Formation | 11 November 2012 (in Doha, Qatar) |
---|---|
Purpose | Opposition to and replacement of the Bashar al-Assad government of Syria |
Headquarters | Istanbul, Turkey |
Region served | Syria |
Membership | Council of about 114 members[1] |
Official language | Arabic |
Secretary General | Nasr al-Hariri[2] |
President | Hadi al-Bahra[3] |
Vice presidents |
Mohammed Qaddah Nora al-Ameer Abdul Hakim Bashar[4] |
Prime Minister | Ahmad Tu'mah |
Parent organization | Syrian opposition |
Website | www.etilaf.org/en/ |
The National Coalition for Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (Arabic language: الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية, French), commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (Arabic language: الائتلاف الوطني السوري, French) is a coalition of opposition groups in the Syrian civil war that was founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012. Former imam of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Moaz al-Khatib, considered a moderate, was elected the president of the coalition, and resigned on 21 April 2013.[5] Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi, both prominent democracy activists and the latter a secular feminist, were elected vice presidents. The post of a third vice president will remain vacant for a Kurdish figure to be elected.[6] Mustafa Sabbagh was elected as the coalition's secretary-general.[7] The coalition has a council of 114 seats, though not all of them are filled.[1]
On 31 May 2013, the coalition gave membership to 15 representatives of the Free Syrian Army, allowing direct representation of rebels from Syria in a political group for the first time.[1] On 6 July, the coalition elected new leadership. Ahmad Asi Al-Jarba was elected president and Anas Al-Abdah was elected as secretary general. On 14 September 2013, the National Coalition selected Ahmad Tu'mah as prime minister of an interim government for Syria.[8] On 25 September 2013, some Islamist factions rejected the Syrian National Coalition stating that "All groups formed abroad without having returned to the country do not represent us."[9]
Structure and aims[]
At its creation in November 2012 the National Coalition elected Moaz al-Khatib as its president, Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi as vice-presidents and Mustafa Sabbagh as secretary-general.[7] The coalition has a council of about 63 members,[10] including 22 members from the Syrian National Council.[7]
On 24 March 2013 Moaz al-Khatib made a surprise announcement that he was stepping down as president of the coalition. Although he gave no reason at the time, he later talked of interference by international and regional actors; the interviewer named these as Qatar and Saudi Arabia.[11] The coalition refused al-Khatib's resignation. Khatib was still considered the "primary voice" of the Syrian opposition, and the following day the Arab League granted Khatib the position to head the coalition's delegation to the Arab League.[12] He continued in office for almost another month before confirming his resignation on 21 April 2013.[5]
The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army, refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying [Syria], and displacing [Syrians]".[13]
Internal dissension[]
The Syrian National Council withdrew from the coalition on 20 January 2014 in protest at the decision of the coalition to attend the Geneva talks.[14]
Syrian Interim Government[]
At a conference held in Istanbul on 19 March 2013, members of the National Coalition elected Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of an interim government for Syria. Hitto has announced that a technical government will be formed which will be led by between 10 and 12 ministers. The minister of defence is to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army.[15]
Domestic recognition[]
The Local Coordination Committees of Syria (LCCSyria) stated that they "[reaffirm their] participation in the National Coalition. The [LCCSyria have] worked hard, and will continue to spare no effort, to ensure the success of the National Coalition in its service to the revolution."[13] The National Coalition is supported by the Free Syrian Army.[16]
On 16 November 2012, there were 497 street demonstrations in Syria according to the LCCSyria, including 121 demonstrations in Hama that "expressed support for the National Coalition" and 104 demonstrations in Idlib who called for the National Coalition to "support the revolutionaries".[17]
Following the election of the Coalition's president, several pro-Islamist media outlets have signalled their approvals for the formation of the new revolution bloc under the leadership of Sheikh Moaz Al-Khatib. Answering questions on his students' portal EsinIslam of The Awqaf London the London-based Damascene graduate African Muslim cleric, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu called upon the Islamists and their affiliates to support the coalition's leadership.[18] “The terrible situations in which the Syrians now find themselves do not warrant alienating reliable scholars like Dr. Moaz whatever their positions or affiliations in the face of al-Assad's desperate acts of atrocities and crimes against humanity as a matter of urgency to free Syria”,[19] said Adelabu who was a friend and academic colleague of Dr. Al-Khatib during the 1990s in Damascus Islamic institutions. “We have been assured by members of the Jubhah that Sheikh Moaz is acceptable to them and that the decision to choose him was made by the Syrians themselves and not by the Americans, Britons, French or any other nationals”, the London based cleric added.[20]
Members of the al-Nusra Front and 13 other armed groups stated in a YouTube video on 19 November 2012 that they "unanimously reject the conspiratorial project called the National Coalition and announce[s] [its] consensus to establish an Islamic state [in Syria]".[16] A day later, commanders of one of those groups, the Liwaa al-Tawhid Brigade appeared in a video with members of the Aleppo Military Council and Transitional Military Council. They stated that they supported the National Coalition and that the previous day's statement was by "revolutionary forces on the ground" who were not sufficiently represented in the National Coalition.[21] The head of the Free Syrian Army in Aleppo, Abdel Jabbar al-Okaidi, responded to the 19 November statement, saying, "These groups represent a number of military factions on the ground and reflect their position, but not all military forces in Aleppo agree with this. The military council has announced its support for the National Coalition and is collaborating with [it]."[16] Members of the groups listed in the 19 November statement were contacted by Thomson Reuters and stated that "they had nothing to do with the announcement" and that some members of their groups appeared in the video.[22]
On 21 November 2012, the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), which controls territory in the north of Syria, rejected the new coalition and criticised it for "obedience to Turkey and Qatar".[23] The Kurdish National Council agreed to join the Syrian National Coalition; the PYD criticized the KNC for doing so.[24]
According to The Economist, as of late September 2013, "In the month since America backed away from missile strikes to punish Syria’s regime for using chemical weapons, the Syrian Opposition Coalition has become increasingly irrelevant."[25]
International recognition[]
By March 2013, at least twenty states had recognized the SNC as ‘the (sole) legitimate representative of the Syrian people’:
- On 10 October 2011, a year before the National Coalition was created, Libya recognised the Syrian National Council as the government of Syria.[26]
- On 12 November 2012, the newly created National Coalition was recognised by the member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Oman, as "the legitimate representative" of the Syrian people, ceasing recognition of the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad.[27]
- On 26 March 2013, the Arab League (with the exception of Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon)[28][29] recognised the coalition as "the legitimate representative and main interlocutor with the Arab League".[30] The League did not give full recognition to the opposition; although, this statement was disputed by the Prime Minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber al-Thani.[28] He stated, "That claim is absolutely untrue, and the position of the two parties is identical" in response to the idea that the Arab League's support was different from the support of the Cooperation Council.[29] He also stated that the Arab League "urges regional and international organisations to recognise [the National Coalition] as a legitimate representative for the aspirations of the Syrian people".[28]
- The United States issued a press statement on 11 November 2012 congratulating representatives of the Syrians for forming the coalition.[31] The press statement stated that "We look forward to supporting the National Coalition as it charts a course toward the end of Assad's bloody rule and the start of the peaceful, just, democratic future that all the people of Syria deserve."[31] It also restated its commitment to humanitarian and non-lethal assistance and commended Qatar for its role in the conference.[31] The United States regards the coalition as "a legitimate representative" of the Syrian people,[32] but president Barack Obama refused to recognise the Coalition as a "government in exile."[33]
- On 13 November, France recognised the coalition as the "only representative of the Syrian people" and as the "future interim government of democratic Syria", and called for all European nations to do so as well.[34][35]
- On 15 November, Turkey recognised the National Coalition as the sole representative of the Syrian people.[36][37][38]
- On 19 November, The European Union recognised the National Coalition as "legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people".[39]
- On 12 December, 100 "Friends of Syria" countries participating in the "Friends of Syria" meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, informally recognized the Syrian National Coalition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. and gave full political recognition to the SNC.[40]
- On 22 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition was officially recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people by Malta. The Government of Malta had already informally recognized the Syrian opposition.[41]
- On 26 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition was granted Syria's seat in the Arab League.[42]
Entity | Date of recognition | Direct terminology | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Bahrain | 12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria[27] |
2. | Kuwait | 12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria[27] |
3. | Oman | 12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria[27] |
4. | Qatar | 12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria[27] |
5. | Saudi Arabia | 12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria[27] |
6. | United Arab Emirates | 12 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of Syria[27] |
7. | France | 13 November 2012 | Sole representative of the Syrian people and future interim government of democratic Syria[34][35] |
8. | Turkey | 15 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people[37] |
- | European Union | 19 November 2012 | "Legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people"[39] |
9. | Italy | 19 November 2012 | Legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people[citation needed] |
10. | United Kingdom | 20 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people[43] |
11. | Spain | 29 November 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people[44][45][46] |
12. | Denmark | 9 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people[47] |
13. | Norway | 9 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people[48] |
14. | Netherlands | 10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people[49] |
15. | Germany | 10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people[49] |
16. | Belgium | 10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people[49] |
17. | Luxembourg | 10 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people[49] |
18. | United States | 12 December 2012 | Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people[50] |
19. | Australia | 13 December 2012 | The legitimate representative of the Syrian people[51] |
20. | Malta | 22 March 2013 | Sole legal representative of the Syrian people[52] |
- | Arab League | 26 March 2013 | Arab League membership[42] |
Diplomatic representation[]
As of 17 November 2014[update], Monzer Makhous was recognised by France as a representative of the National Coalition and as the future Syrian Ambassador "once a provisional government is established and recognised internationally."[53]
On 20 November, UK invited the coalition to appoint a political representative.[54] On 26 November, the National Coalition appointed Walid Safur to be its ambassador to the UK.[55]
On 23 November, Qatar asked the coalition to appoint an ambassador, becoming the first Arab country to publicly announce it will accept an envoy from the new opposition body.[56] The SNCs embassy in Qatar was opened on 27 March 2013.[57]
On May 5, 2014, the Coalition was officially granted diplomatic status with the Washington office formerly recognized as a Foreign Mission in the US. Prior to giving foreign mission status to the Washington Office, the State Department shut down the Assad Regime’s Washington Embassy along with several regional consulates.[58]
List of Presidents[]
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–death) |
Took office | Left office | Political party | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Moaz al-Khatib | 11 November 2012 | 22 April 2013 | Independent | -
| ||
- | George Sabra | 22 April 2013 | 6 July 2013 | Independent | Interim President [59]
| ||
2 | Ahmad Jarba | 6 July 2013 | 9 July 2014 | Independent | Jarba was re-elected on 5 January 2014
| ||
3 | Hadi al-Bahra | 9 July 2014 | Present[3] | Independent | -
|
Members and representatives[]
At present, the Syrian National Coalition consists of the Syrian National Council and other opposition groups and revolutionary groups, as listed in the following diagram, third column:[10]
Name | Representation | Role | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Moaz al-Khatib (Arabic language: معاذ الخطيب)[7] | Local Council of Damascus | |
2 | Riad Seif (Arabic language: رياض سيف)[7] | National figures | Vice President |
3 | Suheir Atassi (Arabic language: سهير الأتاسي)[7] | Syrian Revolution General Commission | Vice President Head of Humanitarian Support Unit |
4 | Mustafa Sabbagh (Arabic language: مصطفى صباغ)[7] | Syrian Business Forum | Secretary-General |
5 | Haitham al-Maleh (Arabic language: هيثم المالح)[10] | Council of Syrian Revolutionary Trustees | Head of Legal Committee |
6 | Mouaffaq Nyrabia (Arabic language: موفق نيربية)[60] | Citizenship Movement | Incoming ambassador European Union and Benelux The Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg |
7 | Marwan Hajo (Arabic language: مروان حجو)[61] | Syrian National Council | Head of Membership Committee |
8 | Walid al-Bunni (Arabic language: وليد البني)[62] | National figures | Spokesman |
9 | Monzer Makhous (Arabic language: منذر ماخوس)[53] | National figures | Spokesman Incoming ambassador France |
10 | Walid Saffour (Arabic language: وليد سفور) | Syrian Human Rights Committee | Incoming ambassador United Kingdom |
11 | Jaber Zain (Arabic language: جابر زعين)[10] | Local Coordination Committees | |
12 | Ahmad al-Assi al-Jarba (Arabic language: احمد العاصي الجربا)[10] | Revolutionary Council of Syrian Clans | |
13 | Mohammad al-Sabuni (Arabic language: محمد الصابوني)[10] | Syrian Scholars Association | |
14 | Sadiq Jalal al-Azm (Arabic language: صادق جلال العظم)[10] | Unions of Syrian Authors | |
15 | Alhareth al-Nabhan (Arabic language: الحارث النبهان)[10] | Citizenship Movement | |
16 | Bassam Yousef (Arabic language: بسام يوسف)[10] | Ma'an Alliance | |
17 | Yehia Ghiqab (Arabic language: يحيى غقاب)[10] | Syrian National Democratic bloc | |
18 | Khaled Khouja (Arabic language: خالد خوجة)[10] | Turkmen component | |
19 | Ziyad al-Hasan (Arabic language: زياد الحسن)[10] | Turkmen component | |
20 | Hussien Alabdullah (Arabic language: حسين العبد الله)[10] | Turkmen component | |
21 | Abdul Hakim Bashar (Arabic language: عبد الحكيم بشار)[10] | Kurdish National Council | |
22 | Mustafa Auso (Arabic language: مصطفى أوسو)[10] | Kurdish National Council | |
23 | Mohammad Abdo Kiddo (Arabic language: محمد عبدو كدو)[10] | Kurdish National Council | |
24 | Abdelilah Abdelmoeen Fahd (Arabic language: عبد الإله عبد المعين فهد)[10] | Local Council of Homs | |
25 | Mustafa Nawaf al-Ali (Arabic language: مصطفى نواف العلي)[10] | Local Council of ar-Raqqah | |
26 | Jawad Abohatab (Arabic language: جواد أبو حطب)[10] | Local Council of Rif Dimashq | |
27 | Riyad al-Hasan (Arabic language: رياض الحسن)[10] | Local Council of Deir ez-Zor | |
28 | Moussa Mohammad Khalil (Arabic language: موسى محمد خليل)[10] | Local Council of Quneitra | |
29 | Ziyad Ghassan (Arabic language: زياد غسان)[10] | Local Council of Latakia | |
30 | Mohammad Abdelsalam al-Sayed (Arabic language: محمد عبد السلام السيد)[10] | Local Council of Tartus | |
31 | Mohammad Qaddah (Arabic language: محمد قداح)[10] | Local Council of Daraa | |
32 | Adnan Rahmon (Arabic language: عدنان رحمون)[10] | Local Council of Idlib | |
33 | Jalal Khanji (Arabic language: جلال خانجي)[10] | Local Council of Aleppo | |
34 | Salaheddin al-Hamwi (Arabic language: صلاح الدين الحموي)[10] | Local Council of Hama | |
35 | Mohammad Mustafa Mohammad (Arabic language: محمد مصطفى محمد)[10] | Local Council of al-Hasakah | |
36 | Khaled Abu Salah (Arabic language: خالد ابو صلاح)[10] | National figures | |
37 | Yehya Kurdi (Arabic language: يحيى كردي)[10] | National figures | |
38 | Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni (Arabic language: علي صدر الدين البيانوني)[10] | National figures | |
39 | Abdelkarim Bakar (Arabic language: عبدالكريم بكار)[10] | National figures | |
40 | Najib al-Ghadban (Arabic language: نجيب الغضبان)[10] | National figures | |
41 | Tawfiq Dunya (Arabic language: توفيق دنيا)[10] | National figures | |
42 | Ziyad Abu Hamdan (Arabic language: زياد ابوحمدان)[10] | National figures | |
43 | Kamal al-Labwani (Arabic language: كمال اللبواني)[10] | National figures | |
44 | George Sabra (Arabic language: جورج صبرة)[10] | Syrian National Council | Acting President |
45 | Abdulbaset Sieda (Arabic language: عبد الباسط سيدا)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
46 | Mohammed Farouk Tayfour (Arabic language: محمد فاروق طيفور)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
47 | Burhan Ghalioun (Arabic language: برهان غليون)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
48 | Nazir al-Hakim (Arabic language: نذير الحكيم)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
49 | Samir Nashar (Arabic language: سمير نشار)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
50 | Ahmad Ramadan (Arabic language: أحمد رمضان)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
51 | Jamal al-Wared (Arabic language: جمال الورد)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
52 | Hussein al-Sayed (Arabic language: حسين السيد)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
53 | Khaled Saleh (Arabic language: خالد صالح)[10] | Syrian National Council | Head of Media Committee |
54 | Hisham Marwa (Arabic language: هشام مروة)[10] | Syrian National Council | Member of the Executive office |
55 | Abdulahad Astepho (Arabic language: عبد الأحد اصطيفو)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
56 | Salem al-Meslat (Arabic language: سالم المسلط)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
57 | Bassam Isaac (Arabic language: بسام إسحاق)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
58 | Mouti al-Batin (Arabic language: مطيع البطين)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
59 | Khaled al-Naser (Arabic language: خالد الناصر)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
60 | Mohammad Sarmini (Arabic language: محمد سرميني)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
61 | Louay Safi (Arabic language: لؤي صافي)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
62 | Mohammad Khedr Wali (Arabic language: محمد خضر ولي)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
63 | Hanan al-Balkhi (Arabic language: حنان البلخي)[10] | Syrian National Council | |
64 | Wasel al-Shamali (Arabic language: واصل الشمالي)[10] | Syrian National Council |
See also[]
- Politics of Syria
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Syria Opposition Expands, Closes Meeting". Naharnet. 31 May 2013. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/85113-syria-opposition-expands-closes-meeting.
- ↑ "Syrian Coalition’s New Leadership: We will spare no Effort to Serve the Revolution". http://en.etilaf.org/all-news/news/syrian-coalitions-new-leadership-we-will-spare-no-effort-to-serve-the-revolution.html. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mikayla Bouchard (23 September 2014). "Syrian Opposition Leader: 'We Need Your Assistance'". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/syrian-opposition-leader-assistance/story?id=25657691. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- ↑ "Syrian Coalition’s New Leadership: We will spare no Effort to Serve the Revolution". http://en.etilaf.org/all-news/news/syrian-coalitions-new-leadership-we-will-spare-no-effort-to-serve-the-revolution.html. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Black, Ian (21 April 2013). "Syria: opposition anger over US refusal to fund arms". The Guardian. London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/apr/21/syria-opposition-anger-us-refusal-fund-arms.
- ↑ "Syria's opposition chooses president, formally signs coalition deal". Al Arabiya. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/12/249032.html. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Rebhy, Abdullah (11 November 2012). "Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal". Associated Press. http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019659507_apmlsyriaopposition.html. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ↑ "Syrian opposition elects moderate Islamist as prime minister". Reuters. 14 September 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/14/us-syria-crisis-pm-idUSBRE98D08Z20130914. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
- ↑ "Islamist rebels in Syria reject National Coalition". BBC News. 25 September 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24239779. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48 10.49 10.50 10.51 10.52 10.53 10.54 10.55 10.56 Leverrier, Ignace (12 November 2012). "Composition de la "Coalition nationale des Forces de la Révolution et de l'Opposition syrienne"" (in French). Le Monde. http://syrie.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/11/12/composition-de-la-coalition-nationale-des-forces-de-la-revolution-et-de-lopposition-syrienne/. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ↑ "Moaz al-Khatib: The priority is to save Syria". Al Jazeera. 11 May 2013. http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2013/05/2013510141112681380.html.
- ↑ Elizabeth Dickinson (2013-09-04). "Qatar's emir proposes Jerusalem fund as Arab League summit opens - The National". Thenational.ae. http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/al-khatib-to-speak-for-syria-at-arab-league-summit-despite-resignation. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Force". Local Coordination Committees of Syria. 12 November 2012. http://www.lccsyria.org/10488accessdate=2012-11-20.
- ↑ "Main bloc quits Syrian National Coalition over Geneva". The Times of Israel. 21 January 2014. http://www.timesofisrael.com/main-bloc-quits-syrian-national-coalition-over-geneva/. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ↑ "Syrian rebels to choose interim defence minister | Middle East". World Bulletin. 2013-03-29. http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=105541. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Islamic groups reject Syria opposition bloc". France 24. 19 November 2012. http://www.france24.com/en/20121119-islamic-groups-reject-syria-opposition-bloc. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ↑ "Syria Today 16-11-2012". Local Coordination Committees of Syria. 17 November 2012. http://www.lccsyria.org/10517. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ↑ "العربية لوسائل الإعلام والمعلومات الإسلامية من الأخبار والفتاوى والمنتديات والمدونات التعلمية فيما يتضمن التسجيلات الصوتية وأفلام فيديو، وصحف، ومجلات، ومقالات الأخبار". EsinIslam. http://www.esinislam.com/MediaArabic/index.php. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ Moaz Who, Sheikh? Reveal Al-Khatib
- ↑ Sehikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu's title Moaz Who, Sheikh? Reveal Al-Khatib
- ↑ Atassi, Basma (20 November 2012). "Aleppo rebels retract rejection of coalition". Al Jazeera English. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/2012112016567298627.html.
- ↑ Holmes, Oliver (19 November 2012). "UPDATE 2-Syrian rebels say they seize base on Damascus outskirts". Thomson Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/19/syria-crisis-missiles-idUSL5E8MJD6120121119. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ↑ Syria Kurdish leader rejects new coalition
- ↑ "PYD Leader Skeptical of Kurdish Agreement With Syrian Opposition". Rudaw.net. 9 March 2013. http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/30092013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ↑ http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21586879-islamist-rebels-sever-ties-political-opposition-their-own-men Syria’s war: Their own men
- ↑ "Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council". 11 October 2011. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/October/international_October385.xml§ion=international&col=. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 "GCC recognizes Syria's new opposition bloc". Al Arabiya. 12 November 2012. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/12/249215.html. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Syria crisis: Arab League welcomes new opposition bloc". BBC News. 13 November 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20307668. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Arab League recognizes new Syrian opposition coalition". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. 12 November 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/12/world/meast/syria-civil-war/. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
- ↑ "Arab League recognises Syria's new opposition bloc". Al Arabiya News. 12 November 2012. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/12/249215.html. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Toner, Mark C. (11 November 2012). "Formation of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/11/200435.htm. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- ↑ "Syria: France backs anti-Assad coalition". 13 November 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20319787. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ↑ Richter, Paul (15 November 2012). "President Obama won't recognize Syrian rebels". http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-syrian-rebels-20121114,0,7979373.story. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 "François Hollande reconnaît la coalition nationale syrienne" (in French). France 24. 13 November 2012. http://www.france24.com/fr/20121113-paris-syrie-hollande-nouvelle-coalition-opposition-bachar-al-assad-livraisons-armes-asl. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Hollande reconnaît la coalition nationale syrienne" (in French). Reuters. 13 November 2012. http://www.europe1.fr/Politique/Hollande-reconnait-la-coalition-nationale-syrienne-1310361/. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ↑ "Turkish FM says Turkey recognizes Syria National Coalition Anadolu Agency". Aa.com.tr. 2012-11-15. http://www.aa.com.tr/en/headline/100601--turkish-foreign-minister-says-his-country-recognizes-syrian-national-coalition-as-the-sole-legitimate-representative-of-syrian-people. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Turkey recognises new Syrian opposition". France 24. 15 November 2012. http://www.france24.com/en/20121115-turkey-recognises-new-syrian-opposition. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ↑ "NOW News". Nowlebanon.com. 2013-03-04. http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=456953. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 "EU recognises Syria opposition bloc". Al Jazeera English. 19 November 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/11/20121119195737909518.html. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ↑ 'Friends of Syria' recognise opposition
- ↑ Malta recognises Syrian opposition
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Black, Ian (26 March 2013). "Syrian opposition takes Arab League seat". London: theguardian.com. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/26/syrian-opposition-appeals-nato-support. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ "Syria conflict: UK recognises opposition, says William Hague". BBC News. 20 November 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20406562. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- ↑ "España reconoce como único representante legítimo del pueblo sirio a la nueva coalición opositora". Europa Press. 28 November 2012. http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-siria-espana-reconoce-unico-representante-legitimo-pueblo-sirio-nueva-coalicion-opositora-20121128214246.html. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ↑ "España reconoce a la coalición opositora a Al Assad como único representante sirio". 29 November 2012. http://www.abc.es/internacional/20121129/abci-gobierno-reconoce-coalicion-siria-201211291733.html. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- ↑ "España invita al líder de la oposición como "representante del pueblo sirio"". El País. 29 November 2012. http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/11/29/actualidad/1354219210_174226.html. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- ↑ "Søvndal: Danmark anerkender Syriens opposition" (in Danish). 9 December 2012. http://www.information.dk/telegram/319462. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ↑ "Norge anerkjenner Syrias opposisjon" (in Norwegian). 9 December 2012. http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10063890. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 "'Meer erkenning oppositie Syrië'" (in Dutch). [NU.nl]. 10 December 2012. http://www.nu.nl/onrust-midden-oosten/2979204/meer-erkenning-oppositie-syrie.html. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
- ↑ Madhani, Aamer (12 December 2012). "Obama says U.S. will recognize Syrian opposition". http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/11/al-nusra-designated-terrorists/1760755/.
- ↑ "Syrian Opposition Council". 13 December 2012. http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2012/bc_mr_121213.html. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ↑ Malta on Friday officially recognised the Syrian Opposition National Coalition as the sole legal representative of Syria
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Syrian coalition to name ambassador to France". France 24. 17 November 2012. http://www.france24.com/en/20121117-france-hollande-holds-talks-with-syria-opposition-chief-ahmad-moaz-al-khatib-assad. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
- ↑ Chorley, Matt (20 November 2012). "Britain officially recognises Syrian rebels: William Hague faces fresh calls to arm opposition forces". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2235823/Britain-officially-recognises-Syrian-rebels-William-Hague-faces-fresh-calls-arm-opposition-forces.html. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ↑ "Syria opposition names London 'ambassador'". Theaustralian.com. November 27, 2012. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/syria-opposition-names-london-ambassador/story-fn3dxix6-1226524621289. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ "Qatar asks Syrian opposition to name ambassador". Yahoo. http://news.yahoo.com/qatar-asks-syrian-opposition-name-ambassador-094910238.html. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ↑ "First Syrian opposition embassy opens in Qatar". GlobalPost. 2013-03-27. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/130327/first-syrian-opposition-embassy-opens-qatar. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ↑ "Syrian Opposition Coalition Office Gains Foreign Mission Status in Washington". Etilaf. http://www.etilaf.us/mission_recognition.
- ↑ "Syria opposition names interim leader". http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/04/2013422152033307536.html. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "الائتلاف الوطني لقوى المعارضة والثورة السورية يرجئ تشكيل حكومة انتقالية". http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&issueno=12423&article=706859. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ↑ "Assad;s opponents dismiss his 'peace plan' with scorn". 6 January 2013. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/01/06/258960.html. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
External links[]
- En.etilaf.org
- Official website (Arabic)
- Syrian Interim Government
- BBC News: Guide to the Syrian opposition
The original article can be found at National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces and the edit history here.