Military budget

Military spending in 2005

A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by an entity (most often a nation or a state), to raising and maintaining an armed forces. Military budgets often reflect how strongly an entity perceives the likelihood of threats against it, or the amount of aggression it wishes to employ. It also gives an idea of how much financing should be provided for the upcoming year. The size of a budget also reflects the entity's ability to fund military activities. Factors include the size of that entity's economy, other financial demands on that entity, and the willingness of that entity's government or people to fund such military activity. Generally excluded from military expenditures is spending on internal law enforcement and disabled veteran rehabilitation.

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, in 2011, world military expenditure for the world amounted to 1.735 trillion US$.

World's top 15 military budgets 2012

Main article: List of countries by military expenditures

The world's five largest military spenders (the United States, China, Russia, the United Kingdom and France) are recognized to be world powers with each being a veto-wielding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, which was established after the end of World War II. However in 2012, Japan spent slightly more on defence than France. Saudi Arabia is another notable military spender of recent times and now ranks 7th.

This list is based on the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Yearbook 2012 which includes a list on the world's top 15 military spenders in 2011, based on current market exchange rates.

The world's top 5 military spenders in 2012. Figures sourced from the SIPRI Yearbook 2013.

Rank	Country	Spending ($ Bn.)	% of GDP	World share (%)	Spending ($ Bn. PPP)
—	World total	1,753	2.5	100	1562.3
1	United States	682.0	4.4	39	682
2	China	166.0	2.0	9.5	228
3	Russia	90.7	4.4	5.2	93.7
4	United Kingdom	60.8	2.5	3.5	57.5
5	Japan	59.3	1.0	3.4	50.1
6	France	58.9	2.3	3.4	44.7
7	Saudi Arabia	56.7	8.5	3.2	58.8
8	India	46.1	2.5	2.6	117
9	Germany	45.8	1.4	2.6	40.4
10	Italy	34.0	1.7	1.9	28.5
11	Brazil	33.1	1.5	1.9	33.8
12	South Korea	31.7	2.7	1.8	42.1
13	Australia	26.2	1.7	1.5	16.6
14	Canada	22.5	1.3	1.3	19.9
15	Turkey	18.2	2.3	1.0	25.2

^ SIPRI estimate.

^ The figures for Saudi Arabia include expenditure for public order and safety and might be slight overestimates.

^ It is possible that the United Arab Emirates (UAE) would be in 15th position in place of Turkey, but data is not available for the UAE in 2012.

Historic expenditure

1897

In the Saturday Review magazine in February 1898, indicates that the percentage of tax revenue spent on military budgets as follows:

• United States: 17%
• Russian Empire: 21%
• France: 27%
• British Empire: 39% (40 million pounds or 2.5% of GNP)
• German Empire: 43%
• Empire of Japan: 55% (132 million yen)

2003

In 2004, the yearly report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute showed that the purchase of military products by NATO member nations during the year 2003 rose by 11 percent, compared to 2002 (6.5 percent in volume). In some countries, this budget had been increased to the level maintained during the Cold War. The military budget of the United States lead this increase. U.S. purchases accounted for 47% of world military expenditure in 2003. A total of about US$415 billion. Additional funding for the War in Iraq and the supplementary expense of US$83 billion accounted for much of the increase. Other spending accounted for only 3.5 percent of it.

The military budgets of the United Kingdom, France and Italy represented about 15% of world military spending. France and the United Kingdom increased their equipment expenses, so as not only to act in US military operations with the same technological level of their ally, but also to be able to act independently in smaller military campaigns. (Such as was seen in the Libya). Among non-NATO nations, Japan spent US$46.9 billion in 2003, The People's Republic of China, US$32.8 billion, and Russia, US$13 billion. As a percentage share of world military spending this represented 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively.

Political science and economics

The effects of military expenditure on a nation's economy and society, and what determines military expenditure, are notable issues in political science and economics. There are controversial findings and theories regarding these topics.

Global Day of Action on Military Spending (GDAMS)

Every year in April is the Global Day of Action on Military Spending (GDAMS), which aims to gather people and create a global movement that persuades governments to reallocate their military spending to essential human needs such as food, education, health care, social services and environmental concerns.

See also

• List of countries by military expenditures
• Permanent war economy
• Military funding of science
• Military Keynesianism
• Military-industrial complex
• Peace dividend
• Defense contractor
• Guns versus butter model
• Swords to ploughshares
• List of countries by Global Militarization Index

External links

• SIPRI military expenditure database
• literaturematic.pau.edu.tr
• The Economic Bootprint of Defense Spending in Indiana