Military Wiki
in: All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from November 2014, All articles lacking reliable references,
and 11 more

Military history of California

Sign in to edit

California (Listeni/ˌkælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is the most populous U.S. state,[1] home to 1 out of 8 Americans (38 million people), and is the third largest state by area (after Alaska and Texas). California is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and the Mexican State of Baja California to the south. It is home to the nation's second and fifth most populous census statistical areas (Greater Los Angeles area and San Francisco Bay Area, respectively), and eight of the nation's 50 most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach, and Oakland).[2] The capital city is Sacramento.

What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. It was then claimed by the Spanish Empire as part of Alta California in the larger territory of New Spain. Alta California became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence, but would later be ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican-American War. The western portion of Alta California was soon organized as the State of California, which was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic change, with large scale immigration from the U.S. and abroad and an accompanying economic boom.

Geography[]

California Topography-MEDIUM

A topographic map of California

Big Sur June 2008

A view of the Pacific coast in Big Sur

Californiacentralvalley

Aerial view of the California Central Valley

1 yosemite valley tunnel view 2010

Yosemite National Park

California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas.[3]

In the middle of the state lies the California Central Valley, bounded by the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the Sierra Nevada to the east, the Cascade Range in the north and the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California's agricultural heartland.

Divided in two by the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the northern portion, the Sacramento Valley serves as the watershed of the Sacramento River, while the southern portion, the San Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San Joaquin River; both areas derive their names from the rivers that transit them. With dredging, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained sufficiently deep that several inland cities are seaports.

The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta serves as a critical water supply hub for the state. Water is routed through an extensive network of canals and pumps out of the delta, that traverse nearly the length of the state, including the Central Valley Project and the State Water Project. Water from the Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people, almost two-thirds of the state's population, and provides water to farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. The Channel Islands are located off the southern coast.

The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range") includes the highest peak in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4,421 m).[4][5][6] The range embraces Yosemite Valley, famous for its glacially carved domes, and Sequoia National Park, home to the giant sequoia trees, the largest living organisms on Earth, and the deep freshwater lake, Lake Tahoe, the largest lake in the state by volume.

To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential migratory bird habitat. In the western part of the state is Clear Lake, the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in California. Though Lake Tahoe is larger, it is divided by the California/Nevada border. The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers, including Palisade Glacier, the southernmost glacier in the United States.

About 45 percent of the state's total surface area is covered by forests,[7] and California's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state. California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska. Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world; an individual Bristlecone pine has an age over 5,000 years.[8][9]

In the south is a large inland salt lake, the Salton Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America, the Badwater Basin at −282 feet (−86 m).[10] The horizontal distance from the nadir of Death Valley to the summit of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles (140 km). Indeed, almost all of southeastern California is arid, hot desert, with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer. The southeastern border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River, from which the southern part of the state gets about half of its water.

Along the California coast are several major metropolitan areas, including Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and the San Diego metropolitan area.

As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It sees numerous earthquakes due to several faults, in particular the San Andreas Fault.

History[]

Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1848

Mission San Diego de Alcalá drawn as it was in 1848. Established in 1769, it is the first of the California Missions established

Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000, which was about one-third of all native Americans in what is now the United States.[11] The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups.

The first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila Galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565.[12] Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain.

Finally, after the Portola expedition of 1769-70, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper)California, beginning in San Diego. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). Two of the pueblos grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose.

19th century[]

Vue de l’etablissement russe de la Bodega, à la Côte de la Nouvelle Albion, en 1828

The Russians from Alaska established their largest settlement in California, Fort Ross, in 1812

California1838

Map showing Alta California in 1838 when it was a sparsely populated Mexican province.[13]

SanFranciscoharbor1851c sharp

Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor in 1850 or 1851

Chinese Gold Miners b

Chinese gold miners in California

In 1821 the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico (including California) independence from Spain; for the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote northern province of the nation of Mexico.

Cattle ranches, or ranchos, emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. After Mexican independence from Spain, the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government and were secularized by 1834.[14] The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians) who had received land grants, and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants.

Beginning in the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the U.S. and Canada began to arrive in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts surrounding California. In this period, Imperial Russia explored the California coast and established a trading post at Fort Ross.

In between 1831 to 1836, California experienced a series of revolts against Mexico;[15] this culminated in the 1836 California revolt lead by Juan Bautista Alvarado, which ended after Mexico appointed him governor of the department.[16] The revolt, which had momentarily declared California an independent state, was successful with the assistance of American and British residents of California,[17] including Isaac Graham;[18] after 1840, 100 of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham affair in 1840.[17]

In 1846 settlers rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterwards, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's first and only president was William B. Ide,[19] who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt.

The California Republic was short lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the U.S. forces. After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American control in California.

Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war, the region was divided between Mexico and the U.S.; the western territory of Alta California, was to become the U.S. state of California, and Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah became U.S. Territories, while the lower region of California, the Baja Peninsula, remained in the possession of Mexico.

In 1846 the non-native population of California was estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans down from about 300,000 prior to Hispanic settlement in 1769.[20] After gold was discovered, the population burgeoned with U.S. citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By 1854 over 300,000 settlers had come.[21] Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.[22] On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted to the United States undivided as a free state, denying the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast.

California's native population precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which they had no natural immunity.[23] Like in other states, the native inhabitants were forcefully removed from their lands by incoming miners, ranchers, and farmers. And despite the fact that California entered the union as a free state, the "loitering or orphaned Indians" were de facto enslaved by Mexican and Anglo-American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians.[24] There were several massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed. Between 1850 and 1860, California paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government)[25] to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In subsequent decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often very small and isolated and lacked adequate natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them.[24] As a result, the rise of California brought great hardship for the native inhabitants. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide.[26]

The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule was located at Monterey from 1777 until 1845.[14] Pio Pico, last Mexican governor of Alta California, moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate was also located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.

In 1849, the Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the tasks was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854[27] with only a short break in 1861 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento.

Initially, travel between California and the rest of the continental U.S. was time consuming and dangerous. A more direct connection came in 1869 with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad through Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Once completed, hundreds of thousands of U.S. citizens came west, where new Californians were discovering that land in the state, if irrigated during the dry summer months, was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.

20th century[]

Hollywood-Studios-1922

Hollywood film studios, 1922

Migration to California accelerated during the early-20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white.[28] The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S history.[29]

In order to meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.

Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third (behind New York and Michigan) among the 48 states.[30] After World War II, California's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries,[31] whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War.[31][32] Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley.[33] As a result of these efforts, California is currently regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the U.S. center of agricultural production. Just before the "Dot Com Bust" California had the 5th largest economy in the world among nations.

Armed forces[]

USMC with HK53

The Marines train at MCLB's rifle range, Barstow, California

In California, as of 2009, the U.S. Department of Defense had a total of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines, 18,339 were Airmen, and 11,097 were Soldiers, with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees. Additionally, there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California.[34]

In 2010, Los Angeles County was the largest origin of military recruits in the United States by county, with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military.[35] However, as of 2002, Californians were relatively under-represented in the military as a proportion to its population.[36]

In 2000, California, had 2,569,340 veterans of U.S. military service: 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 (including the Persian Gulf War).[37] As of 2015, there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California, of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict, and just over four thousand served before World War II (the largest population of this group of any state).[38]

California's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard, the naval and state military reserve (militia), and the California Cadet Corps.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009" (CSV). U.S. Census Bureau. December 22, 2009. http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2009-01.csv. Retrieved December 24, 2009. [dead link]
  2. ↑ "E-4 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State, 2001–2009, with 2000 Benchmark.". Sacramento, California: State of California, Department of Finance. May 2009. http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-4/2001-09/. Retrieved December 24, 2009. [dead link]
  3. ↑ "2000 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). US Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 29. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf. Retrieved December 25, 2009. 
  4. ↑ "Whitney". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=GT1811. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 
  5. ↑ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011. 
  6. ↑ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  7. ↑ Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna; Goldman, George; McKillop, William (2003) (PDF). Forestry, Forest Products, and Forest Products Consumption in California. Davis, California: University of California – Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-60107-248-1. http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8070.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Lanner, RM (2007). The Bristlecone Book. Mountain Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0878425389. 
  9. ↑ "Oldlist". Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research. http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm. Retrieved January 8, 2013. 
  10. ↑ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". Reston, Virginia: USGS. April 29, 2005. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.  Originally published in 1995.
  11. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2007). California: A History. Modern Library Chronicles. 23. Random House Digital, Inc.. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8129-7753-0. 
  12. ↑ "Page 1580 of the 1778 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (second edition)". Hyzercreek.com. July 15, 2011. http://www.hyzercreek.com/britannica.htm. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
  13. ↑ source: Encyclopedia Britannica 7th edition, 1842, "Mexico"
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Introduction". Early History of the California Coast. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/intro.htm. Retrieved August 26, 2012. 
  15. ↑ Altman, Linda Jacobs (2005). California. Marshall Cavendish. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7614-1737-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=rAgL-tgWOecC&lpg=PA117&dq=1836%20California%20revolt&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q=1836%20California%20revolt&f=false. Retrieved March 16, 2013. 
    Testimonios: Early California Through the Eyes of Women, 1815–1848. Heyday. 2006. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-59714-033-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=DuvFpaRwJlgC&lpg=PA427&dq=1836%20California%20revolt&pg=PA425#v=onepage&q=1836%20California%20revolt&f=false. Retrieved March 16, 2013. 
  16. ↑ Starr, Kevin. California: A History. p. 17
    Hoover, Mildred Brooke; Kyle, Douglas E., eds (2002). Historic Spots in California. Historic Spots in California. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8047-7817-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=AYMPR6xAj50C&lpg=PA316&dq=1836%20California%20revolt&pg=PA316#v=onepage&q=1836%20California%20revolt&f=false. Retrieved March 16, 2013. 
    Conway, J.D. (2003). Monterey: Presidio, Pueblo, and Port. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-7385-2423-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=vz1jyn7Ti3oC&lpg=PA53&dq=1836%20California%20revolt&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=1836%20California%20revolt&f=false. Retrieved March 16, 2013. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Billington, Ray Allen; Ridge, Martin (2001). Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. University of New Mexico Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8263-1981-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=YoV-k7VcyZ0C&lpg=PA203&dq=1836%20California%20revolt%20%22Graham%20Affair%22&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q=1836%20California%20revolt%20%22Graham%20Affair%22&f=false. Retrieved February 16, 2013. 
  18. ↑ Hart, James David (1987). A Companion to California. University of California Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-520-05544-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=teJCPQtWfOMC&lpg=PA315&dq=Isaac%20Graham%201836%20california%20revolt&pg=PA315#v=onepage&q=Isaac%20Graham%201836%20california%20revolt&f=false. Retrieved March 16, 2013. 
    Harlow, Neal (1989). California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846–1850. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-06605-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=pApgP6lBVbMC&lpg=PA27&dq=Isaac%20Graham%201836%20california%20revolt&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=Isaac%20Graham%201836%20california%20revolt&f=false. Retrieved March 16, 2013. 
  19. ↑ "William B. Ide Adobe SHP". California State Parks. http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=458. Retrieved December 25, 2009. 
  20. ↑ Thomas J. Osborne (2012). Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California. John Wiley & Sons. p. 40. ISBN 1-118-29217-0
  21. ↑ "California Gold Rush, 1848–1864". Learn California.org, a site designed for the California Secretary of State. http://www.learncalifornia.org/doc.asp?id=118. Retrieved July 22, 2008. 
  22. ↑ "1870 Fast Facts". U.S. Census Bureau.
  23. ↑ "Destruction of the California Indians". California Secretary of State. http://www.learncalifornia.org/doc.asp?id=1617. Retrieved April 15, 2012. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "INDIANS of CALIFORNIA – American Period". Cabrillo.edu. http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/anth6_americanperiod.html. Retrieved March 21, 2012. [unreliable source?]
  25. ↑ "California Militia and Expeditions Against the Indians, 1850–1859". Militarymuseum.org. http://www.militarymuseum.org/MilitiaandIndians.html. Retrieved March 21, 2012. 
  26. ↑ see also Benjamin Madley, American Genocide: The California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873, Yale University Press, 2012.[dead link]
  27. ↑ Wilson, Dotson; Ebbert, Brian S. (2006) (PDF). California's Legislature (2006 ed.). Sacramento: California State Assembly. OCLC 70700867. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pdf/caleg11.pdf. 
  28. ↑ "California – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. 
  29. ↑ Shepard Krech, III; J. R. McNeill; Carolyn Merchant (2004). Encyclopedia of world environmental history: O-Z, Index. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 540–. ISBN 978-0-415-93734-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=G7JrhAy5phoC&pg=PA540. Retrieved November 23, 2012. 
  30. ↑ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p. 111
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Bill Watkins (October 10, 2012). "How California Lost its Mojo". http://www.foxandhoundsdaily.com/2012/10/how-california-lost-its-mojo/. Retrieved June 25, 2013. 
    Nancy Kleniewski; Alexander R. Thomas (March 1, 2010). Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life. Cengage Learning. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-495-81222-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=dWuQ70MtnIQC&pg=PA91. Retrieved June 26, 2013. 
  32. ↑ Rosa Maria Moller (May 2008). "Aerospace States' Incentives to Attract The Industry". California Research Bureau. pp. 24–25. http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/08/08-005.pdf. Retrieved June 25, 2013. 
    Robert A. Kleinhenz; Kimberly Ritter-Martinez (August 2012). "The Aerospace Industry in Southern California". Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. p. 10. http://laedc.org/reports/AerospaceinSoCal_0812.pdf. Retrieved June 25, 2013. "In 1987, California accounted for one in four aerospace jobs nationally, and in Los Angeles County, the share was one in ten. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Department of Defense (DOD) sharply curtailed procurement spending. In 1995, DOD spending fell below $50 billion for the first time since 1982. Nowhere in the country were the changes in Pentagon outlays more apparent than in Southern California." 
    Eric John Heikkila; Rafael Pizarro (January 1, 2002). Southern California and the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-275-97112-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=upaN7waaW7AC&pg=PA18. Retrieved June 25, 2013. 
    James Flanigan (2009). Smile Southern California, You're the Center of the Universe: The Economy and People of a Global Region. Stanford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8047-5625-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=T-_FMngVdI4C&pg=PA25. Retrieved June 25, 2013. 
  33. ↑ Markoff, John (April 17, 2009). "Searching for Silicon Valley". New York Times. The New York Times Company. http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved February 26, 2011. 
  34. ↑ "Table 508. Military and Civilian Personnel in Installations: 2009". United States Department of Commerce. 2012. http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0509.pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2013. 
  35. ↑ "Military recruitment 2010". National Priorities Project. June 30, 2011. http://nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2011/military-recruitment-2010/. Retrieved June 15, 2013. 
  36. ↑ Segal, David R.; Segal, Mady Wechsler (2004). "America's Military Population". Population Research Bureau. p. 10. ISSN 0032-468X. http://www.prb.org/Source/ACF1396.pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2013. 
  37. ↑ "California – Armed forces". city-data.com. Advameg, Inc.. http://www.city-data.com/states/California-Armed-forces.html. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  38. ↑ "Table 7L: VETPOP2011 Living Veterans By State, Period Of Service, Gender, 2010–2040". Department of Veterans Affairs. September 30, 2010. http://www.va.gov/VETDATA/docs/Demographics/New_Vetpop_Model/7lVetPop11_POS_State.xlsx. Retrieved June 15, 2013. 

Further reading[]

  • Chartkoff, Joseph L.; Chartkoff, Kerry Kona (1984). The archaeology of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1157-7. OCLC 11351549. 
  • Fagan, Brian (2003). Before California: An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-2794-8. OCLC 226025645. 
  • Hart, James D. (1978). A Companion to California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502400-1. 
  • Matthews, Glenna. The Golden State in the Civil War: Thomas Starr King, the Republican Party, and the Birth of Modern California. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Moratto, Michael J.; Fredrickson, David A. (1984). California archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-506182-X. OCLC 228668979. 

External links[]

Coordinates: 37°00′00″N 120°00′00″W / 37°N 120°W / 37; -120

All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at Military history of California and the edit history here.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.