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Moro attacks on Malaysia

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Moro attacks on Malaysia
Moro attacks on Sabah (19th century-present)
Attacks by Moro on Sabah from 19th century-present.
DateRecorded since 1846s[6] – present
(168 years)
LocationNorth and eastern part of Borneo
(Current attacks location)
Result

Ongoing

  • Pirate attacks on western Borneo managed to be stopped and the destruction of the last pirates stronghold in Tunku on eastern North Borneo by the British.[7]
  • Deportation of Nur Misuari to the Philippines in 2001 after he had stayed illegally on an island in Sabah to escaped from the Philippine authorities after a failed rebellion.[8]
  • Establishment of RCI in 2012.
  • Establishment of ESSCOM and ESSZONE in 2013.[9][10]
  • Thousands of Filipino illegal immigrants in Sabah repatriated back as they become an insider enemies and a traitor during the 2013 standoff.[11][12]
Belligerents

Flag of the United Kingdom British Empire

  • Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1848) Kingdom of Sarawak (1862)[1]
  • Flag of North Borneo North Borneo (1882–1946)
  • Flag of North Borneo 1948-1963 North Borneo Crown (1946–63)

Flag of Australia Australia (1959–66)
Flag of New Zealand New Zealand (1957–66)

Flag of Malaysia Malaysia (1963–present)

  • Flag of Sabah Sabah

Supported by:
Old Flag of Brunei Brunei (on 1847)[2][3][4]

Flag of the Philippines Philippines (on 2013)[5]

18th Century Flag of Sulu Moro Pirates (since 1846s)

Flag of Jihad Abu Sayyaf (2000–present)

Ph mnlf-tripoli Misuari MNLF (2001–present)

Bandeira Sultanato de Sulu Moderna Sulu Sultanate (Jamalul Kiram faction) (2013–present)

Supported by:

Flag of the Philippines (navy blue) Philippines (1963–68)
Commanders and leaders

Flag of the United Kingdom Henry Keppel (1846–49)
Flag of the United Kingdom James Brooke (1846–49)
Flag of the United Kingdom Johnson Brooke (1862)
Flag of the United Kingdom William Pryer (1879)[13]
Flag of the United Kingdom Roland Turnbull (1954–59)[14]

Flag of Malaysia Najib Razak (current)
Flag of Malaysia Musa Aman (current)

Supported by:

Flag of the Philippines Benigno Aquino III[5]

18th Century Flag of Sulu Various Pirates leader
18th Century Flag of Sulu Muktadil Brothers (since 2014)[15]

Ph mnlf-tripoli Nur Misuari[16][17]

Bandeira Sultanato de Sulu Moderna Jamalul Kiram III
Bandeira Sultanato de Sulu Moderna Agbimuddin Kiram

Supported by:

Flag of the Philippines (navy blue) Diosdado Macapagal
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue) Ferdinand Marcos
Units involved

Flag of the United Kingdom British Armed Forces[14]
Naval Ensign of Australia Royal Australian Navy[18]
Naval Ensign of New Zealand Royal New Zealand Navy[19][20]

Flag of the Malaysian Armed Forces Malaysian Armed Forces
Royal Malaysian Police Royal Malaysia Police

Naval Jack of the Philippines Philippine Navy (monitoring)[21]

18th Century Flag of Sulu Moro Pirates
18th Century Flag of Sulu Muktadil Brothers[22]

Flag of Jihad Abu Sayyaf bandits

Ph mnlf-tripoli Misuari followers

Bandeira Sultanato de Sulu Moderna Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo
Strength
British forces:

Australian forces

New Zealand forces

Malaysian forces:

  • ~estimated 10,000
Others unknown

Kiram followers:

Casualties and losses
British forces:

Malaysian forces:

Moro pirates:

Kiram followers:

Unidentified intruders:

~ The total thought to be higher than what has been shown.

The Moro attacks on Malaysia are a series of attacks by the Moros from the Southern Philippines to East Malaysia since the British period.[28][39] Many civilians have died or suffered during these incidents, causing an increase in Anti-Filipino sentiment among the native peoples of Sabah, especially following major attacks in 1985 and 2013.

Background[]

Moros culture[]

Main articles: Sultanate of Sulu and Moro Pirates

It has been part of the culture for the Sultanate of Sulu engaging in pirates activity.[28][40][41] During the expedition by the British HMS Dido in 1846, Captain Henry Keppel even mentioning;

“ The most desperate and active pirates of the whole Indian Archipelago are the tribes of the Sooloo group of islands lying close to the north shore of Borneo.[6] ”

The Sulu islands known for its "great slave market" with their islanders people frequently attacked Borneo island in search for slave.[42] In 1910, the neighbouring Dutch East Indies in Celebes Islands was attacked by seven Moro pirates who had crossed from the southern Philippines, two Dutch traders was killed during the incident.[39] Subsequent report from the British government in North Borneo reported that Joloano Moros terrorised the inhabitants of North Borneo, looting small towns and killing peoples.[23] Although the British doing a lot to combat the piracy,[39] a British company office later was raided by twelve Moro pirates in Kalabakan on July 1958. Another early serious raid was done on the nearby township of Semporna in 29 March 1954.[14] During the last year of British rule in North Borneo, both seafarers and coastal settlements suffered a high numbers of attacks from pirates who were believed mainly based on Tawi-Tawi.[28] Between 1959 and 1962, already 232 pirates attack been recorded by the British authorities in North Borneo, but these were thought to be more as many attacks went unreported.[28] The British North Borneo governor at the time, Roland Turnbull had ever pledged to the British base in the United Kingdom to provide him with a security from the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force but no aid been sent until a British media, the $3 embellished the report with an anti-Indonesian bias when already close to the confrontation era;[14]

“ British Borneo has for years been subject to attacks from pirates from the Philippines and Indonesia, the media claimed.[14] ”

Moros migration to Sabah[]

See also: Jabidah massacre and Illegal immigrants in Malaysia

Regional migration flows within Southeast Asia are not a phenomenon restricted to current times. Social and cultural connections between Sabah, the southern parts of the Philippines and the Indonesian province of Kalimantan have existed for centuries. The tradition of border crossing from the Philippine Sulu Archipelago to Sabah originates in the late 16th century.[43] The first wave of this migration was linked to the Spanish colonialists who began pushing southwards toward the island provinces of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi from Manila, which is the administration centre of the Spanish during that time. The struggle for dominance between different ethnic groups and the Spanish in the Southern Philippine region led to increased immigration of Philippine Moro ethnic groups mostly the Suluks and Bajaus to Sabah.[43]

Pulau Gaya immigrant dwellings

A huge Moro settlements in the coast of Gaya Island near Kota Kinabalu.

The first arrival of the illegal immigrants in Sabah in the 1960s was said to be associated with the then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and his country's claim to the Northern Borneo region.[43] At the same time, a Suluk from the Southern Philippines, Mustapha Harun became the third Chief Minister of Sabah. During his term from 1967 until 1976, he was believed to have encouraged many Suluks to move to northern Borneo to established a strong Muslim community which was represented by the United Sabah National Organisation (USNO).[43] The sudden high migration to Sabah can be explained by individual intentions of politicians trying to achieve their political and personal aims.[43]

Another factors that led to the high migration is due to the instability of the Philippines in 1977 which has caused major economic problems for Sabah. Philippine army raids against anti-Marcos factions in the Sulu and Mindanao island have left many infrastructures destroyed, forcing an estimated 100,000 Moros in the Southern Philippines to flee to Sabah.[33] While those who have not left the Philippine islands have already involved in criminal activities, mainly on smuggling and armed robbery.[33] Until today, a huge numbers of Moros illegal immigrants had a present in most town of Sabah such as Kota Kinabalu, Kinarut, Lahad Datu, Sandakan, Semporna and Tawau.[44][45]

Beside that, economic disparaties between Southern Phillipines and Sabah became the main reason why many of these illegal Moros sneak into the state. Some of these Moros still preceive the eastern part of Sabah are part or parcel of the Phillipines as these groups feel that they can enter Sabah as it is their historical privilege or rights.[46]

In 2014, the Eastern Sabah Security Command (Esscom) Security Coordinating Intelligence Officer Hassim Justin has blamed on the corruption, illegal issuance of identity cards and to the local authorities who did not taking any action to combat the squatter colonies before which now has contributed to the high increase of the illegal immigrant population in Sabah, he mention about the culture of these immigrants;

“ Although these foreigners stayed in Sabah, their loyalty to the Philippines never swayed and brought along crimes like drugs, smuggling and piracy. The Filipinos from this region are also vengeful and ill-tempered, where disputes often result in shooting and end in bloody feuds. "A culture they call Rido".[47] ”

Attacks[]

See also: 1985 Lahad Datu ambush, 2000 Sipadan kidnappings, and 2013 Lahad Datu standoff

20th century[]

In 1962, seven Filipinos Moros armed with machete attacked the town of Kunak and robbed the businessmen there. The seven Filipinos Moros once again attacking in 1963, this time attacked the town of Semporna and killing a numbers of resident.[27] In October 1979, a passenger boat on the way to Semporna from Lahad Datu with 48 passengers was attacked and forced to turned on Adal Island. Three passengers was shot dead, one woman was rape and the others was taken to the Philippines but soon recovered by the Philippine security forces. In 1980, a groups comprising 6–8 Moro peoples attack an island near Semporna with M-16, killing villagers while they asleep. At the end, seven villagers were killed while 11 others were injured. In 1982, a groups of Moro peoples once again ambush a village in Timba-Timba, they started to shoots, robbing and killing villagers. The motive soon was found to be a revenge. While the incident in 1985 considered as one of the most terrifying incident when 21 peoples get killed and another 11 wounded. In retaliation, five of the intruders later was killed by the Malaysian marine police while others managed to escaped. At the end of the tragedy, one of the victim said;

“ I cannot help wondering about our government, which can’t seem to defend us against these marauders.[33] ”

In 1987, two Japanese managers was killed while others wounded after twelve gunmens attack a factory in the island of Boheydulang, forcing the company to closed and move their factory to Indonesia.[32] In 1996, two separate armed groups from the Southern Philippines attack the town of Semporna, the first group attack a police station by throwing a fish bomb while the second group managed to steal a jewellery worth around MYR100,000 at a gold shop. During the shoot-out, two of the group members was captured by the police with 200 bullets recovered from them. However, the rest managed to escaped. In March 1996, another attacks by 10–20 Moros happens to the town of Semporna when three separate armed groups attack a different places in the same time. The first group attack a police headquarters while the second group attack a police station. It is acknowledged the first and the second group motive was to delayed time while to let the third group success in robbing a gold shop. No arrest was made and all the intruders managed to escaped with MYR200,000. Again in July 1996, four armed men attack a gold shop in Tawau and managed to steal jewellery worth around MYR150,000. However, one of the gunmen later made a mistake when he retreated to a refugee village in Tawau where he been shot dead by the police. After an hour of investigation, another 5 gunmen from other group was killed by the police.[32]

21st century[]

In 2000, the Abu Sayyaf group kidnapped a large number of hostages. 10 of the tourists are from Europe and the Middle East while 11 are Malaysian resort workers. All hostages was later rescued by the Philippine security forces in Jolo, Sulu. In 2003, six foreigners kidnapped by 10 Moro pirates. In 2004, two Sarawakians and an Indonesian kidnapped by Abu Sayyaf based group. In 2005, five Filipinos abducted three Indonesian crew of a Sandakan based trading company near Mataking Island off Semporna. In 2010, a crew of fishermen was captured by Filipino gunmen when their boat strayed into the Philippine waters near Boan Island. All crews was later released without any ransom been paid. Also in the same year, a seaweed manager and supervisor kidnapped by four armed Filipino in Sebangkat Island. Both victims was freed 11 months later. In 2011, ten armed Filipinos kidnapped a Malaysian businessmen.[27] On 11 February 2013, a group of approximately 100–200 individuals, some of them armed, arrived by boat in Lahad Datu, Sabah from Simunul island, Tawi-Tawi in the southern Philippines.[48] They were sent by Jamalul Kiram III, one of the claimants to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu. Their objective was to assert their unresolved territorial claim to North Borneo. During the standoff, 68 of his followers were killed including 2 civilians and 10 Malaysian forces.[49][50][51] In November 2013, suspected Abu Sayyaf militants killed a Taiwanese national at Pom Pom Island and released his wife a month later in the southern Philippines.[52] In January 2014, an attempted of further intrusion by foreign elements on Sabah was already blocked by the Malaysian security forces.[53] On 2 April 2014, a Chinese tourist and a Filipino national were abducted off Singamata Adventures Reef and Resort, Semporna. Two months later, they were rescued by Malaysian and Philippine security forces. On 6 May 2014, another abduction involving a Chinese national occurred in Silam, near the Lahad Datu area in Sabah.[52] He was later freed on 10 July.[54] On 16 June, a fish breeder and a Filipino worker was kidnapped off Kunak.[31][55] On 12 July, a policeman was shot dead and another marine policeman was abducted at Mabul Water Bungalows Resort, Mabul island.[56] In October 2014, two Vietnamese fishermen who were working for a Malay employer, has been shot by Filipino pirates. All of them later been rescued by the Malaysian security forces and sent to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.[57][58]

Attack tactics[]

The tactics is different based on their motives for every groups, basically the Moros will attack and escaped to the Philippines area or any nearest islands when their activities were spotted by the security forces. In this modern days, they will usually steal boat engine, foods and other useful things such as television and even an Astro decoder.[59] In some cases, the Moros also attack towns, killing innocent civilians and kidnapping as evidenced on Lahad Datu and Semporna attacks.[32] The Filipinos illegal immigrants playing an important role on helping them to providing any information on their next target.[12]

Counter-measures[]

Geography security[]

Main articles: Eastern Sabah Security Command and Eastern Sabah Security Zone
Semporna Sabah Ship-PA-16-01

Malaysian Marine Police on duty patrolling the waters around Semporna especially on the Bajau Laut villages to prevent any further intrusion.

Since the British period, the British has suffered a high number of attacks, this led to the deployment of Henry Keppel and James Brooke in 1846 to search any pirates nest on North Borneo.[6] After a long journey battling with the pirates, the last pirate nest in Tunku, Lahad Datu was destroyed by the British.[60]

The latest intrusion in 2013 makes the Malaysian government establish the Eastern Sabah Security Command (ESSCOM), Eastern Sabah Security Zone (ESSZONE) and deployed a large assets to Sabah.[61] Beside unstoppable Moro Pirates and Abu Sayyaf attacks, the Malaysian government has decide to impose a curfew on eastern Sabah waters and started to use a radar to detect any suspicious activities on every tiny settlements along the east coast.[62][63]

There is a call from the former Chief Minister of Sabah, Harris Salleh to the federal government to reconsider the proposal to move the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) base from Butterworth to Labuan. He suggested the air force base should be relocated to Tawau in the interest of security in the eastern Sabah.[64] The Minister of Transport, Liow Tiong Lai has also proposed to extend the area of ESSCOM and ESSZONE to cover the whole Sabah as also been proposed by Yong Teck Lee.[65]

Social security[]

Main articles: Illegal immigrants in Malaysia and Royal Commission of Inquiry on illegal immigrants in Sabah

The former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad has suggested the government of Sabah to demolished all the water villages in eastern Sabah and resettle only the local peoples there as the era of the water villages has passed and the lifestyle of the villagers there who live in the sea is not appropriate for the modern way of life in Malaysia as the nation aims for Vision 2020.[66] A Sabah MP, Rosnah Shirlin has called for the closure of the Filipino refugee camp in Kinarut, saying it is a threat to security in Papar. She quote;

“ The refugee camp has creating a lot of problems for the residents of the district. The camp has become a drugs den and the source of many other criminal activities. Over the years, many robberies had taken place in nearby villages and the culprits are mostly from the camp. Supposedly, the improved situation in the Philippines today has brought into question whether these Filipinos could still be regarded as refugees. The camp was set up on a 40-acre plot of land near Kampung Laut in the early 1980s by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). But the UNHCR had long ago stopped providing funds to the camp and as a result, many of these foreigners had been working outside the camp. The refugees had even dare to expanded the camp area, encroaching on nearby village land and today, the camp has become the biggest syabu distribution den in Papar.[67] ”

United Sabah People's Party (PBRS) leader, Joseph Kurup shared a similar view on this, adding the Moro refugees and immigrants should take the opportunity to return and develop their homeland in Mindanao, Philippines as the peace was restored there.[68] Another Sabah former Chief Minister, Yong Teck Lee has suggested to suspend the ferry service in Sandakan to counter the high level of Moro people migration from the Southern Philippines which now has become the major problem to Sabah when they overstaying in the state and becoming an illegal immigrants.[69][70] In October 2014, the Minister of Home Affairs, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi announced that all stateless children in Sabah will be given a birth certificates for schooling purposes.[71] The proposal was soon opposed by a numbers of Sabahan politicians both from the opposition and government allied parties such as Joseph Pairin Kitingan, Darell Leiking and Yong Teck Lee, citing the act would brought a big problem to Sabah in the future.[72][73][74] While another Sabah based opposition parties leader, Jeffrey Kitingan has called for a different birth certificates issued to the foreigners.[75] Sabah State Legislative Assembly Members for Kamunting in Sandakan, Charles O Pang believes the education system will be burdened if the possibility of stateless children are given birth certificates. He quote;

“ According to Sabah survey of statelessness, it is estimated that around 36,000 stateless children of Indonesian origin lived in the state and most employees understand they are working on palm oil plantations. While stateless children from the Philippines are estimated much higher. He did not deny that most people who come to Sabah to seek a better life but the problems posed by the illegal human wave will only lead to trouble. Obviously, this scenario creates an unfair situation for Malaysians in the sense that we are taxpayers, and who should pay the high costs of the non-citizen children not only in their schools, but also in the terms of maintenance of their lives?[76] ”

Large amounts had been spent for these Filipino illegal immigrants life maintenance and the amount remains unpaid until today despite attempts to recover the monies. Sabah Health Department said that infectious disease among the illegal immigrants was on the rise resulting to more expenditures, as well as provisions for more funds to accommodate the logistics such as medical officers and others.[77] Sabah Kiulu Assemblyman, Joniston Bangkuai point out a similar view on the stateless issue. He said;

“ It used to be that they (the illegal Filipinos) came here to look for livelihood. They came to look for work, but now they are multiplying, with some of their women giving birth to as many as 10 children, but they are not taken care of.[78] ”

The Sabah National Registration Department (NRD) director, Ismail Ahmad has clarified that the issuing of the birth certificates does not make the stateless children as a Malaysians or Sabahan citizens as the certificates will be only used for record and monitoring purpose to show that the children is born in Sabah.[79] Beside that, a DNA tests is now among the methods being used to ensure only genuine citizens been issued with the Malaysian birth certificates when they apply for late birth registrations.[80] After several discussions, the Malaysian Cabinet later decided to give only special birth document instead of birth certificates as been announced by the Malaysian Prime Minister, Najib Razak.[81][82]

The United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) will present their proposed solutions on the problems after they have obtained the full Royal Commission Inquiry report, among the main proposal would be to re-call and re-issue all the identification cards of the people of Sabah.[83] Other former politicians has asked the federal government to investigate the action of some individuals acknowledged that they are the royal blood of the Sulu Sultanate and has conferring many Datukship title to local Sabahans and to those from the peninsula until today, adding the action should not have happened here as the 2013 standoff was happened when a couples from the Philippines had come to the state to meet all the Suluks people here. When they been asked for what the purpose of their visit, they only said that in Sabah, there are about 1.5 million Suluks and they wanted to discuss with the relevant authority to take care of their people. But after they went back to the Philippines, suddenly the 2013 incident happened. These were the people who said that Tanduo belongs to the Sulu Sultan. The former politician also added that right after the incident, there have been frequent incidents such as kidnappings and murders of a tourist and police officer.[84]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 See Battle off Mukah.
  2. ↑ Ranjit Singh (1984). Brunei, 1839–1983: the problems of political survival. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-582571-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=XXUfAAAAMAAJ. 
  3. ↑ Steven Runciman (3 February 2011). The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-0-521-12899-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=m4_O9GB4KBoC&pg=PA116. 
  4. ↑ Nicholas Tarling (17 June 2013). Southeast Asia and the Great Powers. Routledge. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-1-135-22941-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=h0jNY-uPXKoC&pg=PA58. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ubac, Michael Lim (7 March 2013). "Aquino: I won’t allow Sulu sultan to drag PH into war with Malaysia". The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140724170821/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/67373/aquino-i-wont-allow-sulu-sultan-to-drag-ph-into-war-with-malaysia. Retrieved 5 November 2014. "President Aquino said in a statement, ‘I appeal to you (Jamalul Kiram III) — we should be really clear on this — this incident is wrong. If this is wrong, why should we (the government) lend support to this? We should support what is right… which will lead us to brighter prospects; the wrong option will only bring us ruin. That's it, that's my simple message.’ He also added ‘Let's not forget: What they (the Jamalul Kiram III faction) are pushing for is their right as so-called heirs of the sultan of Sulu. It's not yet clear if their rights have been transferred to the Philippines. But we (the Philippines citizens and our nation) will all be affected by their conflict (with Malaysia).’" 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 CAPTAIN THE HON. HENRY KEPPEL, R.N. (1846). THE EXPEDITION TO BORNEO OF H.M.S. DIDO FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF PIRACY. pp. 214–. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZqAuaWxRhpEC&pg=PA214. 
  7. ↑ Oxford Business Group. The Report: Sabah 2011. Oxford Business Group. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-1-907065-36-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=nKJoQ4o-_DsC&pg=PA12. 
  8. ↑ "Nur Misuari to be repatriated to stand trial". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140705093825/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/427980. Retrieved 8 July 2014. 
  9. ↑ Vanar, Muguntan (29 June 2013). "Lahad Datu: Ops Daulat officially ends today". The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/06/29/Ops-daulat-Lahad-datu.aspx. Retrieved 11 October 2013. 
  10. ↑ "ESSCOM will continue to hold programmes on security within ESSZONE". The New Sabah Times. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140629152805/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/72588. Retrieved 26 October 2013. 
  11. ↑ Jaymalin, Mayen (25 March 2014). "Over 26,000 Filipino illegal migrants return from Sabah". The Philippine Star. ABS-CBN News. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/03/24/14/over-26000-filipino-illegal-migrants-return-sabah. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Gindol, Kanul (31 May 2014). "‘Localised’ illegal immigrants helping ‘foreign’ relatives in Sabah". The Ant Daily. http://www.theantdaily.com/Top-Stories/-Localised-illegal-immigrants-helping-foreign-relatives-in-Sabah/. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  13. ↑ "Sandakan Heritage Trail". etawau. 3 April 2014. http://www.etawau.com/Geography/Sabah/4_SandakanDivision/Sandakan/Heritage_Trail.htm. Retrieved 7 November 2014. "William Pryer was the founder of modern Sandakan in 1879. He cleared the bay of pirates and took the first steps to eliminate slavery which was rampant at the time." 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Greg Poulgrain (1998). The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, 1945–1965. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-85065-513-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=S3eCr4q02RcC&pg=PA177. 
  15. ↑ "Sabah kidnaps work of Muktadil brothers: Cops". Daily Express. 24 August 2014. http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=90859. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  16. ↑ Teoh El Sen (14 March 2013). "MNLF supports Sulu claim, says Nur Misuari faction". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140705095938/http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/mnlf-supports-sulu-claim-says-nur-misuari-faction-9877. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  17. ↑ "Nur Misuari involved, says Zahid". Bernama. MySinChew English. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140716094527/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/99892. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ian Pfennigwerth (2008). Tiger Territory: The Untold Story of the Royal Australian Navy in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1971. Rosenberg. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-877058-65-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=X2oU07qFWx4C&pg=PA69. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 New Zealand. Registrar-General's Office; New Zealand. Census and Statistics Dept; New Zealand. Dept. of Statistics; New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand (1957). New Zealand official yearbook. Dept. of Statistics.. http://books.google.com/books?id=c-8YAQAAIAAJ. 
  20. ↑ New Zealand. Dept. of External Affairs (1963). External Affairs Review. http://books.google.com/books?id=iEQgAAAAMAAJ. 
  21. ↑ Vanar, Muguntan (22 February 2013). "Lahad Datu Standoff: Philippines naval ships in Tawi-Tawi waters to help stabilise situation". The Star. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2013/2/22/nation/20130222100058. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  22. ↑ "Muktadir kin – mastermind behind kidnaps?". The Star. 22 June 2014. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/06/22/Muktadir-kin-mastermind-behind-kidnaps-Sources-Brothers-sell-hostages-to-Abu-Sayyaf/. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Vic Hurley (1 October 2010). Swish of the Kris, the Story of the Moros, Authorized and Enhanced Edition. Cerberus Books. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-615-38242-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=qUkH7NgWlKUC&pg=PA203. 
  24. ↑ Chris Bellamy (14 April 2011). The Gurkhas: Special Force. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 217–. ISBN 978-1-84854-515-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=WNumN3xIQRYC&pg=PT217. 
  25. ↑ Great Britain. Colonial Office (1961). Colony of North Borneo: Annual Report. H.M. Stationery Office. http://books.google.com/books?id=2DQdAAAAMAAJ. 
  26. ↑ Abigail C. Kwok (10 April 2013). "Sulu Governor: No MNLF rescue mission for Filipinos in Sabah". Inter Aksyon. http://www.interaksyon.com/article/59091/sulu-governor-no-mnlf-rescue-mission-for-filipinos-in-sabah. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Major incidences of Sabah cross-border crimes". The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/~/media/Images/TSOL/Photos-Gallery/Nation/2014/06/22/cross%20border%20crimes%20new%20new.ashx/. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 Stefan Eklöf (1 January 2006). Pirates in Paradise: A Modern History of Southeast Asia's Maritime Marauders. NIAS Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-87-91114-37-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=SlDe_cmh3mgC&pg=PA38. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 "Kronologi pencerobohon Lahad Datu" (in Malay). Astro Awani. 15 February 2014. http://www.astroawani.com/videos/show/buletin-awani/kronologi-pencerobohon-lahad-datu-25523. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Malaysian cop killed, another kidnapped in Sabah". One News. Television New Zealand. 13 July 2014. http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/malaysian-cop-killed-another-kidnapped-in-sabah-6026311. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Extremists threaten to kill Malaysian hostage". Gulf Times. 30 September 2014. http://www.gulf-times.com/asean-philippines/188/details/410437/extremists-threaten-to-kill-malaysian-hostage. Retrieved 7 November 2014. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Ramli Dollah (9 December 2004). "Lanun atau Mundu di Sabah" (in Malay) (PDF). University of Malaya. pp. 176, 178 and 180 (6, 8 and 10). http://jati-dseas.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/4259/12.%20171-188%20Ramli..%20Lanun%20Atau%20Mundu%20Di%20Sabah..%20Jati%209.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Masayuki Doi (30 October 1985). "Filipino pirates wreak havoc in a Malaysian island paradise". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19851030&id=fjZWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KugDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2040,10656153. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  34. ↑ "Lahad Datu Recalls Its Blackest Monday". New Straits Times. 24 September 1987. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870924&id=emNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4938,4898789. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  35. ↑ Muguntan Vanar (5 November 2014). "Sabah police chief: Penampang robbers were Sulu militants". The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/11/05/Sabah-cops-Penampang-RSF/. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  36. ↑ Charles Ramendran (26 October 2014). "Intruder shot dead in boat off Semporna". The Sun. http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1208342. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  37. ↑ "Alleged Pinoy intruder shot at PHL-Malaysian border —report". GMA News. 5 September 2014. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/377863/news/nation/alleged-pinoy-intruder-shot-at-phl-malaysian-border-report. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  38. ↑ "Abu Sayyaf behind Taiwanese man’s murder, wife’s kidnapping, police say". Taipei Times. 17 November 2013. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/11/17/2003577064. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Eric Tagliacozzo (2007). Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and States Along a Southeast Asian Frontier, 1865–1915. NUS Press. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-9971-69-385-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=RqifJYxKCKoC&pg=PA115. 
  40. ↑ David Joel Steinberg (1 January 2000). The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place. Basic Books. pp. 91–. ISBN 0-8133-3755-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=8mf8YUky_mMC&pg=PA91. 
  41. ↑ James Francis Warren (2007). The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. NUS Press. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-9971-69-386-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA147. 
  42. ↑ George MacDonald Fraser (7 May 2013). Flashman's Lady. Penguin Group US. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-1-101-63386-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=D-05bjaC4cEC&pg=PT254. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 Sina Frank (May 2006). "Project Mahathir: ‘Extraordinary’ Population Growth in Sabah (The History of Illegal Immigration to Sabah)" (PDF). Im Fokus. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. pp. 72 and 73 / 2 and 3. http://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/openaccess/suedostasienaktuell/2006_5/giga_soa_2006_5_frank.pdf. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  44. ↑ Kamal Sadiq (2 December 2008). Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-19-970780-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDa6LrF1yCIC&pg=PA47. 
  45. ↑ Examiner. L.O. Ty.. 1979. http://books.google.com/books?id=UEU_AAAAMAAJ. 
  46. ↑ "RCI: Job opportunities attract illegal immigrants to Sabah". New Straits Times. 3 December 2014. http://www.nst.com.my/node/58848. Retrieved 3 December 2014. 
  47. ↑ "Illegals: Graft, illegal issuance of ICs, councils blamed". Daily Express. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140629160829/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=90149. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  48. ↑ "Heirs of Sultan of Sulu pursue Sabah claim on their own". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 16 February 2013. http://globalnation.inquirer.net/64577/heirs-of-sultan-of-sulu-pursue-sabah-claim-on-their-own. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  49. ↑ Mike Frialde (23 February 2013). "Sultanate of Sulu wants Sabah returned to Phl". The Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/02/23/912045/sultanate-sulu-wants-sabah-returned-phl. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  50. ↑ "Kronologi pencerobohon Lahad Datu" (in Malay). Astro Awani. 15 February 2014. http://www.astroawani.com/videos/show/buletin-awani/kronologi-pencerobohon-lahad-datu-25523. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  51. ↑ "Dakwaan anggota tentera terbunuh hanya taktik musuh – Panglima Tentera Darat" (in Malay). Astro Awani. 12 August 2013. http://www.astroawani.com/news/show/dakwaan-anggota-tentera-terbunuh-hanya-taktik-musuh-panglima-tentera-darat-20183. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Pinghui, Zhuang (31 May 2014). "Chinese tourist kidnapped in Malaysia is rescued by security forces". South China Morning Post. http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1522303/rescue-chinese-tourist-and-filipino-worker-held-hostage-2-months-after. Retrieved 24 June 2014. 
  53. ↑ Zolkepli, Farik (11 January 2014). "Another Sabah intrusion warded off". The Star (Malaysia). http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/01/11/Another-Sabah-intrusion-warded-off-Security-on-east-coast-of-state-to-be-increased-to-prevent-furthe/. Retrieved 24 June 2014. 
  54. ↑ Lee, Stephanie (10 July 2014). "Filipino gunmen free kidnapped Chinese fish farm manager". The Star (Malaysia). http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/07/10/Chinese-fish-farm-manager-released-by-gunmen/. Retrieved 29 July 2014. 
  55. ↑ Vanar, Muguntan (16 June 2014). "Kunak kidnap: Filipino gunmen kidnap fish breeder, worker in Sabah east coast". The Star (Malaysia). http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/06/16/Sabah-Kidnapped-Kunak/. Retrieved 29 July 2014. 
  56. ↑ Vanar, Muguntan (13 July 2014). "Mabul attack: Massive hunt for gunmen after cop killed, another feared kidnapped during shootout". The Star (Malaysia). http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/07/13/Mabul-island-massive-hunt-for-cop-killer/. Retrieved 29 July 2014. 
  57. ↑ "Filipino pirates shoot Vietnamese fishermen off Malay coast". Thanh Nien News. 17 October 2014. http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/filipino-pirates-shoot-vietnamese-fishermen-off-malay-coast-32694.html. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  58. ↑ "Vietnamese vessel attacked in Malaysia". Hanoi Times. 17 October 2014. http://hanoitimes.com.vn/social-affair/2014/10/81E088A4/vietnamese-vessel-attacked-in-malaysia/. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  59. ↑ "Armed group fails to kidnap cage-fish farmer in Semporna". The Borneo Post. 8 July 2014. http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/07/08/armed-group-fails-to-kidnap-cage-fish-farmer-in-semporna/. Retrieved 5 November 2014. 
  60. ↑ Borneo. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. 2008. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-1-74059-105-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=vvXoC8F5Oq0C&pg=PA26. 
  61. ↑ Roy Goh (13 October 2014). "More assets to enhance security in Sabah". New Straits Times. http://www.nst.com.my/node/42472. Retrieved 7 November 2014. 
  62. ↑ "Curfew for Sabah's east coast after spate of kidnappings". The Straits Times. 17 July 2014. http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south-east-asia/story/curfew-sabahs-east-coast-after-spate-kidnappings-20140717. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  63. ↑ "Sabah security officials to assess threat on tiny settlements". The Star/Asia News Network. asiaone. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140822054752/http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/sabah-security-officials-assess-threat-tiny-settlements. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  64. ↑ "Harris: Shift RMAF base to Tawau, not Labuan". Daily Express. 3 November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20141107122415/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=92896. Retrieved 7 November 2014. 
  65. ↑ "Sabah's Safety Concern Should Be For Whole State – Liow". Bernama. 15 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140717140200/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v7/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1053765. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  66. ↑ "Sabah unsafe if water villages not demolished: Dr M". Daily Express. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140717131652/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=90414. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  67. ↑ "Shut Kinarut Refugee Camp, says Rosnah". New Sabah Times. http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/6485. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  68. ↑ "Moro refugees, immigrants in Sabah should return, develop homeland — Kurup". Bernama. The Borneo Post. 21 January 2013. http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/01/21/moro-refugees-immigrants-in-sabah-should-return-develop-homeland-kurup/. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  69. ↑ "Closure of Filipino refugee camps in Malaysia sought". GMA Network. 19 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140329110524/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/39013/ulatfilipino/balitangpinoy/closure-of-filipino-refugee-camps-in-malaysia-sought. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  70. ↑ Yong Teck Lee (2 February 2002). "SCRAP FERRY SERVICES: YONG". Sabah.org.my. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140329110927/http://www.sabah.org.my/mpgaya/press/2002/scrapferry.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  71. ↑ Jennifer Gomez (29 October 2014). "Zahid looks to tribunal for answer to Sabah’s stateless children". The Malaysian Insider. http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/zahid-looks-to-tribunal-for-answer-to-sabahs-stateless-children. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  72. ↑ "Sabah leaders seeing red over issuance of birth certs to stateless children". The Rakyat Post. 31 October 2014. http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/10/31/sabah-leaders-seeing-red-issuance-birth-certs-stateless-children/. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  73. ↑ "Future generations to bear consequences of foolish ‘humane’ decision, says PKR lawmaker". The Rakyat Post. 31 October 2014. http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/10/31/future-generations-bear-consequences-foolish-humane-decision-says-pkr-lawmaker/. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  74. ↑ "‘Issuing BCs to stateless kids only worsens illegals problem in Sabah’". The Rakyat Post. 3 November 2014. http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/11/03/issuing-bcs-stateless-kids-worsens-illegals-problem-sabah/. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  75. ↑ Michael Teh (2 November 2014). "Jeffrey calls for different birth cert for foreign children". New Sabah Times. http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/81871. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  76. ↑ "Charles: Sistem pendidikan terbeban jika anak tanpa kerakyatan diberi sijil lahir" (in Malay). New Sabah Times. 6 November 2014. http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/82021. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  77. ↑ "RCI: Large amount spent on food, education, healthcare of illegal immigrants.". New Straits Times. 3 December 2014. http://www.nst.com.my/node/58884. Retrieved 3 December 2014. 
  78. ↑ Julia Chan (10 November 2014). "Illegal immigrants, crime shattering peace in Sabah’s villages, state reps say". The Malay Mail. http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/illegal-immigrants-crime-shattering-peace-in-sabahs-villages-state-reps-say. Retrieved 11 November 2014. 
  79. ↑ Avila Geraldine (4 November 2014). "Birth certificates issued to Sabah born foreign children do not make them Malaysians". New Straits Times. http://www.nst.com.my/node/49464. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  80. ↑ Ruben Sario (6 November 2014). "DNA tests to help certify genuine Malaysians in late birth registrations". The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/11/06/DNA-tests-to-verify-citizenship-Dept-Method-will-help-certify-genuine-Malaysians-in-late-birth-regis/. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  81. ↑ "Najib: Children of stateless individuals born in Sabah to get special birth document". The Star. 16 November 2014. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/11/16/Najib-Birth-Document-Sabah/. Retrieved 17 November 2014. 
  82. ↑ Stephanie Lee (17 November 2014). "Najib: Form is visually different from certificate". The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/11/17/No-auto-citizenshipwith-birth-document/. Retrieved 17 November 2014. 
  83. ↑ "RCI: UPKO to propose solutions on influx of illegal immigrants". New Straits Times. 3 December 2014. http://www.nst.com.my/node/58878. Retrieved 3 December 2014. 
  84. ↑ "'Stop people receiving Sulu Sultan awards'". Daily Express. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20141107125656/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93088. Retrieved 7 November 2014. 
History of the Moro conflict
Causes
Factions
Moro nationalists
Islamists
Notable incidents
Philippines
Malaysia
Peace process
  • Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (MNLF)
  • Bangsamoro (MILF)
    • 1 Committed only against the Philippines. 2 Committed only against Malaysia.
    Part of a series on Terrorism in Malaysia
    Notable attacks
    Moro attacks
    Events
    Notable terrorists
    Malaysian
    • Azahari Husin (killed)
    • Mohamed Amin Mohamed Razali (executed)
    • Noordin Mohammad Top (killed)
    • Yazid Sufaat
    • Zulkifli Abdhir (killed)
    Foreigners
  • Agbimuddin Kiram (deceased)
  • Jamalul Kiram III (deceased)
  • Nur Misuari
    • Terrorist groups
    Pre-Malaysia
    In Malaysia
  • Al-Ma'unah (defeated)
  • Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia (defunct)
    • Foreign countries
  • Abu Sayyaf
  • Japanese Red Army (defunct)
  • Jemaah Islamiyah
  • Moro National Liberation Front (Nur Misuari faction)
  • Indonesian pirates
  • Moro pirates
  • Somali pirates
  • Sultanate of Sulu (Jamalul Kiram III faction) (defeated)
    • Counter-terrorist units
    MAF
    MMEA
    MID
    MPD
    RMP
  • Pasukan Gerakan Khas
  • UNGERIN
    • Laws against terrorism
  • Emergency (Public Order and Crime Prevention) Ordinance
  • Internal Security Act (defunct)
  • Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012
  • Prevention of Terrorism Act
    • Related topics
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