Northern Wars is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe in the 16th and 17th century. An internationally agreed nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.[1] While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.[2]
Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:
- The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) ("First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti)[2]
- The Livonian War (1558–1583, "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack)[2]
- The Northern Seven Years' War (1562–1570, "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians)[2]
- The Russo-Polish or Thirteen Years' War (1654–1667, "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians)[2]
- The Second Northern War (1655–1660, "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography)[2]
- The Scanian War (1674–1679)
- The Great Northern War (1700–1721, also "Third Northern War")[2]
See Flagstaff War for more info on New Zealand Northern Wars 1845
See also[]
- Russo-Swedish Wars
- Polish-Swedish Wars
- Warfare of the Early Modern era
Sources[]
References[]
Bibliography[]
- Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
The original article can be found at Northern Wars and the edit history here.