt2v28pPU

Specifications (estimated)[]

Data from Jianyue (Tianjin) Information Technology,[66] CCTV (Sun Cong interview transcript)[67][citation needed]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 or 2
  • Length: 22.28 m (73 ft 1 in)
  • Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 3 in) or 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) with wings folded
  • Height: 5.92 m (19 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 67.84 m2 (730.2 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 17,500 kg (38,581 lb)
  • Gross weight: 27,000 kg (59,525 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 33,000 kg (72,753 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 9,800 kg (21,600 lb) internal
  • Powerplant: 2 × Saturn AL-31[68] or WS-10B[33] afterburning turbofans dry, 122.6–135[33] kN (27,600–30,300 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 2,300 km/h (1,429 mph; 1,242 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.17
  • Range: 3,500 km (2,175 mi; 1,890 nmi)
  • Combat range: 1,270 km (789 mi; 686 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,055 ft)
  • g limits: +8 g
  • Rate of climb: 246 m/s (48,400 ft/min)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.93 with AL-31 (1.01-1.07 with WS-10B)

Armament

  • 1 × 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannon with 150 rounds
  • Munitions on twelve external hardpoints with a capacity of 6,500 kg,[69] including:

    • Avionics

    • Type 1493 radar[70]
      • J-15D and J-15T claimed to have AESA radar[71]
    • MIL-STD-1553B bi-directional data bus
    • Glass cockpit
    • LCD screen
    • 4-redundant 3-axis fly by wire

    See also[]

    Related development
    Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

    References[]

    Citations
    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Joe, Rick. "It's Time to Talk About J-15, China's First Carrierborne Fighter". https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/its-time-to-talk-about-j-15-chinas-first-carrierborne-fighter/. 
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Military Balance 2025. International Institute for Strategic Studies. pp. 244. Digital object identifier:10.1080/04597222.2025.2445477. 
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Chinese Equipment Guide". https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/China_Equipment.pdf?ver=2015-12-10-103822-400. 
    4. ↑ "Chapter Five: Asia: Regional trends in 2024". 2025. p. 206–311. Digital object identifier:10.1080/04597222.2025.2445477. 
    5. ↑ F_161. "Experts' comparative analysis of performance between J-15 and U.S. F-18 - People's Daily Online". http://en.people.cn/90786/8392418.html. 
    6. ↑ "China’s J-15 replacement?" (in en). 2018-09-27. https://www.key.aero/article/chinas-j-15-replacement. 
    7. ↑ Newdick, Thomas (2024-10-31). "Two New Versions Of China’s J-15 Carrier Fighter Now Appear To Be Operational" (in en-US). https://www.twz.com/sea/two-new-versions-of-chinas-j-15-carrier-fighter-now-appear-to-be-operational. 
    8. ↑ Donald, David (9 May 2011). "China's J-15 Flying Shark Shown Taking Off". https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2011-05-09/chinas-j-15-flying-shark-shown-taking. 
    9. ↑ Kopp, Carlo (January 27, 2014). "PLA-AF and PLA-N Flanker Variants". pp. 1. http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Flanker-Variants.html. 
    10. ↑ "Revealing Shenyang J-XX Stealth Fighter of China - What's On Xiamen". whatsonxiamen.com. http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/tech111.html. 
    11. ↑ "俄方称中国自研先进战机不顺 仍将回头购俄战机_军事_凤凰网". ifeng.com. http://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/200909/0917_340_1353365.shtml. 
    12. ↑ Chang, Andrei (March 4, 2009). "China can't buy Sukhoi fighter jets". United Press International. http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/03/25/China-cant-buy-Sukhoi-fighter-jets/UPI-70711238010376/. 
    13. ↑ "Top News, Latest headlines, Latest News, World News & U.S News - UPI.com". upiasia.com. http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2008/02/25/china_imitates_russian_su-27sk_fighter/1740/. 
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    15. ↑ "Global Defence News and Defence Headlines - IHS Jane's 360". janes.com. http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100510_2_n.shtml. 
    16. ↑ Wendell Minnick. "Russia Admits China Illegally Copied Its Fighter". DefenceNews. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3947599&c=ASI&s=AIR. [dead link]Template:Cbignore
    17. ↑ SIPRI Yearbook 2009:Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2009. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-19-956606-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=NjRRVy6JYW4C&pg=PA309. 
    18. ↑ "中国向俄求购苏33惨被拒绝，没想此国将原型机都卖给了中国_手机网易网". 15 December 2017. http://3g.163.com/dy/article/D5MP38EJ0515J2UF.html. 
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    20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "J-15 program & deputy general designer". http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2013-11/07/content_956826.htm. 
    21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Roblin, Sebastien (2 June 2018). "The J-15 Flying Shark: China Has Its Very Deadly Aircraft Carrier Jets". https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-j-15-flying-shark-china-has-its-very-own-f-18-super-26073. 
    22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Fulghum, David A.. "New Chinese Ship-Based Fighter Progresses". Article. Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2011/04/27/02.xml&headline=New%20Chinese%20Ship-Based%20Fighter%20Progresses&next=0. 
    23. ↑ "First glimpse of Chinese fighter, or Russian rip-off?". The DEW Line. http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2010/07/first-glimpse-of-chinese-fight.html. 
    24. ↑ "China lands first jet on aircraft carrier". CNN. 25 November 2012. http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/25/china-lands-first-jet-on-aircraft-carrier/. 
    25. ↑ "China’s J-15 replacement?" (in en). 2018-09-27. https://www.key.aero/article/chinas-j-15-replacement. 
    26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Shenyang J-15 Flanker-X2". February 29, 2020. https://asiatimes.com/2020/02/shark-attack-paint-this-j-15-super-bad/. 
    27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Tate, Andrew (3 May 2018). "Images show J-15 fighter fitted with wingtip EW pods". http://www.janes.com/article/79784/images-show-j-15-fighter-fitted-with-wingtip-ew-pods. 
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Rupprecht, Andreas; Dominguez, Gabriel (18 November 2020). "Footage suggests China testing another J-15T CATOBAR-capable prototype". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/footage-suggests-china-testing-another-j-15t-catobar-capable-prototype. 
    29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Joe, Ricke (20 May 2021). "China's J-15 Carrierborne Fighter: Sizing up the Competition". https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/chinas-j-15-carrierborne-fighter-sizing-up-the-competition/. 
    30. ↑ Childs, Nick (10 June 2022). "Catapulting China's Carrier Capabilities". https://www.iiss.org/blogs/military-balance/2022/06/catapulting-chinas-carrier-capabilities. 
    31. ↑ Rupprecht, Andreas (20 October 2023). "Red Dragon Flankers". https://www.aerosociety.com/news/red-dragon-flankers/. 
    32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Newdick, Thomas (6 November 2024). "China’s J-15T Enhanced Carrier-Based Flanker Officially Unveiled". https://www.twz.com/air/chinas-j-15t-enhanced-carrier-based-flanker-officially-unveiled. 
    33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Kadidal, Akhil; Narayanan, Prasobh (25 November 2022). "China's J-15 naval jet appears with indigenous WS-10 engines". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/chinas-j-15-naval-jet-appears-with-indigenous-ws-10-engines. 
    34. ↑ Yeo, Mike (28 November 2021). "Footage shows domestic engine on China's J-15 fighter jet". https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/11/28/footage-shows-domestic-engine-on-chinas-j-15-fighter-jet/. 
    35. ↑ Newdick, Thomas (23 November 2022). "China's J-15 Naval Fighter Is Now Powered By Locally Made Engines". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/chinas-j-15-naval-fighter-is-now-powered-by-locally-made-engines. 
    36. ↑ Wang, Amber (24 November 2022). "Chinese 'Flying Shark' J-15 naval fighter jets look set to ditch Russian engines". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3200888/chinese-flying-shark-j-15-naval-fighter-jets-look-set-ditch-russian-engines. 
    37. ↑ "Flying Shark" Gaining Altitude: How might new J-15 strike fighter improve China's maritime air warfare ability? | China SignPost™ 洞察中国". 2011-06-08. http://www.chinasignpost.com/2011/06/flying-shark%E2%80%9D-gaining-altitude-how-might-new-j-15-strike-fighter-improve-china%E2%80%99s-maritime-air-warfare-ability/. 
    38. ↑ "China SignPost™ (洞察中国) #38: "Flying Shark" Gaining Altitude: How might new J-15 strike fighter improve China's maritime air warfare ability? - Andrew S. Erickson". andrewerickson.com. http://www.andrewerickson.com/2011/06/china-signpost%E2%84%A2-%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD-38-%E2%80%9Cflying-shark%E2%80%9D-gaining-altitude-how-might-new-j-15-strike-fighter-improve-china%E2%80%99s-maritime-air-warfare-abil/. 
    39. ↑ Collins & Erickson, Gabe & Andrew (June 23, 2011). "China's J-15 No Game Changer". https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2011/06/23/china%E2%80%99s-j-15-no-game-changer/. 
    40. ↑ "Tanker Buddies: Chinese Navy J-15 Fighter Planes Refuel in Flight". 7 May 2014. https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/eastern-arsenal/tanker-buddies-chinese-navy-j-15-fighter-planes-refuel-flight/. 
    41. ↑ Jian, Yang. "J-15 jets on deck as carrier sets off on longest sea trials." Archived 2012-08-09 at the Wayback Machine. Shanghai Daily, 12 July 2012.
    42. ↑ 李京荣. "J-15 fighter able to attack over 1,000 km". http://www.china.org.cn/china/2013-03/02/content_28109971.htm. 
    43. ↑ F_161. "J-15 better than U.S. F/A-18 in terms of air action, slightly inferior in terms of attack against sea targets - People's Daily Online". http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90786/8395630.html. 
    44. ↑ "J-15 successfully landed on China's carrier Liaoning". Xinhua English. Beijing. 25 November 2012. http://english.sina.com/china/2012/1124/530358.html. 
    45. ↑ "More photos of the two J-15's landing and taking off on Liaoning". 新华网. 北京. 25 November 2012. http://news.qq.com/a/20121125/000007.htm#p=1. 
    46. ↑ "Jets land on China's 1st aircraft carrier". 26 November 2012. http://www.china.org.cn/china/2012-11/26/content_27222026.htm. 
    47. ↑ "戴明盟：着舰成功首飞第一人". 钱江晚报. 杭州. 24 November 2012. http://zjdaily.zjol.com.cn/qjwb/html/2012-11/24/content_1875914.htm?div=-1. 
    48. ↑ Yang, Lina (November 29, 2012). "Memorial service held for China's fighter jet production head". http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-11/29/c_132007223.htm. 
    49. ↑ "First five Chinese naval pilot conducted J-15 fighter landing and taking off on board Aircraft Carrier Liaoning". beijing. 26 November 2012. http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/J-15-naval-carrier-based-fighter-su-33-china.htm. 
    50. ↑ Kang, Charles; Wu, Lilian (3 December 2013). "China begins mass production of fighters for aircraft carrier". The Central News Agency. http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201312030038.aspx. 
    51. ↑ Rahmat, Ridzwan (4 January 2017). "Chinese aircraft carrier conducts flight operations in South China Sea with J-15 fighters". Singapore: IHS Jane's. http://www.janes.com/article/66660/chinese-aircraft-carrier-conducts-flight-operations-in-south-china-sea-with-j-15-fighters. 
    52. ↑ Chan, Minnie (July 5, 2018). "China is working on a new fighter jet for aircraft carriers to replace its J-15s". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2153803/china-working-new-fighter-jet-aircraft-carriers-replace. 
    53. ↑ Beijing keen to develop J-15 successor - report Archived 2019-01-22 at the Wayback Machine.. Flight International. 5 July 2018.
    54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Newdick, Thomas (31 October 2024). "Two New Versions Of China's J-15 Carrier Fighter Now Appear To Be Operational". https://www.twz.com/sea/two-new-versions-of-chinas-j-15-carrier-fighter-now-appear-to-be-operational. 
    55. ↑ Kadidal, Akhil; Pandey, Ajay Shankar (2024-11-12). "Airshow China 2024: China unveils operationalised J-15D electronic warfare aircraft" (in en). https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/airshow-china-2024-china-unveils-operationalised-j-15d-electronic-warfare-aircraft. 
    56. ↑ "Chinese navy to show off its warplanes for first time at Zhuhai air show". 6 November 2024. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3285421/chinese-navy-show-its-warplanes-first-time-zhuhai-air-show. 
    57. ↑ Zhao, Lei (18 October 2017). "Fighter pilot injured in crash is back in action". https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-10/18/content_33396241.htm. 
    58. ↑ Choi, Chi-yuk (31 July 2016). "Chinese military resumes training flights after 'short' break to assess fatal crash". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1997413/chinese-military-resumes-training-flights-after-short. 
    59. ↑ "中央军委追授张超同志"逐梦海天的强军先锋"荣誉称号命名大会举行" (in zh-hans). 2016-11-30. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-11/30/c_1120025483.htm. 
    60. ↑ Zhang, Zhihao (8 October 2019). "J-15s have become navy's 'iron fist'". https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/08/WS5d9be4eaa310cf3e3556f09f_3.html. 
    61. ↑ Wu, Jin (18 August 2017). "Fighter lands safely after catching fire". http://www.china.org.cn/china/2017-08/18/content_41427805.htm. 
    62. ↑ "China's J-15 Fighter Jet Crashes During Training". 15 March 2025. https://www.defensemirror.com/news/39066/China_s_J_15_Fighter_Jet_Crashes_During_Training. 
    63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Flanker: The Russian Jet That Spawned Many New Versions". May 14, 2018. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/flanker-the-russian-jet-spawned-many-new-versions-lots-dread-25793. 
    64. ↑ Johnson, Reuben F (21 December 2018). "J-15D has reportedly begun operational testing for PLANAF". Kiev. https://www.janes.com/article/85404/j-15d-has-reportedly-begun-operational-testing-for-planaf. 
    65. ↑ "PLANAF J-15 fighters seen operating from Lingshui Airbase in South China Sea". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/planaf-j-15-fighters-seen-operating-from-lingshui-airbase-in-south-china-sea. 
    66. ↑ 武器大讲堂 (1 July 2020). "辽宁和山东舰的有利搭档，中国第一代舰载机，绰号飞鲨的歼-15" (in zh-hans). 百度. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1671014559581220823. Retrieved 8 August 2021. 
    67. ↑ "中国首款舰载机歼15霸气十足：挂满导弹 航母上起飞" (in zh-hans). 央广网. 2017-11-22. http://news.cnr.cn/native/gd/20171122/t20171122_524034973.shtml. 
    68. ↑ Joe, Rick (28 April 2021). "It's Time to Talk About J-15, China's First Carrierborne Fighter". https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/its-time-to-talk-about-j-15-chinas-first-carrierborne-fighter/. 
    69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Images show PLANAF J-15s armed with KD-88 and YJ-91 missiles". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-show-planaf-j-15s-armed-with-kd-88-and-yj-91-missiles. 
    70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 Rupprecht 2018, p. 21.
    71. ↑ "China Reveals Another 'Growler'". https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-05-08/china-reveals-another-growler. 
    Bibliography

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