Second Gulf of Sidra offensive | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of Libyan civil war | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
NATO command[1] | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Col. Hamid Hassy Mustafa Bin Dardef†[3][4] |
Muammar Gaddafi† Mansour Dhao (POW)[7] Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid (POW)[8] | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
16,000 fighters[9] 163[10]-900[11] technicals | 1,000[10]-5,000[12] fighters | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
437 killed[13] | 236[14]-903[15] killed* | ||||||
800 civilians killed (NTC claim)[16] 2,151 civilians killed (Loyalist claim)[17][18] | |||||||
|
The Second Gulf of Sidra offensive was a military operation in the Libyan civil war conducted by rebel anti-Gaddafi forces in August and September 2011 to take control of towns along the Gulf of Sidra in an effort to surround Muammar Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte, which was held by pro-Gaddafi forces. It ended on 20 October, when Muammar Gaddafi and his son Mutassim Gaddafi were killed along with former defense minister, Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr. The Gaddafi loyalists in the area were finally defeated when NTC fighters captured Sirte.[19][20][21]
Background[]
Following the success of rebels hostile to the Gaddafi government in Tripoli, rebels in Brega made advances, taking over the entirety of the oil port town of Brega including its residential, industrial and port areas. They then planned to advance westwards.
Rebel offensive[]
22 August
A spokesman for the National Liberation Army said on 22 August that Gaddafi's forces had finally retreated westward to Sirte and all of Brega was under the opposition's control.[22] This was later denied by Ahmed Omar Bani, the rebels' military spokesman, who said the eastern "front is still at Brega".[23] Loyalists near Sirte fired a scud missile at Misrata.[24]
23 August
However, a day later, it was confirmed that rebel forces managed to capture the village of El Agheila and were on their way to Ra's Lanuf.[25] Ra's Lanuf fell to the opposition soon after and they were on the outskirts of the small town of Bin Jawad, 150 km east of Gaddafi's home town of Sirte.[26]
It was also reported by Reuters that rebels were negotiating with Sirte leaders to enter the city without bloodshed.[27]
Rebels managed to advance to the outskirts of the small coastal town of Bin Jawad, resulting in the Second Battle of Bin Jawad, but were unable to progress further due to heavy loyalist resistance in the area.[28]
More scud missile were fired at Misrata, all reportedly either falling into the sea or causing no damage upon landing [29]
24 August
On 24 August, a heavy loyalist artillery bombardment caused the rebels to retreat 20 km from Bin Jawad to Sidra.[30] During the fighting, loyalists ambushed the advancing rebels once again at Bin Jawad, in an echo of an earlier defeat in March. Twenty rebel fighters died in the clashes.[31][32]
25 August
RAF Tornado aircraft attacked a military bunker in Sirte with precision guided missiles, in an attempt to destroy the government's remaining command and control capabilities, ahead of the rebels planned offensive on the city. NATO aircraft also destroyed 29 armoured vehicles which were moving to Misrata.[33] The rebels, for their part, retreated further to Ra's Lanuf to put themselves out of range of rockets fired by pro-Gaddafi forces.[34]
27 August
Rebels claimed sending a brigade to negotiate the surrender of Sirte.[35] Al Jazeera English reported that there were negotiations between rebels and loyalists in Ra's Lanuf.[36] Later that day, rebel forces were able to recapture Bin Jawad and move closer to Sirte.[37]
28 August
NLA forces advanced on two fronts towards the town of Nofaliya, which was captured later that day.[38][39]
30 August
The National Transitional Council gave the loyalists in Sirte a four-day-ultimatum to surrender or to face military assault.[40]
1 September
The ultimatum was extended for another week by the NTC. A spokesman stated that Sirte had no economic importance and that the rebels would not risk casualties for it. Meanwhile negotiations between tribal leaders from Nofaliya and the Bin Jawad area (on NTC behalf) and from Sirte were still ongoing.[41] The NLA forces claimed that Harawa, a village 50 km east of Sirte, had surrendered.[42] NATO bombardment of the area continued unabated, independent of the NTC ultimatums.[43]
4 September
A NLA commander claimed that the village of Umm El Ghindel agreed to lay down their weapons.[44] Reuters reported that the NLA raised their flag on the entry of the village.[45]
6 September
NLA forces advanced 8 km towards Sirte, meeting heavy resistance from loyalist forces. One NLA fighter died in the fighting and at least one loyalist was killed and another wounded. Both sides engaged in artillery duels during the day and three loyalist vehicles were bombed by NATO and two others captured by the NLA. According to frontline commanders, the clashes occurred when a recon patrol was attacked by loyalists and that the attack on Sirte had yet to begin.[3] Also, to the west of Sirte, NTC forces overran a tribal encampment without resistance, taking over 100 assault rifles and some machineguns.[46]
8 September
An NLA commander claimed that the Red Valley, east of Sirte, was captured by NLA forces.[47] Eight rebels and three loyalists were killed during the fighting in the valley and one pro-Gaddafi fighter was captured.[48]
9 September
Opposition forces engaged loyalist troops near Sirte, in the Red Valley,[49] during the night but withdrew after suffering heavy casualties.[50]
10–14 September
During a period of heavy fighting, in which opposition forces attempted to advance toward Sirte but made only gains of a few kilometers, at least 80 rebel fighters were killed.[51] According to the Misrata Military Council, the living conditions inside Sirte were worsening. The city suffered from a lack of water and food.[52]
15–18 September
On 15 September, NLA forces based out of Misrata moved into Sirte from the west. Opposition troops initially made some gains by capturing the airport south of the city and penetrating the city limits. But by 18 September, the rebels had retreated to the city's outskirts after encountering stiff resistance from well-armed loyalists and suffering heavy casualties.[53]
At the same time, eastern NLA forces captured the village of Harawa in an attempt to support forces from the west which were already engaged in a battle for Sirte itself.[54]
20 September
On 20 September, Al Jazeera reported that eastern NLA forces finally reached the eastern gates of Sirte and thus put Sirte under effective siege from all sides.[55] However, later reports put opposition forces at the town of Khamseen, still another 50 kilometers east of Sirte, facing stiff resistance from loyalist troops.[56]
24 September
On 24 September, NTC forces made another attempt at storming Sirte and captured a few neighbourhoods in the western part of the city. But by the next morning, they again retreated from the western part of Sirte, after meeting strong resistance from loyalist forces.[57] To the east, NLA troops advanced to within 20 kilometers of Sirte.[58]
26 September
Opposition forces continued their offensive against Sirte with NTC tanks shelling the city center from a distance of 2 kilometers from the western outskirts. Meanwhile, the main opposition eastern assault body fought their way to 10 kilometers of the town.[59]
NATO strikes[]
20 August-20 September NATO Strikes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Vehicles | Tanks | Missiles and Missile Launchers | Buildings | Radar and Antennas | |
20 August[60] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Command and Control Node | 0 | |
24 August[61] | 0 | 0 | 1 Surface to Surface Missile Support Vehicle | 0 | 0 | |
25 August[62] | 29 Armed Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 1 Command and Control Node | 0 | |
26 August[63] | 11 Armed Vehicles, 3 Logistic Military Vehicles, 1 Armoured Fighting Vehicle | 0 | 0 | 1 Military Observation Point, 2 Military Shelters, 1 Military Engineer Asset | 0 | |
27 August[64] | 1 Armoured Fighting Vehicle | 0 | 1 Surface to Surface Supply Vehicle | 0 | 0 | |
28 August[65] | 3 Military Support Vehicles | 0 | 20 Surface to Air Missile Canisters, 2 Surface to Air Missile Systems | 0 | 4 Radar Systems, 1 Antenna | |
29 August[66] | 22 Armed Vehicles, 2 Military Support Vehicles | 0 | 2 Surface to Air Missile Systems | 3 Command and Control Nodes, 1 Command Post, 1 Military Facility | 4 Radar Systems | |
30 August[67] | 12 Armed Vehicles | 3 | 0 | 1 Command and Control Facility, 1 Military Facility, 1 Command Post | 1 Radar System | |
31 August[43] | 1 Armed Vehicle | 1 | 5 Surface to Air Missile Transloaders, 4 Surface to Air Missile Launchers, 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher | 1 Command and Control Node | 0 | |
1 September[68] | 2 Armed Vehicles, 2 Military Trucks | 1 | 7 Surface-to-Air Missile Launchers, 3 Surface-to-Air Missile Launchers | 1 Command and Control Node/Ammo Storage Facility | 0 | |
2 September[69] | 0 | 3 | 11 Surface to Air Missile Canisters | 1 Ammo Storage Facility, 1 Training Area | 0 | |
3 September[70] | 1 Self-propelled Artillery Piece | 0 | 7 Surface-to-Air Missile Canisters, 1 Surface-to-Air Missile System | 1 Military Barracks, 1 Ammunition Storage Facility, 1 Military Police Camp, 1 Command and Control Node | 0 | |
4 September[71] | 2 Armed Vehicles | 0 | 4 Multiple Rocket Launchers, 4 Surface to Air Missile Canisters | 1 Military Vehicle Storage Facility, 2 Heavy Machine Guns | 0 | |
5 September[72] | 4 Armed Vehicles | 0 | 4 Surface to Air Missile Systems | 1 Military Radar/Communication Site, 1 Command and Control Bunker, 2 Military Settlements | 0 | |
6 September[73] | 4 Armed Vehicles, 6 Armoured Fighting Vehicles, 1 Self-propelled Artillery | 6 | 1 Surface to Air Missile Canister, 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher | 1 Ammo Storage Facility | 0 | |
7 September[74] | 5 Armoured Fighting Vehicles, 2 Armed Vehicles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
8 September[75] | 2 Armed Vehicles | 0 | 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher | 0 | 0 | |
9 September[76] | 1 Armed Vehicle | 0 | 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher | 1 Surface to Surface Missile Facility | 0 | |
10 September[77] | 2 Armed Vehicles | 2 | 1 Surface to Air Missile Canister | 0 | 0 | |
11 September[78] | 7 Armed Vehicles | 0 | 3 Surface to Air Missile Systems | 1 Military Logistic Facility, 1 Command and Control Node | 1 Radar System | |
12 September[79] | 1 Armed Vehicle, 2 Air Defense Command Vehicles | 0 | 8 Surface to Air Missile Systems, 5 Surface to Air Missile Trailers/Transloaders | 0 | 1 Radar System | |
13 September[80] | 1 Armed Vehicle, 2 Anti-Aircraft Guns | 0 | 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher | 1 Command and Control Node | 4 Radar Systems | |
14 September[81] | 0 | 0 | 2 Surface to Air Missile Systems | 1 Command and Control Node, 1 Military Vehicle Storage Facility | 4 Radar Systems | |
15 September[82] | 2 Armed Vehicles | 1 | 4 Multiple Rocket Launchers, 8 Air Missile Systems | 1 Military Storage Facility | 0 | |
16 September[83] | 4 Armed Vehicles | 0 | 8 Air Missile Systems | 5 Command and Control Nodes | 3 Radar Systems | |
17 September[84] | 1 Armed Vehicle | 0 | 4 Multiple Rocket Launchers, 4 Surface to Air Missile Systems | 2 Command and Control Nodes | 0 | |
18 September[85] | 0 | 0 | 4 Surface to Air Missile Systems, 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher | 1 Military Facility, 1 Command and Control Node | 0 | |
19 September[86] | 1 Armed Vehicle | 0 | 1 Multiple Rocket System | 0 | 0 | |
20 September[87] | 0 | 1 | 6 Air Missile Systems | 1 Military Vehicle Storage Facility, 2 Military Ammunition/Storage Facilities, 1 Command and Control Node | 0 | |
Total | 140 | 18 | 140 | 50 | 23 |
References[]
- ↑ "Nato takes control of enforcing Libya no-fly zone". 25 March 2011. http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/25/nato-to-enforce-no-fly-zone-over-libya.html. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
- ↑ Gaddafi hometown a hazardous prize for Libya's NTC
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Libyan troops advance on Sirte in heavy fighting". timesofmalta.com. 2011-09-06. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110906/world/libyan-troops-advance-on-sirte-in-heavy-fighting.383601. Retrieved 2011-10-21. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "timesofmalta.com" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Street fighting rocks Sirte as Clinton visits Tripoli". 18 October 2011. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/24501/World/Region/Street-fighting-rocks-Sirte-as-Clinton-visits-Trip.aspx. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ↑ After a day of intense fighting, anti-Gadhafi forces pull back
- ↑ M3 Web - http://m3web.bg.+"Bulgaria: Gaddafi's Ex-Defense Minister Killed - Report - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". Novinite.com. http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=133112. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- ↑ Fahim, Kareem (22 October 2011). "In His Last Days, Qaddafi Wearied of Fugitive’s Life". http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/in-his-last-days-qaddafi-wearied-of-fugitives-life.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&hp. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ↑ "Gaddafi nephew arrested in Sirte". Times LIVE. http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/2011/10/09/gaddafi-nephew-arrested-in-sirte. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- ↑ Forces attack Gaddafi stronghold Sirte as end of civil war approaches
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Gaddafi's wife and children flee to Algeria
- ↑ Spencer, Richard (15 September 2011). "Libya: rebels 'enter gates of Sirte'". The Daily Telegraph. London. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8766599/Libya-rebels-enter-gates-of-Sirte.html. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ↑ McCain arrives in Libya as rival forces battle for control
- ↑ 20 killed (24 August),[1] 45 killed (29 August),[2] 1 killed (6 September),[3] 12 killed (8 September),[4][5] 80 killed (10–14 September),[6] 4 killed (13 September),[7] 11 killed (15 September),[8] 13 killed (16 September),[9] 24 killed (17 September),[10] 5 killed (18 September),[11] 9 killed (20 September),[12][13] 70 killed (21 September-6 October; in Sirte),[14] 2 killed (22 September outside Sirte),[15] 85 killed (7–12 October),[16] 120 killed (7–15 October),[17] 14 killed (18 October),[18] 7 killed (19 October),[19] total of 437 reported killed
- ↑ 10+ killed (23 August),[20] 6 killed (5 September),[21][22] 1 killed (6 September),[23] 18 killed (8 September), [24][25] 3 killed (3 October),[26] 1 killed (5 October),[27] 3 killed (9 October),[28] 7 killed (11 October),[29][30] 2 killed (13 October),[31] 53 prisoners killed (15–19 October),[32] 1 killed (16 October),[33] 105 killed (20 October),[34] 26 killed (29 October),[35] total of 236+ reported killed
- ↑ 10+ killed (23 August),[36] 6 killed (5 September),[37][38] 1 killed (6 September),[39] 18 killed (8 September),[40][41] 842 killed (15 September-20 October),[42][43] 26 killed (29 October),[44] total of 903 reported killed
- ↑ Crilly, Rob (3 September 2011). "Libya: Over 800 killed in battle for Gaddafi's home town of Sirte". The Daily Telegraph. London. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8739349/Libya-Over-800-killed-in-battle-for-Gaddafis-home-town-of-Sirte.html.
- ↑ Gadhafi aide: NATO airstrike hits residential area, kills 354 civilians
- ↑ Gaddafi aide claims NATO strikes killed 151
- ↑ "Gaddafi killed in hometown, Libya eyes future". Reuters. 20 October 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/20/us-libya-idUSTRE79F1FK20111020.
- ↑ http://aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/20111020111520869621.html
- ↑ "No Relic, No Shrine: Why Gaddafi's Grave Is a Secret". Time. 26 October 2011. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2097783,00.html.
- ↑ "Gaddafi forces quit Brega". 22 August 2011. http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Gaddafi-forces-quit-Brega-20110822. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ The Egyptian Gazette, Monday, August 22, 2011
- ↑ http://tribune.com.pk/story/238558/battle-for-tripoli-key-developments/
- ↑ Al Jazeera Live Blog
- ↑ Libya: rebel fighters take control of Gaddafi compound
- ↑ Reuters live blog 6:55PM entry
- ↑ http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/19649/World/Region/Rebels-stuck-at-Bin-Jawad-on-way-to-Gaddafi-hometo.aspx
- ↑ "Error: no
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specified when using {{Cite web}}". Los Angeles Times. 23 August 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/08/libya-scud-missiles-misurata.html. - ↑ http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-25-2011-0352
- ↑ NATO Helps in Hunt for Qaddafi as Rebels Gain Momentum
- ↑ Crilly, Rob (25 August 2011). "Libya: the battle for control of Sirte". The Daily Telegraph. London. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8723027/Libya-the-battle-for-control-of-Sirte.html.
- ↑ "Libya conflict: Nato jets hit Gaddafi Sirte bunker". BBC News. 26 August 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14677754.
- ↑ Hundreds of dead bodies found at Tripoli hospital
- ↑ Libyan rebels send brigade to negotiate surrender of Sirte
- ↑ Saturday, August 27, 2011 - 10:15
- ↑ Guardian Live Blog
- ↑ Al Jazeera Live Blog
- ↑ Al Jazeera Live Blog
- ↑ Libya’s Rebels Give 4-Day Ultimatum to Gadhafi Forces
- ↑ Gaddafi men given extra week to surrender
- ↑ Libya rebels postpone attack on Qaddafi stronghold in show of confidence
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110901_110901-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ NTC commander: fight in Libya is a long way from over
- ↑ Rebel flag raised outside Sirte
- ↑ http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=20843&title=Pro-Gaddafi%20tribe%20disarmed%20near%20Sirte
- ↑ Libya live: latest developments after Gaddafi downfall
- ↑ NTC fighters itching to take Sirte as clashes erupt in Bani Walid
- ↑ Libya: Gaddafi loyalists 'using prisoners as human shields to protect Sirte'
- ↑ Libya rebels battle for final Gadhafi strongholds
- ↑ Gadhafi heartland digs in against revolution
- ↑ Libya’s Sirte Short of Food, Water as Anti-Qaddafi Fighters Pursue Siege
- ↑ Libyan forces retreat again as Gaddafi bastions hold
- ↑ WRAPUP 3-Gaddafi strongholds hold out against assaults
- ↑ Libya live Blog
- ↑ Ammunition shortage hampers attack on Gaddafi bastion
- ↑ Libyan NTC fighters pull back from Sirte
- ↑ Al Jazeera Live Blog
- ↑ Libyan tanks strike Sirte loyalists
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_08/20110821_110821-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_08/20110825_110825-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_71994.htm
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_08/20110827_110827-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_08/20110828_110828-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_08/20110829_110829-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_08/20110830_110830-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_08/20110831_110831-oup-update.pdf
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 1 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110902_110902-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 2 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110903_110903-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 3 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110904_110904-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 4 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110905_110905-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 5 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110906_110906-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 6 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110907_110907-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 7 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110908_110908-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 8 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110909_110909-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 9 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110910_110910-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 10 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110911_110911-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 11 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110912_110912-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 12 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110913_110913-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 13 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110914_110914-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 14 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110915_110915-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 15 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110916_110916-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 16 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110917_110917-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 17 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110918_110918-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 18 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110919_110919-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 19 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110920_110920-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
- ↑ Press Release. "NATO and Libya Operational Media Update for 20 September". http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_09/20110921_110921-oup-update.pdf. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
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Coordinates: 31°30′N 18°0′E / 31.5°N 18°E
The original article can be found at Second Gulf of Sidra offensive and the edit history here.