| Philipp Bouhler | |
|---|---|
| |
| Bouhler as a SS-Obergruppenführer in 1936 | |
| Deputy manager of the NSDAP | |
In office September 1922 – November 1925 | |
| NSDAP-Business Manager (Geschaftsführer) | |
In office 1925 – November 1934 | |
| Reichsleiter | |
In office June 1933 – 8 May 1945 | |
| Chief of NSDAP Censorship in the Reichsleitung | |
In office October 1936 – 8 May 1945 | |
| Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP | |
In office 17 November 1934 – 8 May 1945 | |
| Chief of the Aktion T4 program | |
In office 1939–1941 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 September 1899 Munich, Bavaria, Germany |
| Died | 19 May 1945 (aged 45) Altaussee, Austria |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) |
| Spouse(s) | Helene "Heli" Majer |
Philipp Bouhler (11 September 1899 – 19 May 1945) was a senior Nazi Party official who was both a Reichsleiter (English: National Leader) and Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP. He was also an SS-Obergruppenführer in the Allgemeine SS who was responsible for the Nazi Aktion T4 euthanasia program that killed more than 70,000 handicapped adults and children in Nazi Germany.
Bouhler was captured and arrested on 10 May 1945 by American troops. He committed suicide on 19 May 1945 while in the U.S. internment camp at Zell am See in Austria on the way to Dachau.[1]
Early life[]
Bouhler was born in Munich, to a retired colonel, and spent five years in the Royal Bavarian Cadet Corps. He took part in the First World War and was badly wounded. From 1919 to 1920, he studied philosophy[2] for four semesters and in 1921 became a contributor in the publishing house that put out the newspaper Völkischer Beobachter.
Nazi functionary[]
Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, Bouhler, Dr Fritz Todt, RSHA chief Reinhard Heydrich attend a meeting with Erich Ehrlinger, an SS Einsatzkommando in March 1941.
Hitler meeting Phillip Bouhler with Schirach at extreme left, Munich 1938
He joined the NSDAP in July 1922 with membership number 12. By autumn 1922 he had become deputy manager of the NSDAP. After the failed Beerhall Putsch in Munich and the subsequent refounding of the party in 1925, he became Reich Secretary of the NSDAP. After the seizure of power in 1933, he became a Reich Leader and Member of the Reichstag for Westphalia. He joined the SS on 20 April 1933 with membership number: 54,932.[3]
In 1934, Bouhler became police chairman of Munich, and only a month later, he was appointed chief of Adolf Hitler's Chancellery, a post specially created on 17 November 1934 that was first and foremost set aside for party business. He held that position until 23 April 1945.[4] In this job, for instance, secret decrees might be prepared, or internal business managed, before being brought before Adolf Hitler. Moreover, Bouhler was chairman of the "Official Party Inspection Commission for the Protection of National Socialist Literature" (Der Chef der Kanzlei des Führers und Vorsitzender der Parteiamtlichen Prüfungskommission zum Schutze des NS-Schrifttums), which determined what writings were and were not suitable for Nazi society.[2]
Bouhler's office was responsible for all correspondences for Hitler which included private and internal communications as well as responding to public inquiries (for example, requests for material help, godfathership, jobs, clemency, NSDAP business and birthday wishes). By 1944, much of the functions of the Kanzlei des Führers were absorbed by the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) under Martin Bormann.[5]
War crimes[]
Bouhler was also responsible for activities involving the killing of disabled German citizens. Together with Karl Brandt, he developed the Nazis' early euthanasia program, Aktion T4 in which mentally ill and physically handicapped people were murdered.[6] The actual implementation was supervised by Bouhler. Various methods of killing were tried out. The first killing facility was Schloss Hartheim in Upper Austria. The knowledge gained from the euthanasia program was later applied to the industrialized annihilation of other groups of people, such as Jewish people.[7]
In 1942, Bouhler published the book, "Napoleon – Kometenbahn eines Genies" (Napoleon – A Genius's Cometary Path), which became a favorite of Hitler's. He had also published a National Socialist publication Kampf um Deutschland (Fight for Germany) in 1938.
Death[]
Bouhler and his wife, Helene, were arrested by American troops at Schloss Fischhorn in Bruck near Zell-am-See on 10 May 1945. Thereafter, both committed suicide. His wife jumped from a window at Schloss Fischhorn. On 19 May 1945, Bouhler used a cyanide capsule while in the US internment camp at Zell-am-See near Dachau. The couple had no children.[8]
Awards and Nazi Party decorations[]
- Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) 1914
- Wound Badge (World War I) in Black
- Military Merit, 4th class (Bavaria)
- Blood Order
- Golden Party Badge
- War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz) 2nd and 1st Class
- NSDAP Long Service Award in bronze, silver and gold
- SS Honour Ring
- SS Honour Sword [9]
- Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
See also[]
- Action Reinhard
- Action T4
- Action 14f13
- Glossary of Nazi Germany
- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
References[]
- ↑ Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1, R. James Bender Publishing, p. 155. ISBN 978-93-297-0037-2
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Short biography of Bouhler, photo of letter from Hitler, ordering him to begin a "euthanasia" program Retrieved May 17, 2010 (German)
- ↑ Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1, p. 155
- ↑ Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1, p. 157
- ↑ Ailsby, Christopher (1997). SS: Roll of Infamy, p. 19
- ↑ "The 'euthanasia" crime in Hadamar" University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Retrieved May 17, 2010
- ↑ "Inmate euthanasia as part of Action 14f13" Retrieved May 17, 2010
- ↑ Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1, pp. 155, 159, 160
- ↑ Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1, p. 159
Further reading[]
- Philipp Bouhler papers, 1933-1934, Princeton University
External links[]
- Phillipp Bouhler Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
- Adolf Hitler: A Short Sketch of His Life by Bouhler
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