| Operation Forough Javidan/Mersad | |||||||||
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| Part of the Iran–Iraq War | |||||||||
 Burned-out vehicles in the aftermath of Operation Mersad | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Mojahedin-e-Khalq |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Massoud Rajavi | Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext"). | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
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| Strength | |||||||||
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7,000 MEK troops[1] 300 tanks unknown number of artillery pieces and aircraft |
210,000 Iranians engaged 1,200,000 total 365 tanks unknown number of artillery pieces and aircraft | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
1,500 to 2,506 KIA (Iranian claim)[2] 400 APCs 90 pieces of 80mm mortar 150 pieces of 60mm mortar 30 pieces of 106mm recoilless rifles[citation needed] | 480 KIA (Iranian claim)[7] | ||||||||
Operation Mersad (Persian: عملیات مرصاد, Operation Ambush) also called Operation Foroughe Javidan (Persian: عملیات فروغ جاویدان, Operation Eternal Light, MeK's codename) were among the last major military operations of the Iran–Iraq War.
In July 1988, 7,000 militants from the Peoples Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) launched a major military offensive with the goal of capturing key cities such as Kermanshah, and ultimately topple the Iranian government.[1] Led by Lieutenant-General Ali Sayad Shirazi, Operation Mersad began on 26 July 1988 and lasted only a few days, whereby the Iranian Armed Forces defeated MEK forces.
Prelude and objectives[]
On 20 July 1987 the Iran–Iraq War was coming to an end under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 598.[8][9] Iran had suffered major defeats in southern Iraq during the Second Battle of Al Faw and Operation Tawakalna ala Allah as well as along the central portion of the border within Iran, and was contemplating on accepting[8] the ceasefire. The MEK operation code-named "Eternal Light" took place on 26 July 1988, six days after Ayatollah Khomeini had officially announced his acceptance of the UN brokered ceasefire resolution.[1]
Both Iran and Iraq had accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, which would end the war on 8 August 1988. However, the National Liberation Army (or NLA, the Mujahedin-e-Khalq's military wing) seized the opportunity to attack central part of the Iran-Iraq border before the ceasefire came into effect.[1]
On 26 July the NLA seized Karand and Islamabad-e Gharb. The NLA's next target was Bakhtaran, but on July 29 they announced a voluntary withdrawal from Islmabad-e Gharb and Karand.[10] Following Operation Mersad, Iranian officials ordered the mass execution of prisoners said to support the MEK.[11][12][13][14] Ali Montazeri said the ministry of intelligence used Operation Mersad as a pretext to carry out the mass killings, which "had been under consideration for several years".[15]
Operations Eternal Light and Mersad[]
The operation started on 26 July 1988.[16] Iranian forces evacuated Qasr-e Shirin and Sarpol-e Zahab as a result.[10][6]
These two towns were to be used by the MEK to push further into Iran.[10] On 26 July, the MEK advanced further into Iran and captured Kerend-e Gharb and Islamabad-e Gharb.[1][10] They also captured key strongholds along the Baghdad-Tehran highway.[1] The MEK met scant resistance from the limited numbers of Revolutionary Guards, which were promptly defeated, pushing 145 km (90 mi) deep into Iran towards the provincial capital city of Kermanshah.[10] Iran's Kurdish fighters did slow the advance, allowing time for the Iranians to prepare their counteroffensive.[1]
The MEK's next target was the provincial capital city of Kermanshah, with a population of 500,000. Iran allowed the MEK to advance to the city but had prepared an ambush.[1] This counterattack, called Operation Mersad was led by Lieutenant General Ali Sayyad Shirazi.[17] Iran cut off MEK's supply lines.[10]
As the Iraqi airforce did not venture beyond Islamabad-e Gharb,[10] Iranian airforce attacked the MEK forces. Iranian Air Force F-4 Phantoms[1] bombed Mujahedeen convoys on the Kermanshah highway, followed by Army Aviation helicopters using anti-tank missiles.[1] Most enemy armour was destroyed, in a miniature version of the Highway of Death during the Persian Gulf War.[1]
On 31 July, Iran drove MEK forces out of Qasr-e-Shirin and Sarpol Zahab, though the MEK claimed to have "voluntarily withdrawn" from the towns. Iran estimated that 4,500 Mujahedeen soldiers were killed, while 400 Iranian soldiers died. Many senior MEK commanders were killed,[6] and many MEK militants were not given quarter.[6] Iran claimed it destroyed 200 tanks and 700 other vehicles.[6]
The Iranian successes during Operation Mersad were partially because of effective coordination between the Army and the Revolutionary Guard.[17]
Aftermath[]
MEK members killed in Operation Mersad by IRGC in Kermanshah in 1988
Operation Mersad was the last land battle of the Iran–Iraq War.
The last notable combat actions of the war took place on 3 August 1988, in the Persian Gulf when the Iranian navy fired on a freighter and Iraq launched chemical attacks on Iranian civilians, killing an unknown number of them and wounding 2,300.
Resolution 598 came into effect on 8 August 1988, ending all combat operations between the two countries.[102] By 20 August 1988, peace with Iran was restored. UN peacekeepers belonging to the UNIIMOG mission took the field, remaining on the Iran–Iraq border until 1991. While the war was now over, Iraq spent the rest of August and early September clearing the Kurdish resistance. Using 60,000 troops along with helicopter gunships, chemical weapons (poison gas), and mass executions, Iraq hit 15 villages, killing rebels and civilians, and forced tens of thousands of Kurds to relocate to forced settlements.[99] Many Kurdish civilians immigrated to Iran. By 3 September 1988, the anti-Kurd campaign ended, and all resistance had been crushed.[99] 400 Iraqi soldiers and 50,000 Kurdish civilians and soldiers had been killed.
Following the operation, Iran executed several thousand political prisoners across the country, mainly members of the MEK, but also members of the Tudeh Party (Communist Party) and other opposition groups.[18]:209–228 The estimates for number of executions vary from 5,000 to 30,000 people.[19][20][21] The death toll may have been higher for those MEK executed by frontline courts-martial or dying in prison.
Ali Sayad Shirazi was the Iranian commander responsible for the coordination between the Revolutionary Guard and the Iranian army, that was responsible for the success of Operation Mersad. In April 1999, an MEK operative posing as a roadsweeper killed Shirazi outside his home.[17]
Bibliography[]
- Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). Iran at War: 1500–1988. Osprey Publishing. p. 609. ISBN 978-1-78096-221-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC&pg=PT609.
- "The Lessons of Modern War - Volume II - The Iran–Iraq War (Chapter 10: The Combination Of Iraqi Offensives And Western Intervention Force Iran To Accept A Cease-Fire: September 1987 To March 1989) - May, 1990 - 9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap10.pdf". http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap10.pdf.
See also[]
- People's Mujahedin of Iran
- Massoud Rajavi
- Operation Forty Stars
References[]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). Iran at War: 1500–1988. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-1-78096-221-4.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Yaghoub Nemati Voroujeni (Summer 2012). "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK) Organization in the Imposed War" (in fa). pp. 75–96. http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3209.html.
- ↑ بخشهایی از گزارش نهایی ستاد فرماندهی ارتش آزادیبخش ملی ایران درباره عملیات بزرگ فروغ جاویدان ـ ۸ شهریور ۱۳۶۷
- ↑ "The Cult of Rajavi" by Elizabeth Rubin. New York Times, 13 July 2003
- ↑ Lamb, Christina (19 June 2001). "Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/02/04/wiran04.xml.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Michael Axworthy. Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic. Oxford University Press. p. 283.
- ↑ "روایت حاج سعید از عملیات مرصاد". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmXKTRkZV2Y.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Basis for an End to Persian Gulf Fighting: Security Council Resolution 598". 19 July 1988. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/19/world/basis-for-an-end-to-persian-gulf-fighting-security-council-resolution-598.html.
- ↑ "Iraq-Islamic Republic of Iran". http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/598.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Hiro, Dilip, The Longest War, (1999), pp. 246–47
- ↑ "Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/02/04/wiran04.xml.
- ↑ "The Bloody Red Summer of 1988". pbs. theguardian.com. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/08/the-bloody-red-summer-of-1988.html.
- ↑ Siavoshi, Sussan (2017). Montazeri: The Life and Thought of Iran's Revolutionary Ayatollah. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-316-50946-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=3tUoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131.
- ↑ "Blood-soaked secrets with Iran's 1998 Prison Massacres are ongoing crimes against humanity". 4 December 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1394212018ENGLISH.PDF.
- ↑ "Blood-soaked secrets: Why Iran's 1998 Prison Massacres are ongoing crimes against humanity". Amnesty International. 4 December 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1394212018ENGLISH.PDF.
- ↑ "Blood-soaked secrets with Iran's 1998 Prison Massacres are ongoing crimes against humanity". 4 December 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1394212018ENGLISH.PDF.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Mahan Abedin. Iran Resurgent The Rise and Rise of the Shia State. Hurst. pp. 110–111.
- ↑ Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3s2005jq;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print.
- ↑ "Iran cleric linked to 1988 mass executions to lead judiciary" (in en). 2019-03-07. https://apnews.com/article/ee0e777abf19424281c363ef1978ac7f.
- ↑ Smith, Dan (1999). The State of the Middle East, Revised and Updated: An Atlas of Conflict and Resolution. University of California Press. ISBN 9781134039227. https://books.google.com/books?id=MehRAwAAQBAJ&dq=iran+1988+executions+%2230%2C000%22&pg=PA82.
- ↑ Da Silva, Chantal (2024-05-20). "Grief, but also relief for some, after Iran President Raisi dies in helicopter crash" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/death-iran-president-raisi-prompts-grief-relief-celebration-rcna153003.
External links[]
The original article can be found at Operation Mersad and the edit history here.