New York Draft Riots | |||||||
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Part of American Civil War | |||||||
Rioters and Federal troops clash | |||||||
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Casualties and losses | |||||||
120 killed[1] 2,000 wounded |
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The New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863; known at the time as Draft Week[2]) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil insurrection in American history outside of the Civil War itself.[3]
President Lincoln was forced to divert several regiments of militia and volunteer troops from following up after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly working-class men, primarily ethnic Irish, resenting particularly that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared the draft.[4][5]
Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned into an ugly race riot, with the white rioters, chiefly Irish immigrants,[6] attacking blacks wherever they could be found. At least 100 black people were estimated to have been killed. The conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, stated on July 16, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it."[7] The military did not reach the city until after the first day of rioting, when mobs had already ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathisers, many black homes, and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which was burned to the ground.[8]
Background[]
New York's economy was tied to the South; by 1822 nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments.[9] In addition, upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing. New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7, 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood, a Democrat, called on the city's Board of Aldermen to "declare the city's independence from Albany and from Washington"; he said that it “would have the whole and united support of the Southern States.”[10] When the Union entered the war, New York City had many southern sympathisers.[11]
The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants; since the 1840s, most were from Ireland and Germany. In 1860, nearly 25% of the New York City population was German-born, and many did not yet speak English. During the 1840s and 1850s, journalists had published sensational accounts, directed at the working class, dramatising the "evils" of interracial socialising relationships and marriages; reformers joined the effort.[8] Newspapers carried derogatory portrayals of blacks and ridiculed "black aspirations for equal rights in voting, education, and employment". Pseudo-scientific lectures on phrenology were popular, although countered by doctors.[11] At the time, some areas of the city, such as Lower Manhattan, had mixed populations of residents.
The Democratic Party Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections, and had strongly recruited Irish, most of whom already spoke English. In 1863, with the war continuing, Congress passed a law to establish a draft for the first time, as more troops were needed. In New York City and other locations, the new citizens learned that they were expected to register for the draft to fight for their new country. Black men were excluded from the draft as they were not considered citizens, and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes. Free black men and immigrants competed for low-wage jobs in the city.[8]
While New York political offices, including the mayor, were held by Democrats, the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political power nationally. The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 alarmed much of the working class in New York, who feared that freed slaves would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market. There had already been tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s, particularly at the docks. In March 1863, white longshoremen had refused to work with blacks and rioted, attacking 200 black men.[8] In this area of the city, there were a variety of interracial venues of brothels and bars, and neighborhoods were mixed in terms of residents. Men also competed as hacks, craftsmen and in other jobs.[8]
Riots[]
Monday[]
There were reports of rioting in Buffalo, New York, and certain other cities, but the first drawing of numbers on July 11, 1863 occurred peaceably in New York City. The second drawing was held on Monday, July 13, 1863, ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg. At 10:00, a furious crowd of around 500, led by the volunteer firemen of Engine Company 33 (known as the "Black Joke"), attacked the assistant Ninth District Provost Marshal's Office, at Third Avenue and 47th Street, where the draft was taking place.[12] The crowd threw large paving stones through windows, then burst through the doors and set the building ablaze.[13] When the fire department responded, rioters broke up their vehicles. Others killed horses pulling streetcars and smashed the cars. To prevent other parts of the city being notified of the riot, they cut telegraph lines.[12] Many of the rioters were Irish laborers who feared having to compete with emancipated slaves for jobs.[6]
Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops in Pennsylvania, the New York City Police Department was the only force to try to suppress the riots.[13] The police superintendent, John A. Kennedy, arrived at the site on Monday to check on the situation. Although not in uniform, he was recognised by people in the mob who attacked him. Kennedy was left nearly unconscious, having had his face bruised and cut, his eye injured, lips swollen, and his hand cut with a knife; he was beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over his body.[14] Police drew their clubs and revolvers, and charged the crowd, but were overpowered.[15] The police forces were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots; but they kept the rioting out of Lower Manhattan below Union Square.[16] Immigrants and others in the "Bloody Sixth" Ward, around the seaport and Five Points area, refrained from getting involved in the rioting.[17]
The Bull's Head hotel on 44th Street, which refused to provide alcohol to the mob, was burned. The mayor's residence on Fifth Avenue, the Eighth and Fifth District police stations, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire. Other targets included the office of the New York Times. The mob was turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns, including Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond.[18] Fire engine companies responded, but some of the firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters, since they too had been drafted on Saturday.[15] Later in the afternoon, authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the Armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street. The mob broke all the windows with paving stones ripped from the street.[12]
Rioters turned against black people as their scapegoats and the primary target of their anger. Many immigrants and the poor viewed free black men as competition for scarce jobs, and worried about more slaves being emancipated and coming to New York for work.[8] Some rioters thought slavery was the cause of the Civil War. The mob beat, tortured and/or killed numerous black people, including one man who was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones, then lynched—hanged from a tree and set alight.[12]
The Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which then provided shelter for 233 children, was attacked by a mob at around 16:00. It was a "symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility."[8] A mob of several thousand, including many women and children, looted the building of its food and supplies. However, the police were able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the building was burned down.[19]
Throughout the areas of rioting, mobs attacked and killed at least 100 black people, and destroyed their known homes and businesses, such as James McCune Smith's pharmacy at 93 West Broadway, believed to be the first owned by a black man in the United States. While removed from the midtown area of the riots, white longshoremen used the chaos of events to "remove all evidence of a black and interracial social life from the area near the docks. White dockworkers attacked and destroyed brothels, dance halls, boarding houses, and tenements that catered to blacks; mobs stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses."[8]
Tuesday[]
Heavy rain fell on Monday night, helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home, but the crowd returned the next day. Commerce in the city was halted, with workers joining the crowd.[Clarification needed] Rioters attacked the homes of notable Republicans, including the activist Abby Hopper Gibbons, among others.[20] Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall, where he attempted to assuage the crowd by proclaiming the Conscription Act was unconstitutional. General John E. Wool, Commander of the Eastern District, brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in New York Harbor, West Point and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He also ordered the militias to return to New York.[15]
Wednesday and Thursday: order restored[]
The situation improved on Wednesday, when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to suspend the draft. As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining mobs.[15]
Order began to be restored on Thursday. The New York State militia and some federal troops were returned to New York, including the 152nd New York Volunteers, the 26th Michigan Volunteers, the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick, Maryland, after a forced march. In addition, the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State Militia, which had not been in federal service, and a section of the 20th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throgs Neck. The NYSM units were the first to arrive. By July 16, there were several thousand Federal troops in the city.[7] A final confrontation occurred on Thursday evening near Gramercy Park. According to Adrian Cook's analysis in his Armies of the Streets (1974), twelve people died on the last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters and the police and army, including one African American, two soldiers, a bystander, and two women.
Aftermath[]
The exact death toll during the New York Draft Riots is unknown, but according to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 civilians were killed. At least eleven black men were killed by lynching.[21] Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area.[8]
The most reliable estimates indicate that at least 2,000 people were injured. Herbert Asbury, the author of the 1928 book Gangs of New York, upon which the 2002 film was based, puts the figure much higher, at 2,000 killed and 8,000 wounded,[22] but this figure is not widely accepted and is considered myth.[23] Total property damage was about $1–5 million ($15 – $75 million in 2011, adjusted for inflation).[22][24] The city treasury later indemnified one-quarter of the amount. The historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were "equivalent to a Confederate victory".[24] Fifty buildings, including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum, burned to the ground.
During the riots, landlords had driven blacks from their residences, as they feared their buildings being destroyed. As a result of the violence against blacks, hundreds left New York, including James McCune Smith, moving to Williamsburg, Brooklyn (still a separate city) and New Jersey. The white elite in New York organised to provide relief to black riot victims, helping them find new work and homes. The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People provided nearly $40,000 to 2500 victims of the riots. By 1865 the total black population had dropped to under 10,000, the lowest it had been since 1820. The white working class riots had changed the demographics of the city and exerted their control in the workplace; they became "unequivocally divided" from blacks.[8]
On August 19, the government resumed the draft in New York. It was completed within 10 days without further incident. Fewer men were drafted than had been feared by the working class: of the 750,000 selected nationwide for conscription, only about 45,000 went into service.[25]
While the rioting mainly involved the working class, middle and upper-class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it.[26] Many wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft declared unconstitutional. Tammany Democrats did not seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional, but helped pay the commutation fees for those who were drafted.[27] In December 1863, the Union League Club gained permission to raise a regiment of black soldiers, outfitted and trained them, and saw the thousand men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks in March 1864; a crowd estimated at one hundred thousand watching the procession led by police and members of the Union League Club.[8]
New York City's support for the Union cause continued, however grudgingly, and gradually Southern sympathies declined in the city. New York banks eventually financed the Civil War, and the state's industries were more productive than the entire Confederacy. By the end of the war, more than 450,000 soldiers, sailors and militia had enlisted from New York State, which was the most populous at the time. A total of 46,000 military men from New York State died during the war, more from disease than wounds.[10]
Order of Battle[]
New York City Police Department[]
New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.
Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots.[28]
Precinct | Commander | Location | Strength | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Precinct | Captain Jacob B. Warlow | 29 Broad Street | 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
2nd Precinct | Captain Nathaniel R. Mills | 49 Beekman Street | 4 Sergeants, 60 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
3rd Precinct | Captain James Greer | 160 Chambers Street | 3 Sergeants, 64 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
4th Precinct | Captain James Bryan | 9 Oak Street | 4 Sergeants, 70 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
5th Precinct | Captain Jeremiah Petty | 49 Leonard Street | 4 Sergeants, 61 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
6th Precinct | Captain John Jourdan | 9 Franklin Street | 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
7th Precinct | Captain William Jamieson | 247 Madison Street | 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
8th Precinct | Captain Morris DeCamp | 126 Wooster Street | 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
9th Precinct | Captain Jacob L. Sebring | 94 Charles Street | 4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
10th Precinct | Captain Thaddeus C. Davis | Essex Market | 4 Sergeants, 62 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
11th Precinct | Captain John I. Mount | Union Market | 4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
12th Precinct | Captain Theron R. Bennett | 126th Street (near Third Avenue) | 5 Sergeants, 41 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
13th Precinct | Captain Thomas Steers | Attorney Street (at corner of Delancey Street) | 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
14th Precinct | Captain John J. Williamson | 53 Spring Street | 4 Sergeants, 58 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
15th Precinct | Captain Charles W. Caffery | 220 Mercer Street | 4 Sergeants, 69 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
16th Precinct | Captain Henry Hedden | 156 West 20th Street | 4 Sergeants, 50 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
17th Precinct | Captain Samuel Brower | First Avenue (at the corner of Fifth Street) | 4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
18th Precinct | Captain John Cameron | 22nd Street (near Second Avenue) | 4 Sergeants, 74 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
19th Precinct | Captain Galen T. Porter | 59th Street (near Third Avenue) | 4 Sergeants, 49 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
20th Precinct | Captain George W. Walling | 212 West 35th Street | 4 Sergeants, 59 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
21st Precinct | Sergeant Cornelius Burdick (acting Captain) | 120 East 31st Street | 4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
22nd Precinct | Captain Johannes C. Slott | 47th Street (between Eighth and Ninth Avenues) | 4 Sergeants, 54 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
23rd Precinct | Captain Henry Hutchings | 86th Street (near Park) | 4 Sergeants, 42 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
24th Precinct | Captain James Todd | New York waterfront | 2 Sergeants and 20 Patrolmen | Headquartered on Police Steamboat No. 1 |
25th Precinct | Captain Theron Copeland | 300 Mulberry Street | 1 Sergeant, 38 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | Headquarters of the Broadway Squad. |
26th Precinct | Captain Thomas W. Thorne | City Hall | 1 Sergeant, 66 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
27th Precinct | Captain John C. Helme | 117 Cedar Street | 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen | |
28th Precinct | Captain John F. Dickson | 550 Greenwich Street | 4 Sergeants, 48 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
29th Precinct | Captain Francis C. Speight | 29th Street (near Fourth Avenue) | 4 Sergeants, 82 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen | |
30th Precinct | Captain James Z. Bogart | 86th Street and Bloomingdale Road | 2 Sergeants, 19 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | |
32nd Precinct | Captain Alanson S. Wilson | Tenth Avenue and 152nd Street | 4 Sergeants, 35 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen | Mounted police |
New York State Militia[]
1st Division: Major General Charles W. Sandford[29]
Unit | Commander | Complement | Officers | Other Ranks |
---|---|---|---|---|
65th Regiment | Colonel William F. Berens | 400 | ||
74th Regiment | Colonel Watson A. Fox | |||
20th Independent Battery | Captain B. Franklin Ryer |
Union Army[]
Department of the East: Major General John E. Wool[30][31]
Defenses of New York City: Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown,[32][33] Brigadier General Edward R. S. Canby[34]
- Artillery: Captain Henry F. Putnam, 12th United States Infantry Regiment.
- Provost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft:
- Provost Marshal General U.S.A.: Colonel James Fry
- Provost Marshal General New York City: Colonel Robert Nugent (During the first day of rioting on 13 July 1863, in command of the Invalid Corps: 1st Battaion)
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorised five regiments from Gettysburg, mostly federalised state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac, to reinforce the New York City Police Department. By the end of the riots, there were over 4,000 soldiers in New York City.
Unit | Commander | Complement | Officers | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment | Colonel Judson S. Farrar | |||
5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment | Colonel Cleveland Winslow | |||
7th New York National Guard Regiment | Colonel Marshall Lefferts | 800 | ||
8th New York National Guard Regiment | Brigadier General Charles C. Dodge | 150 | ||
9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment | Colonel Edward E. Jardine | Regiment had been mustered out in May 1863 but 200 volunteered to serve again during the draft riots[35] | ||
11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment | Colonel Henry O'Brien (killed) | Original regiment mustered out on June 2, 1862. Colonel O'Brien was in the process of recruiting at the time of the draft riots. The regiment was never brought back to strength and enlisted members were transferred to 17th Veteran Infantry. | ||
14th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment | Colonel Thaddeus P. Mott | All cavalry regiments in New York City were eventually put under the command of General Judson Kilpatrick who volunteered his services on July 17[36] | ||
22nd New York National Guard Regiment | Colonel Lloyd Aspinwall | |||
47th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment | Colonel Jeremiah V. Meserole | |||
152nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment | Colonel Alonso Ferguson |
Fiction[]
- The Banished Children of Eve, A Novel of Civil War New York (1995) by Peter Quinn
- On Secret Service (2000) by John Jakes
- Paradise Alley (2003) by Kevin Baker
- New York: the Novel (2009) by Edward Rutherfurd
- Newt Gingrich's alternate history novel Grant Comes East (2004)
Theatre and film:
- The short-lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn, starring Shirley Jones, was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black children (modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum).
- Gangs of New York (2002), a film directed by Martin Scorsese, portrayed conflated, mostly fictional events in the Five Points area, culminating in the New York Draft Riots. It was criticised for its inaccurate history by the journalist Pete Hamill, among others, as the Five Points did not participate in the draft riots.[23] It purportedly portrayed "the birth of Manhattan and the way the different waves of immigrants have shaped New York City's evolution".[37]
See also[]
- History of New York City (1855-1897)
- Opposition to the American Civil War
- List of officials associated with the New York Draft Riots, part of List of Identities in The Gangs of New York (book)
Notes[]
- ↑ Casualty counts vary by source. See McPherson, James M., Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, p. 399
- ↑ Barnes 5
- ↑ Foner, E. (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, The New American Nation series, pg. 32, New York: Harper & Row.
- ↑ "The Draft in the Civil War", U-S History, Online Highways LLC
- ↑ William Bryk, "The Draft Riots, Part II", NY Press, August 2, 2002, Blog post
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Foner (2002), Reconstruction, p. 33
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots". Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War, Blog. http://www.civilwarhome.com/woolor.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Leslie M. Harris, "The New York City Draft Riots", excerpt from In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863, University of Chicago Press, 2003
- ↑ "King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade", New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed May 12, 2012
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Roberts, Sam (December 26, 2010). "New York Doesn't Care to Remember the Civil War". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/new-york-doesnt-care-to-remember-the-civil-war/?ref=nyregion.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit, New York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 to September 3, 2007, physical exhibit, accessed May 10, 2012
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "The Mob in New York". The New York Times. July 14, 1863.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Schouler, James (1899). History of the United States of America, Under the Constitution. Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 418.
- ↑ Barnes, David M. (1863), pg. 12
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Rhodes, James Ford (1899). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. Macmillan. pp. 320–323.
- ↑ Barnes, David M. (1863), pg. 6
- ↑ Bernstein, Iver (1990), pp. 24-5
- ↑ "On This Day", New York Times
- ↑ History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. Macmillan. pp. 320–323
- ↑ Bernstein, Iver (1990), pgs. 25-6
- ↑ McPherson, James M., Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, p. 399
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Asbury, pg. 169
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Pete Hamill (2002-12-15). "TRAMPLING CITY'S HISTORY 'Gangs' misses point of Five Points". New York Daily News. http://knickerbockervillage.blogspot.com/2007/11/gangs-of-new-york-2.html.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). The Oxford History of the American People: Volume Two: 1789 Through Reconstruction. Signet. pp. 451. ISBN 0-451-62254-5.
- ↑ David Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction (2002), pg. 229
- ↑ Bernstein, Iver (1990), pg. 43
- ↑ Bernstein, Iver (1990), pg. 44
- ↑ Costello, Augustine E. Our Police Protectors: History of the New York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. New York: A.E. Costello, 1885. (pg. 200-201)
- ↑ Sandford's Official Report
- ↑ Wool's Official Report
- ↑ headquartered in New York John Ellis Wool biography
- ↑ Eicher, p. 146
- ↑ Brown was in overall command of the military fortresses in New York city at the time and volunteered his services to General Wool. Wool instructed Brown to serve under the command of militia General Sandford to which Brown initially refused but eventually offered to serve in whatever capacity needed. Wool's Official Report
- ↑ Brown was relieved of duty on July 16 and Canby succeeded him in command of the military post of New York City on July 17
- ↑ Edward Jardine
- ↑ Mr. Lincoln and New York
- ↑ "Gangs of New York: Film Introduction". Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20071010141659/http://www.shell.linux.se/treggy88/Leo/gony/gangs.html. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
References[]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Draft Riots. |
- Asbury, Herbert (1928). The Gangs of New York. Alfred A. Knopf.
- Barnes, David M. (1863). The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863: The Metropolitan Police, Their Services During Riot. Baker & Godwin. http://books.google.com/?id=0mUod9zTN4kC&printsec=titlepage.
- Bernstein, Iver (1990). The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198021712. http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198021712.
- Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813112985. http://books.google.com/books?id=xbsMAAAAYAAJ.
- Fry, James Barnet (1885). New York and the Conscription of 1863.
- McCabe, James Dabney (1868). The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour. Oxford University Press. http://books.google.com/?id=lZTrZBsXzIAC&dq=%22horatio+seymour%22&pg=PR9&lpg=PR9.
- Harris, Leslie M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226317757. http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html.
- McPherson, James M. (2001). Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 0077430352. http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0077430352.
- Matthew Dripps, New York. Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863) (Map) (1863 ed.). http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps3667.html. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- Schecter, Barnet (2005). The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 080271837X. http://books.google.com/books?isbn=080271837X.
- Schecter, Barnet (2007). "The Civil War Draft Riots". North & South. Civil War Society. p. 72.
- Schouler, James (1899). History of the United States of America, Under the Constitution. Dodd, Mead & Company.
Further reading[]
- United States War and Navy Departments (1889). Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii.
- Walling, George W. (1887). Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6.
- New York Evangelist (1830–1902); July 23, 1863; 33, 30; APS Online, pg. 4.
- Hay, John and Nicolay, J. (1890). Lincoln, volume vii.
External links[]
- New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit, New York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 – September 3, 2007, physical exhibit)
- Leslie M. Harris, "The New York City Draft Riots of 1863", excerpt from In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863, University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 279–88
- "New York Draft Riots", 2002, source Civil War Society's Civil War Encyclopedia, Civil War Home website
- "New York Draft Riots", First Edition Harper's News Report, sonofthesouth.net
- "1863 New York City Draft Riots", mrlincolnandnewyork.org
- A Map of Events mentioned in this article
- Movie History: Choice Critics
- Bill Bigelow, "The Draft Riot Mystery", 9-page lesson plan for High School Students, 2012, Zinn Education Project/Teaching for Change
Coordinates: 40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74°W
The original article can be found at New York City draft riots and the edit history here.