Murad Bey by Dutertre in Description de l'Egypte, 1809.
Murad Bey Mohammed (c. 1750 – 22 April 1801) was an Egyptian Mamluk chieftain (Bey), cavalry commander and joint ruler of Egypt with Ibrahim Bey.[1] He was of Georgian origin Murad Sinjikashvili (მურად სინჯიკაშვილი). He is often remembered as being a cruel and extortionate ruler.[1]
Biography[]
Murad Bey was in command of the Mamluk army, whereas Ibrahim Bey was in charge of administrative duties of Egypt.[2] They survived through the persistent Ottoman attempts at overthrowing the Mamluk regime and civil strifes.[3] They served as kaymakams (acting governors) in Egypt on occasion, although they effectively held de facto power for decades, even over the appointed Ottoman governor of Egypt.[4][5][6]
In 1786, the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid I sent Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy) Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha to drive out Ibrahim and Murad Bey.[7][8] Hasan Pasha was fervent and thorough in his efforts and succeeded in the short term, reestablishing direct Ottoman Empire control over Egypt.[7] However, in 1792, only six years after their expulsion by Hasan Pasha, the duumvirate returned to Cairo from hiding in southern Egypt and took back de facto control.[9]
He commanded the Mamluk cavalry during the Battle of the Pyramids alongside Ibrahim Bey and was defeated at the hands of Napoleon's armies. While Ibrahim Bey fled towards Sinai, Murad had fled to Cairo first and then to Upper Egypt and began mounting a brief guerrilla campaign that staved off Desaix for a year.[2] It was while pursuing Murad Bey into Upper Egypt that the French discovered the monuments at Dendera, Thebes, Edfu and Philae.
Murad had reportedly offered money to the French forces to leave Egypt and offered to ally himself with the British in exchange for allowing the British to occupy Alexandria, Damietta and Rosetta.[1] In 1800, Murad made peace with Jean Baptiste Kléber, and agreed to garrison Cairo, but died of bubonic plague on his journey there.[3]
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See also[]
- Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk), his career-long partner in ruling Egypt
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical dictionary of modern Egypt. Boulder [u.a.]: Rienner. p. 138. ISBN 9781555872298.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pawly, Ronald (2012). Napoleon's Mamelukes. Osprey Publishing. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9781780964195. http://books.google.com.bh/books?id=T3YWVpusV88C&lpg=PA6&dq=Murad%20bey%20french&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q=Murad%20bey%20french&f=false.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Murad Bey", in: Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed., 2006), The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Vol. 2, p. 663. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
- ↑ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 93. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ.
- ↑ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 138. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ.
- ↑ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 156. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 181. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ.
- ↑ Mehmet Süreyya (1996). "Sicill-i Osmanî". In Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman (in Turkish). Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı. http://books.google.com/books?id=btElAQAAMAAJ.
- ↑ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. pp. 317–322, 373. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ.
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