Project ARTICHOKE (also referred to as Operation ARTICHOKE) was a CIA project that researched interrogation methods and arose from Project BLUEBIRD on August 20, 1951, run by the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence.[1] A memorandum by Richard Helms to CIA director Allen Welsh Dulles indicated Artichoke became Project MKULTRA on April 13, 1953.[2][not in citation given]
A Central Intelligence Agency Project Artichoke document reads: "Not all viruses have to be lethal...the objective includes those that act as short-term and long-term incapacitating agents."[3]
The project studied hypnosis, forced morphine addiction (and subsequent forced withdrawal), and the use of other chemicals including LSD, to produce amnesia and other vulnerable states in subjects.
ARTICHOKE was a mind control program that gathered information together with the intelligence divisions of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and FBI. In addition, the scope of the project was outlined in a memo dated January 1952 that stated, "Can we get control of an individual to the point where he will do our bidding against his will and even against fundamental laws of nature, such as self-preservation?"[4][5][6][7][8]
Project Artichoke was the Central Intelligence Agency's secret code name for carrying out in-house and overseas experiments using LSD, hypnosis, and total isolation as a form of physiological harassment for special interrogations on human subjects.[9] The subjects who left this project were fogged with amnesia, resulting in faulty and vague memories of the experience.[10] According to Jeffrey Kaye, the name of this project came about from New York City criminal Ciro Terranova who was nicknamed "the Artichoke King".[citation needed] It was formerly known as Project Bluebird, but in August 1951, the operation was renamed.[11] This project was a kickoff for MKUltra.
The CIA disputed which department would take over the operation. Finally, it was decided that an agent from the CIA research staff, former U.S. Army brigadier general Paul F. Gaynor, would oversee it.[12] The CIA chose the weaker and less intelligent as its subjects, which they perceived to be homosexuals, racial minorities, and military prisoners.[13] The operation took place in special isolated locations throughout Japan, Europe, Asia, and the Philippines.[14]
See also[]
- CIA activities in the United States
- Unethical human experimentation in the United States
- Frank Olson
- Project CHATTER
- Project MKULTRA
- Project MKNAOMI
- Project BLUEBIRD
Footnotes[]
- ↑ Science, Technology and the CIA
- ↑ Church Committee; p. 390 "MKULTRA was approved by the DCI [Director of Central Intelligence] on April 13, 1953"
- ↑ Martell, Zoe; Albarelli, H.P. Jr. (July 21, 2010). "Florida Dengue Fever Outbreak Leads Back to CIA and Army Experiments". Truth-Out. http://truth-out.org/archive/component/k2/item/90808:florida-dengue-fever-outbreak-leads-back-to-cia-and-army-experiments.
- ↑ Estabrooks, G.H. "Hypnosis comes of age". Science Digest, 44–50, April 1971.
- ↑ Gillmor, D. I Swear By Apollo: Dr. Ewen Cameron and the CIA-Brainwashing Experiments. Montreal: Eden Press, 1987.
- ↑ Scheflin, A. W., & Opton, E. M. The Mind Manipulators. New York: Paddington Press, 1978.
- ↑ Thomas, G. Journey into Madness: The Secret Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse. New York: Bantam, 1989 (paperback 1990).
- ↑ Weinstein, H. Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1990.
- ↑ Goliszek, Andrew. In the Name of Science: A History of Secret Programs, Medical Research, and Human Experimentation. New York: St. Martins, 2003. Print.
- ↑ Goliszek, Andrew. In the Name of Science: A History of Secret Programs, Medical Research, and Human Experimentation. New York: St. Martins, 2003. Print.
- ↑ "Memorandum For The Record: Subject: Project Artichoke." The National Security Archive. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.
- ↑ Kaye, Jeffery, and HP Albarelli Jr. "TruthOut Archive." Cries From the Past: Torture's Ugly Echoes. 23 May 2010. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.
- ↑ Kaye, Jeffery, and HP Albarelli Jr. "TruthOut Archive." Cries From the Past: Torture's Ugly Echoes. 23 May 2010. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.
- ↑ Kaye, Jeffery, and HP Albarelli Jr. "TruthOut Archive." Cries From the Past: Torture's Ugly Echoes. 23 May 2010. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.
References[]
- Ronson, Jon. The Men Who Stare At Goats. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
External links[]
- Transcriptions of Declassified Project ARTICHOKE Documents Copy on Internet Archive.
Coordinates: 38°57′06″N 77°08′48″W / 38.95167°N 77.14667°W
The original article can be found at Project ARTICHOKE and the edit history here.