Churchill's copy of his secret agreement with Stalin.[1]
The Percentages agreement (also known as the "Naughty document") was an agreement between Soviet premier Joseph Stalin and British prime minister Winston Churchill about how to divide various European countries into spheres of influence during the Fourth Moscow Conference, in 1944. The agreement was made public by Churchill. No confirmation has ever been made by the Soviet Union or Russia, or from the American side, which was represented in the meeting by Ambassador Averell Harriman.
The document[]
A draft document of the agreement, which was yet to be made in 1944, appeared under strange circumstances when it was supposedly intercepted in 1943 and fell into the hands of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco's secret service. This was mentioned by General Jordana, in a famous speech he gave in April 1943 in Barcelona[2] On October 8, 1944 Churchill and Stalin met at the fourth Moscow Conference. Churchill's account of the incident is the following: Churchill suggested that the Soviet Union should have 90 percent influence in Romania and 75 percent in Bulgaria; the United Kingdom should have 90 percent in Greece; in Hungary and Yugoslavia, Churchill suggested that they should have 50 percent each. Churchill wrote it on a piece of paper which he pushed across to Stalin, who ticked it off and passed it back.
- "Might it not be thought rather cynical if it seemed we had disposed of these issues so fateful to millions of people, in such an offhand manner? Let us burn the paper", said Churchill.
- "No, you keep it", replied Stalin.
The two foreign ministers, Anthony Eden and Vyacheslav Molotov, negotiated about the percentage shares on October 10 and 11. The result of these discussions was that the percentages of Soviet influence in Bulgaria and, more significantly, Hungary were amended to 80 percent – apart from that, no other countries were mentioned.
Historian Gabriel Kolko has noted that,
There is little significance to the memorable and dramatic passage in Churchill's autobiography recalling how he and Stalin divided Eastern Europe ... Stalin's "tick," translated into real words, indicated nothing whatsoever. The very next day Churchill sent Stalin a draft of the discussion, and the Russian carefully struck out phrases implying the creation of spheres of influence, a fact Churchill excluded from his memoirs. Eden assiduously avoided the term, and considered the understanding merely as a practical agreement on how problems would be worked out in each country, and the very next day he and Molotov modified the percentages in a manner which Eden assumed was general rather than precise.[3]
If this agreement was true, then Stalin did keep to his promise about Greece, but did not keep his promise for Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary, which became one-party communist states with no British influence. Yugoslavia remained a non-aligned state in line with the Percentage agreement, though it was a one-party communist state, with very limited British influence. Britain supported the Greek government forces in the civil war but the Soviet Union did not assist the communist guerrillas.[4]
See also[]
References[]
- Notes
- ↑ The document is contained in Britain's Public Record Office, PREM 3/66/7, and is available on request.
- ↑ . This letter - that Stalin no doubt intentionally put into circulation - fell into the hands of General Franco and was used by his Foreign Minister, General Jordana, in the famous speech he gave in April 1943 in Barcelona. It was a desperate cry against Roosevelt's concessions to Bolshevism... in, Nicolas Baciu: L'Europe de l'Est trahie et vendue: les erreurs tragiques de Churchill et Roosevelt: les documents secrets accusent, Pensée universelle, 1984, Page 49
- ↑ Kolko (1990). The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy 1943-1945. p. 145. See also Tsakaloyannis, Panos (1986). "The Moscow Puzzle". pp. 37–55. Digital object identifier:10.1177/002200948602100103. JSTOR 260471.
- ↑ P. M. H. Bell, The World Since 1945: An International History (2001), ISBN 0-340-66235-2
- Bibliography
- Geoffrey Roberts, Beware Greek Gifts: The Churchill-Stalin «Percentages» Agreement of October 1944
- Kolko, Gabriel. 1990 [1968]. The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy 1943-1945. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 0-679-72757-4
- Tsakaloyannis, Panos. 1986. "The Moscow Puzzle", The Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.21 No.1, pp. 37–55
External links[]
- The division of Europe, according to Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin (1944) (Scan of the napkin in question)
- Excerpt from the book STALIN
The original article can be found at Percentages agreement and the edit history here.