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Salman of Saudi Arabia

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"King Salman" redirects here. It is not to be confused with King Solomon or King Salmon.

"I live in Riyadh"

Salman in Qatar crisis episode

Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Salman of Saudi Arabia - October 2018 (44636044814) (cropped)
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in October 2018
  • King of Saudi Arabia
  • Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Preceded by Abdullah
Succeeded by
Personal details
Born 31 December 1935(1935-12-31) (age 88)
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Spouse(s)
  • Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi (deceased in 2011)
Religion Wahhabi Hanbali Sunni Islam

Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic language: سلمان بن عبد العزیز آل سعود‎ Salmān ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd, Najdi Arabic pronunciation: [sælˈmæːn ben ˈʢæbd ælʢæˈziːz ʔæːl sæˈʢuːd]; born 31 December 1935) has been King of Saudi Arabia, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia, and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques since 23 January 2015.

He was the Deputy Governor of Riyadh and later the Governor of Riyadh for 48 years from 1963 to 2011. He was then appointed Minister of Defense. He was also named the Crown Prince in 2012 following the death of his brother Nayef bin Abdulaziz. Salman became the new King of Saudi Arabia on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half-brother, King Abdullah.

His major initiatives as King include the Saudi intervention in the Yemeni Civil War, Saudi Vision 2030, and a 2017 decree allowing Saudi women to drive. His son, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, is seen as a powerful figure within Saudi Arabia and has led many reforms within the country.

Early life[]

Salman was born on 31 December 1935, and is reported to be the 25th son of Ibn Saud, the first monarch and founder of Saudi Arabia.[1] Salman and his six full brothers make up the Sudairi Seven.[2][3] He was raised in the Murabba Palace.[4]

Salman received his early education at the Princes' School in the capital city of Riyadh, a school established by Ibn Saud specifically to provide education for his children.[5] He studied religion and modern science.[6]

Governor of Riyadh[]

Vladimir Putin in Saudi Arabia 11-12 February 2007-14

Governor Salman bin Abdulaziz with Vladimir Putin in 2007

Salman was appointed deputy governor of Riyadh Province in 17 March 1954, aged 19, and held the post until 19 April 1955.[1] He was appointed the provincial governor in 5 February 1963,[5] and remained in that office until 5 November 2011.[6]

As governor, he contributed to the development of Riyadh from a mid-sized town into a major urban metropolis. He served as an important liaison to attract tourism, capital projects and foreign investment to his country. He favored political and economic relationships with the West.[7] During his governorship, Salman recruited advisors from King Saud University.[8]

During Salman's five decades as Riyadh governor, he became adept at managing the delicate balance of clerical, tribal, and princely interests that determine Saudi policy.[9] He was also the chairman of the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives (KAFRA),[10] King Abdulaziz Museum,[11] the Prince Salman Center for Disability Research and the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients.[1]

Salman also undertook several foreign tours during his reign. In 1974, he visited Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar to strengthen Saudi Arabia's relationship with those nations. During his visit to Montreal, Canada in 1991, he inaugurated a gallery. In 1996, he was received in the Élysée Palace in Paris by the then-French president Jacques Chirac. The same year he toured Bosnia and Herzegovina to give donations to the Muslim citizens of the country. Being a part of an Asian tour in 1998, Salman visited Pakistan, Japan, Brunei[12] and China.[13]

According to the Washington Post, Saudi journalist the late Jamal Khashoggi "criticized Prince Salman, then governor of Riyadh and head of the Saudi committee for support to the Afghan mujahideen, for unwisely funding Salafist extremist groups that were undermining the war [in Afghanistan against the Soviets]."[14]

Under Salman, Riyadh became one of the richest cities in the Middle East and an important place for trade and commerce. There were also infrastructural advances including schools, universities and sports stadiums.[1] About the province, he said:

Every village or town in the Riyadh Region is dear to me, and holds a special place in my heart ... I witnessed every step taken by the city of Riyadh, and for this reason it is difficult for me to think about being far away from Riyadh.[1]

Second in line[]

Leon Panetta with Prince Salman bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud at the Pentagon April 2012

US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta with Salman at the Pentagon in April 2012

On 5 November 2011, Salman was appointed Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, replacing his full brother, the late Crown Prince Sultan (at Defense),[15] Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz was named as the governor of the Riyadh Province. Prince Salman was also named as a member of the National Security Council (NSC) on the same day.[16]

It is speculated that his placement in the immediate line of succession occurred due to his qualities. First, he has a conciliatory and diplomatic nature. He headed the family council, called The Descendants' Council (Majlis al Uthra in Arabic), that was established by King Fahd in 2000 to solve family matters, reach consensus and try to avoid any publicly embarrassing behaviour of some family members.[17][18] Second, Salman belongs to the "middle generation" in the royal family; therefore, he could develop close ties with both generations socially and culturally. Last, as a result of his long-term governorship, he had developed a network of relationships within Arab and international circles.[19]

Salman continued the policy of military intervention in Bahrain, to try to crush the Bahrain uprising. In April 2012, Salman visited both the United States and the United Kingdom where he met with US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron.[20][21] 2013 saw Saudi military spending climb to $67bn, overtaking that of the UK, France and Japan to place fourth globally.[22] As defense minister, Salman was head of the military as Saudi Arabia joined the United States and other Arab countries in carrying out airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in 2014.

Crown Prince[]

Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel meets with Crown Prince and Minister of Defense Salman bin Abdulaziz al Saud in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, April 23, 2013 (Pic 2)

Crown Prince Salman meeting US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, 23 April 2013

On 18 June 2012, Salman was appointed as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia shortly after the death of his brother, Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud.[23][24] Prince Salman was also made First Deputy Prime minister.[25] His nomination as crown prince and deputy prime minister was considered by Reuters to be a signal that King Abdullah's cautious reforms were likely to continue.[25] On the other hand, Saudi reformists stated that while Prince Salman, in contrast to other Saudi royals, took a more diplomatic approach towards them, he could not be considered a political reformer.[26] They also argued that, like King Abdullah, Salman focused mainly on economic improvement rather than political change.[26]

On 27 August 2012, the Royal Court announced that Salman was in charge of state affairs whilst King Abdullah was out of the country.[27] Prince Salman launched a Twitter account on 23 February 2013.[28] In September 2012, Salman was named as the deputy chairman of the military service council.[29] He is a strong advocate for philanthropy in poor Muslim nations such as Somalia, Sudan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan.[7]

King of Saudi Arabia[]

King Salman bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia bids farewell to President Barack Obama at Erga Palace in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

US President Barack Obama shakes hands with King Salman, Riyadh, 27 January 2015

Secretary Kerry Chats With Saudi King Salman After He Arrived At Andrews Air Force Base Before Meeting With President Obama (20936502090)

US Secretary of State John Kerry with Salman at Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs, Maryland, 3 September 2015

Jokowi Salman 2017 crop

King Salman and Indonesian President Joko Widodo in Jakarta, 1 March 2017

On 23 January 2015, Salman, aged 79, succeeded as king after his half-brother Abdullah died of pneumonia at the age of 90. The newly appointed king issued a statement which read "His Highness Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and all members of the family and the nation mourn Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, who passed away at exactly 1 am this morning." He appointed his younger half-brother Prince Muqrin as the Crown Prince.[30]

After coming to power, Salman reshuffled the cabinet on 30 January 2015. Khalid bin Ali bin Abdullah al-Humaidan was made the intelligence chief. Prince Bandar bin Sultan was removed from his post in the security council and the adviser to the monarch was also removed as were the former monarch's sons Turki as governor of Riyadh and Mishaal as governor of Mecca. Ali al-Naimi remained the minister of petroleum and mineral resources, as did Saud al-Faisal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ibrahim Al-Assaf as finance minister. Salman also "gave a bonus of two months' salary to all Saudi state employees and military personnel", including pensioners and students, while also asking citizens to "not forget me in your prayers".[31]

In February 2015, he received Prince Charles during his six-day tour in the Middle East. They "exchanged cordial talks and reviewed bilateral relations" between the countries.[32]

Early reforms[]

One of the first things the King and his son, Mohammad bin Salman, did was to streamline the government bureaucracy. On the death of King Abdullah, there were as many as eleven government secretariats, and all of these were abolished and reconstituted as only two, the Council of Political and Security Affairs (CPSA), headed by Deputy Crown prince Mohammed bin Nayef, and the Council for Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA), headed by the Secretary General of the royal Court Prince Mohammad bin Salman, who were given free rein to completely reorganize the government[33] and cementing the power of the Sudairi faction, to which both princes belong.

Yemen military intervention[]

Main article: Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

In March 2015, the king ordered the bombing of Yemen and military intervention against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[34] He first put together a coalition of ten Sunni Muslim countries. Code-named Operation Decisive Storm, this was the first time the Saudi Air Force had launched airstrikes against another country since the 1990–91 Gulf War.

According to Farea Al-Muslim, direct war crimes have been committed during the conflict; for example, an IDP camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike.[35] Human Rights Watch (HRW) wrote that the Saudi-led air campaign had conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the laws of war.[36] Human rights groups have also criticized Saudi Arabia for the alleged use of cluster bombs against Yemeni civilians.[37]

Crown Prince change[]

USS Theodore Roosevelt operations 150707-N-GR120-011

Mohammad bin Salman aboard the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt, 7 July 2015

Salman in April 2015 after becoming king appointed a full nephew, Muhammad bin Nayef, as the new Crown Prince, replacing Salman's youngest brother Prince Muqrin. Furthermore, he made his son, Mohammad bin Salman, the Deputy Crown Prince. Almost all powers under the king were concentrated in the hands of the crown prince and deputy crown prince, both of whom held the portfolio determining all security and economic development issues in Saudi Arabia.[38]

King Salman removed Muhammad bin Nayef from the line of succession to the Saudi throne on 21 June 2017. He designated Mohammad bin Salman as the new crown prince.[39] At the same time, King Salman removed Muhammad bin Nayef from his other positions in the Saudi government.[40] Mohammad bin Salman has been described as the power behind the throne.[41]

KSRelief[]

In May 2015 the King Salman Center for Relief and Humanitarian Aid (KSRelief) was established to deliver aid internationally to victims of civil war and natural disaster, working with the UN and other agencies. As of June 2018, KSRelief has implemented more than 400 individual projects in 40 countries at a cost of $1.8 billion.[42]

Human rights[]

In February 2012, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr was arrested for participating in, and encouraging, pro-democracy protests, when he was 16 or 17 years old. In May 2014, Ali Al-Nimr was sentenced to be executed, despite the minimum age for execution being 18 when a crime is committed.[43] Ali Al-Nimr has reported that he was tortured during his detention. As of 23 September 2015, the sentence awaited ratification by King Salman.[44]

In February 2015, a man from Hafar Al-Batin was sentenced to death for rejecting Islam.[45] In June 2015, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court upheld the sentence of 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison for Raif Badawi, a Saudi Arabian blogger who was imprisoned in 2012 after being charged for 'insulting Islam'.[46]

Iran and Syria[]

Donald Trump and King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud talk together, May 2017

US President Donald Trump with King Salman, Riyadh, 20 May 2017

US Defense Secretary Ashton Carter met with the King and his Arabian military counterpart, Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, at Jeddah to answer regional security concerns in the Kingdom and the Gulf states over lifting Iranian economic and conventional military sanctions as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action outlines. The King has misgivings over the deal since it would increase the regional power of Iran especially in the proxy conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and elsewhere.[47] In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Saudi Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr.[48] Iran warned that the House of Saud would pay a high price for the execution of Sheikh Nimr by God's will.[48]

Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels fighting against the Syrian government.[49] Saudi Arabia openly backed the Army of Conquest, an umbrella rebel group that reportedly included an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham.[50][51][52]

Panama Papers revelations[]

King Salman has been implicated in the Panama Papers leaks, with two companies originating in the British Virgin Islands taking mortgages in excess of US$34 million to purchase property in central London. His role has not been specified.[53][54] According to the TeleSUR, "King Salman’s net worth is estimated at US$17.0 billion."[53] The then-Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef has also been named in association with the Papers.[55]

Later reforms[]

Further government reforms took place in June 2018, when King Salman replaced the labor and Islamic affairs ministers.[56] The appointment as labor minister of Ahmed al-Rajhi, a businessman, signalled a growing role for private sector expertise in the Saudi government.[57] The new minister for Islamic affairs, Abdullatif al-Alsheikh, had previously been credited with reining in the power of the religious police.[58]

At the same time King Salman ordered the establishment of a new Ministry of Culture, with responsibility for delivering Saudi Vision 2030’s cultural goals; and the Council of Royal Reserves, tasked with environmental protection.[58][59]

Influence[]

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, Melania Trump, and Donald Trump, May 2017

Salman, US President Donald Trump, and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi touching The Orb at the 2017 Riyadh summit.

Vladimir Putin and Salman of Saudi Arabia (2017-10-05) 1

King Salman with Russian President Vladimir Putin, Moscow, 5 October 2017

Salman was often a mediator in settling royal conflicts among the extended Al Saud family – estimated at 4,000 princes. He was a prominent figure of the royal council, which allowed him to select which princes will be delegated which responsibilities of the Kingdom.[7]

Salman and his family own a media group, including pan-Arab daily Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah.[60][61] Though he owns only ten percent of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), he is often referred by auditors as its owner.[60] He reportedly controls the organization through his son Prince Faisal,[60] who is a former chairman of the concern. The SRMG publishes such daily papers as Arab News, Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah through its subsidiary Saudi Research and Publishing Company (SRPC).[62]

In a similar vein, Salman is reported to have some strong alliances with significant journalists. He is said to be close to Al Arabiya TV director and Asharq Al-Awsat journalist Abdelrahman Al Rashid and to Othman Al Omeir, who launched and is the owner of the liberal e-newspaper Elaph. King Salman is thought to have connections with the Elaph website.[63]

Views[]

Salman holds traditional views with regards to political reforms and social change.[64] In November 2002, in reference to charitable organizations accused of terrorism (e.g. al-Haramain Foundation, Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina), he stated that he had personally taken part in the activities of such organizations,[65] but added "I know the assistance goes to doing good. But if there are those who change some work of charity into evil activities, then it is not the Kingdom's responsibility, nor its people, which helps its Arab and Muslim brothers around the world."[65]

Al Jazeera referred to Salman's views reported in a 2007 US diplomatic cable.[66][67] Salman said that "the pace and extent of reforms depend on social and cultural factors, ... that for social reasons—not [religious] reasons—reforms cannot be imposed by the [Saudi government] or there will be negative reactions, ... [and] that changes have to be introduced in a sensitive and timely manner." According to the cable, he said that "democracy should not be imposed" in Saudi Arabia, since the country "is composed of tribes and regions and if democracy were imposed, each tribe and region would have its political party."[67]

Personal life[]

Salman bin Abdullaziz Al Saud in his Youth

Salman in his youth

Salman bin Abdulaziz has been married three times.[68] As of 2017, he had thirteen children.[69] His first wife was Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi,[70] who died aged 71 in late-July 2011.[71][72] She was a first cousin of Salman, being a daughter of his maternal uncle Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi,[71] who was a former governor of the Asir Province.[73] Sultana Al Sudairi supported the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients and other charitable organizations in the country.[74] His children from this marriage are Prince Fahd, Prince Sultan, Prince Ahmed, Prince Abdulaziz, Prince Faisal and Princess Hassa (born 1974).[74]

His eldest son, Fahd bin Salman, died of heart failure aged 47 in July 2001.[75] His third son, Ahmad bin Salman, died after a heart attack in July 2002 aged 43.[76] Sultan bin Salman became the first person of royal blood, the first-ever Arab, and the first-ever Muslim to fly in outer space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-51-G) in June 1985.[77] Sultan bin Salman is currently the chairman of the Saudi Commission for Tourism & Antiquities (SCTA). Abdulaziz bin Salman has been the deputy minister of oil since 1995.[78] Faisal bin Salman is the governor of Madinah province.

His child from his second marriage with Sarah bint Faisal Al Subai'ai (divorced) is Prince Saud. His children from his third marriage with Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan Al Hathleen[79] are Prince Mohammed, Prince Turki, Prince Khalid, Prince Nayif, Prince Bandar and Prince Rakan.[80]

Prince Mohammad was his private adviser at the Ministry of Defense and at the Crown Prince Court.[81] Mohammad was appointed as the Minister of Defense and head of the royal court upon his father's accession to the throne in January 2015.[82] Turki bin Salman became the chairman of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group in February 2013, replacing his elder brother Faisal bin Salman.[83]

File:20- OutSide (My Trip To Al-Jenadriyah 32).jpg

Portraits of Salman, Prince Mohammed and Ibn Saud in Jenadriyah

Salman was the closest brother to Crown Prince Sultan, having remained at his side during his constant illness and recovery in New York and Morocco, from 2008-11.[19] Prince Sultan described him as "the prince of loyalty" in a letter sent to him.[84] Salman was also King Fahd's most trusted adviser during his reign.[85][86]

His legal counsel was William Jeffress, Jr., of US-based firm, Baker Botts LLP, in a lawsuit filed by families of victims of the 11 September terrorist attacks from 2002-10.[87]

In August 2010, Salman underwent spinal surgery in the United States and remained out of the kingdom for recovery.[88] He has had one stroke and despite receiving physiotherapy; his left arm does not work as well as his right.[89][90][91] Salman also suffers from mild dementia,[92] specifically Alzheimer's.[93]

US intelligence officials believe that King Salman has been kept apart from his wife Princess Fahda bint Falah Al Hathleen for several years, on the orders of their son Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[94] He was reportedly concerned that she opposed his plans for a power grab that could divide the royal family, and might have tried to prevent it. The officials interviewed said the prince placed his mother under house arrest without the king's knowledge.

Salman received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Al-Turath Charity Foundation in the field of urban heritage in 2013.[4] In 2017, Salman pledged US$15,000,000 for Rohingya Muslim refugees in Bangladesh.[95]

Honour[]

Foreign honour[]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Profile: New Saudi Defense Minister Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150214200738/http://www.aawsat.net/2011/11/article55244468. Retrieved 14 February 2015. 
  2. ↑ "An Heir to the Kingdom: New Crown Prince Salman". July–August 2012. pp. 8–11. http://www.ids.gov.sa/sites/ar/Diplomat/Book%20Diplomat%2035.pdf. Retrieved 9 February 2013. 
  3. ↑ Alexander Bligh. From Prince to King; Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. New York, New York University Press (1984). Arabic edition: Alexander Bligh. Min amir ila malik. London, D.A. Publications (1989).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Crown Prince receives Lifetime Achievement Award in the field of Urban Heritage". National Built Heritage Forum. http://www.nbhf.org.sa/english/LatestNews.aspx?id=965. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "His royal highness Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". Ministry of Interior. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130930121212/http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/en/Pages/Princes/Princes.aspx?ItemId=5. Retrieved 12 May 2012. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Ministers with portfolio". Saudi Embassy, Washington DC. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120607004102/http://www.saudiembassy.net/print/about/Biographies-of-Ministers.aspx. Retrieved 19 June 2012. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/the-saudi-question/whos-who-the-house-of-saud/prince-sulayman-ibn-abdul-aziz/2871/. Retrieved 26 May 2012. 
  8. ↑ Joseph A. Kechichian. Succession in Saudi Arabia. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Print.
  9. ↑ Here's Everything We Know About The New Saudi King Business Insider. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  10. ↑ M. Taha, Sharif (5 May 2012). "Sharjah ruler among 18 to be honored by Prince Salyman". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120509193610/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article626065.ece. Retrieved 12 May 2012. 
  11. ↑ "In-Depth Study of King Faisal's Life Urged". 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120616061137/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1. Retrieved 8 June 2012. 
  12. ↑ Cafiero, Giorgio; Karasik, Theodore (2017). "King Salman's Return to Brunei Two Decades Later". p. 5. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-50995-9. 
  13. ↑ "الجولات الخارجية لسلمان.. دعم للعلاقات وتعزيز للرؤية السعودية". Al Madina. http://www.al-madina.com/node/386509. Retrieved 14 February 2015. 
  14. ↑ "Jamal Khashoggi’s long road to the doors of the Saudi Consulate". The Washington Post. 12 October 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/jamal-khashoggis-long-road-to-the-doors-of-the-saudi-consulate/2018/10/12/b461d6f4-ce1a-11e8-920f-dd52e1ae4570_story.html?noredirect=on. 
  15. ↑ "Saudi Arabia names Prince Salman as new defence minister". BBC News. 5 November 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15607814. Retrieved 26 May 2012. 
  16. ↑ "The Allegiance Council". APS Diplomat News Service. 27 October 2011. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Allegiance+Council.-a0272373988. Retrieved 16 March 2013. 
  17. ↑ Kapoor, Talal (2 July 2012). "Nayif's Passing – The Family Regroups". Datarabia. http://www.datarabia.com/royals/viewCommentary.do?id=88025. Retrieved 7 July 2012. 
  18. ↑ Amir Taheri (2012). "Saudi Arabia: Change Begins within the Family". pp. 138, 143. Digital object identifier:10.1080/10803920.2012.686725. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 al Baker, Basheer (3 November 2011). "Prince Sulayman Seeks Balance in Saudi Transitional Period". http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/prince-sulayman-seeks-balance-saudi-transitional-period. Retrieved 23 April 2012. [dead link]
  20. ↑ "Saudi Prince dead, Salman likely successor". Trade Arabia. 16 June 2012. http://www.tradearabia.com/news/LAW_219067.html. Retrieved 17 June 2012. 
  21. ↑ "Al Saud move with speed to reconfigure top team after Nayef's death". 21 June 2012. http://www.gsn-online.com/sites/default/files/GSN%20926.pdf. Retrieved 23 February 2013. 
  22. ↑ "Saudis lead Middle East military spending". 14 April 2014. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  23. ↑ Patrick, Neil (17 June 2012). "Saudi Arabia: Crown Prince's death raises succession questions". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18494785. Retrieved 17 June 2012. 
  24. ↑ Roberts, David (19 June 2012). "Saudi Succession after the Death of Crown Prince Nayef". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130605181424/http://www.rusi.org/go.php?structureID=commentary&ref=C4FE08BAF7F8BE. Retrieved 12 April 2013. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Angus McDowall (18 June 2012). "Saudi appoints Prince Salman as crown prince". http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/06/18/uk-saudi-crownprince-appointment-idUKBRE85H15K20120618. Retrieved 18 June 2012. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Allam, Abeer (26 August 2012). "Saudi Arabia: In a restless realm". http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/59c7492e-e07b-11e1-9335-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved 26 August 2012. 
  27. ↑ "Crown prince in charge as Saudi king leaves on holiday". Riyadh. 27 August 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/27/us-saudi-king-travel-idUSBRE87Q0H120120827. Retrieved 27 August 2012. 
  28. ↑ "Saudi Crown Prince Salman launches Twitter account". Al Arabiya. 26 February 2013. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/26/268493.html. Retrieved 3 March 2013. 
  29. ↑ "Saudi- Authority to monitor audiovisual media". MEFAFN. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140814005012/http://www.menafn.com/menafn/1093553820/Saudi-Authority-to-monitor-audiovisual-media. Retrieved 4 September 2012. 
  30. ↑ "Saudi Arabia buries its king: Thousands gather in Mecca as King Abdullah is laid to rest in Riyadh after losing battle with pneumonia". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2922592/Has-Saudi-Arabia-s-King-Abdullah-died-battle-pneumonia.html#v-4006896776001. Retrieved 17 February 2015. 
  31. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's King Salman unveils cabinet reshuffle". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31052071. Retrieved 3 February 2015. 
  32. ↑ "King Salman receives Prince Charles in Riyadh". Al Arabiya. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/02/10/Saudi-King-Salman-receives-Prince-Charles-in-Riyadh-.html. Retrieved 14 February 2015. 
  33. ↑ Mohammad bin Nayef takes leading role in Saudi Arabia Gulf News. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  34. ↑ "Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region". CNN. 27 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Kasinof, Laura. "How Yemen’s Civil Conflict Turned Into a Regional Proxy War". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/206161/how-yemens-civil-conflict-turned-regional-proxy-war. 
  36. ↑ "Yemen: Saudi-Led Airstrikes Used Cluster Munitions". Human Rights Watch. 3 May 2015. https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/03/yemen-saudi-led-airstrikes-used-cluster-munitions. 
  37. ↑ Fanack. "A New Wind in Saudi Arabia". https://chronicle.fanack.com/saudi-arabia/history-past-to-present/a-new-wind-in-saudi-arabia/. Retrieved 14 July 2015. 
  38. ↑ McDowall, Angus; Aboudi, Sami; Hashem, Mostafa; El Dahan, Maha; Shamseddine, Reem; Gloystein, Henning; Mohammed, Arshad (29 April 2015). "Saudi king resets succession to cope with turbulent times". In Maclean, William; Fletcher, Philippa; Graff, Peter. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-politics-idUSKBN0NK05W20150429. 
  39. ↑ "Mohammed bin Salman named Saudi Arabia's crown prince". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170621091448/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/saudi-arabia-appoints-king-salman-son-crown-prince-170621033707437.html. 
  40. ↑ CNN, Nicole Chavez, Tamara Qiblawi and James Griffiths. "Saudi Arabia's king replaces nephew with son as heir to throne". http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/21/middleeast/saudi-arabia-crown-prince/index.html. 
  41. ↑ Transcript: Interview with Muhammad bin Salman Archived 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Economist, 6 January 2016.
  42. ↑ "King Salman relief center implements 428 projects worth $1.7 bln". Al Arabiya. 26 June 2018. https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2018/06/26/King-Salman-relief-center-implements-428-projects-worth-1-7-bln.html. 
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  44. ↑ Zafar Gondal, "Analysis of court Judgment and conviction of Ali bin Mohammad bin Baqir Al-Nimr – Saudi Arabia", London, 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015
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  47. ↑ Tait, Robert and Foster, Peter. (22 July 2015) "Saudi Arabia's King Salman backs Israel over Iran nuclear deal concerns". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 July 2015. The Telegraph website
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  49. ↑ "Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support". Reuters. 31 May 2013
  50. ↑ Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html. 
  51. ↑ "Gulf allies and ‘Army of Conquest’". Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015.
  52. ↑ "'Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime". Yahoo News. 28 April 2015.
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  54. ↑ "The who's who of Middle East leaders and their secret billions". Middle East Eye. 4 April 2016.
  55. ↑ "A world tour of the politicians named in the Panama Papers". France 24. 5 April 2016.
  56. ↑ "King Salman’s reign sees largest structural reforms in history of Saudi Arabia". Al Arabiya. 2 June 2018. https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/06/02/King-Salman-s-reign-sees-largest-structural-reforms-in-history-of-Saudi-Arabia.html. 
  57. ↑ "FaceOf: Ahmed bin Suleiman Al-Rajhi, new minister of labor and social development". Arab News. 4 June 2018. http://www.arabnews.com/node/1314961/saudi-arabia. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Al Omran, Ahmed (2 June 2018). "Saudi Arabia creates new departments in reshuffle". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/1459999c-668e-11e8-b6eb-4acfcfb08c11. 
  59. ↑ "Saudi Arabia seeks ecotourism boost by protecting environment, wildlife". Arab News. 3 June 2018. http://www.arabnews.com/node/1314391/saudi-arabia. 
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  61. ↑ "9 Challenges Facing The New Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia". Alifarabia. 30 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111122012155/http://alifarabia.com/2011/10/30/8-challenges-facing-the-new-crown-prince-of-saudi-arabia/. Retrieved 26 May 2012. 
  62. ↑ "Al-Faiz new editor in chief of Arab News". SRPC. http://www.srpc.com/en/node/44. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 
  63. ↑ "Saudi succession issues". GSN (Gulf States Newsletter). 16 January 2009. http://www.gsn-online.com/SSIs/SAMPLES/documents/GSN845.pdf. Retrieved 13 April 2012. [dead link]
  64. ↑ Sullivan, Kevin (23 January 2015). "Before he was king, Salman was the family disciplinarian who put princes behind bars". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/salman-is-known-for-mediating-saudi-royal-disputes/2015/01/22/1bc8dc1a-a2b0-11e4-b146-577832eafcb4_story.html. Retrieved 25 January 2015. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Brisard, Jean Charles (19 December 2002). "Terrorism financing. Roots and trends of Saudi terrorism financing". the Security Council, United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120321141344/http://www.apgml.org/frameworks/docs/7/TF-Saudi%20financing%20Nov2002%20-%20UN%20Security%20Council.pdf. Retrieved 15 April 2012. 
  66. ↑ Carlstrom, Gregg (16 June 2012). "Nayef's conservative policies to outlive him". Al Jazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/06/2012616185546905427.html. Retrieved 17 June 2012. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Gfoeller, Michael (1 April 2007). "Ambassador's farewell call on Riyadh Provincial Governor Prince Sulayman". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 07RIYADH651. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. https://www.webcitation.org/6VFK1C3dS?url=https://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/04/07RIYADH651.html. Retrieved 1 January 2015. 
  68. ↑ "Prince Sulayman Named Saudi ‘Crown Prince’". Arab Times. Riyadh. 18 June 2012. http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/184632/reftab/96/Default.aspx. Retrieved 26 February 2013. 
  69. ↑ Sanchez, Raf (21 June 2017). "Who is Mohammed bin Salman, the 31-year-old future king of Saudi Arabia?". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/21/mohammed-bin-salman-31-year-old-future-king-saudi-arabia/. Retrieved 12 January 2018. 
  70. ↑ "Princess Sultana". 19 June 1983. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-PRVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M-IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6528,4734357&dq=king+fahd%27s+wife&hl=en. Retrieved 9 February 2013. 
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  75. ↑ "Death of a Generous man". 25 July 2001. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/3009518/Death-of-a-Generous-man.html. Retrieved 3 March 2013. 
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  81. ↑ "Prince Sultan arrives to Bahrain to attend Bahrain Grand Prix". 22 April 2012. http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/505092. Retrieved 23 April 2012. 
  82. ↑ "Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman named defense minister". Al Arabiya. 23 January 2015. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/01/23/Saudi-Prince-Mohammad-bin-Salman-appointed-defense-minister-head-of-Royal-Court.html. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
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  90. ↑ Henderson, Simon (10 January 2013). "To Stop Iran, Get a New Saudi King". https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/to-stop-iran-get-a-new-saudi-king/267013/. Retrieved 19 April 2013. 
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  92. ↑ David Ignatius (28 June 2016). "A 30-year-old Saudi prince could jump-start the kingdom — or drive it off a cliff". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/a-30-year-old-saudi-prince-could-jump-start-the-kingdom--or-drive-it-off-a-cliff/2016/06/28/ce669a3e-3c69-11e6-a66f-aa6c1883b6b1_story.html. Retrieved 20 May 2016. 
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  95. ↑ News, EIN (20 September 2017). "Saudi Arabia Pledges $15 Million to Aid Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar". https://world.einnews.com/article__detail/country/saudiarabia/404985252-saudi-arabia-pledges-15-million-to-aid-rohingya-muslims-in-myanmar?vcode=PqS0. 
  96. ↑ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat". http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/. 

External links[]

Commons-Logo Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Salman of Saudi Arabia.
Salman
House of Saud
Born: 31 December 1935
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Abdullah 		King of Saudi Arabia
2015–present 		Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Mohammad bin Salman
Saudi Arabian royalty
Preceded by
Nayef 		Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
2012–2015 		Succeeded by
Muqrin
Political offices
Preceded by
Abdullah 		Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
2015–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by
Badr bin Saud bin Abdulaziz 		Governor of Riyadh Region
1963–2011 		Succeeded by
Sattam bin Abdulaziz
Preceded by
Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 		Minister of Defense
2011–2015 		Succeeded by
Mohammad bin Salman
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