| Mexican Navy (Armada de México) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | January 19, 1821 |
| Country |
 United Mexican States |
| Type | Navy |
| Size | 56,000 personnel |
| Part of | Secretary of The Navy |
| Anniversaries | June 1st.[1] |
| Engagements |
Mexican Revolution
Mexican-American War
World War II |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander | Admiral Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza |
| Insignia | |
| Naval Jack |
 |
The Mexican Navy is one of the two independent Armed Forces of Mexico. The actual naval forces are called the Armada de México. The Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR) (English: Naval Secretariat) includes both the Armada itself and the attached ministerial and civil service. The commander of the Navy is the Secretary of the Navy, who is both a cabinet minister and a career naval officer.
The Mexican Navy's stated mission is "to use the naval force of the federation for external defense, and to help with internal order".[2] The Navy consists of about 56,000 men and women plus reserves,[3] over 189 ships, and about 130 aircraft.[4][5] The Navy attempts to maintain a constant modernization program in order to upgrade its response capability.
Given Mexico's large area of water (3,149,920 km2) and extensive coastline (11,122 km), the Navy's duties are of great importance. Perhaps its most important on-going missions are the war on drugs and protecting PEMEX's oil wells in Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. Another important task of the Mexican Navy is to help people in hurricane relief operations and other natural disasters.
History[]
Azueta's defense of Veracruz
The Mexican Navy has its origins in the creation of the Ministry of War in 1821. From that year until 1939 it existed jointly with the Army in the organic ministry. Since its declaration of independence from Spain in September 1810, through the mid decades of the 19th century, Mexico found itself in a constant state of war, mostly against Spain which had not recognized its independence. Therefore its priority was to purchase its first fleet from the U.S.A. in order to displace the last remaining Spanish forces from its coasts.[6]
The Mexican Navy has participated in many naval battles to protect and defend Mexico's interests. Some of the most important battles were:
- Attempts by Spain to reconquer Mexico
- Takeover of the San Juan de Ulúa fort (1821–1825)
- The invasion of Cabo Rojo (1829)
- Battle of Mariel
The first French intervention in Mexico (The 'Pastry War') (November 1838 - March 1839)
- An entire Armada was captured at Veracruz
- Yucatán Independence (1841—1848)
- The Mexican–American War (1846–48)
- The Second French Intervention (1862–1867)
- The Mexican Revolution (1910–1919)
- First Battle of Topolobampo
- Second Battle of Topolobampo
- Third Battle of Topolobampo
- Action of 9 April 1914
- Fourth Battle of Topolobampo
Second invasion by the United States (April 9, 1914 – November 23, 1914)
Historical ships[]
|
|
Organization[]
The President of Mexico is commander in chief of all military forces. Day-to-day control of the Navy lies with the Navy Secretary, currently[when?] Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza. In Mexico there is no joint forces command structure with the army, so the Secretary reports directly to the President. The Navy has a General Headquarters and three naval forces. There are furthermore 7 regions, 13 zones, and 14 naval sectors.
The Navy is divided into three main services designated as "forces":
Other notable services include:
- Naval Aviation (Naval Aviation)
- Search and Rescue
Officers are trained at the Mexican Naval Academy, called the "Heroica Escuela Naval Militar" ("Heroic Military Naval School"), located in Antón Lizardo, Veracruz.
Mexican marines displaying three different camouflage patterns used by the Mexican marine corps.
[]
The Mexican Naval Infantry Corps was reorganized in 2007-2009 into 30 Naval Infantry Battalions (Batallones de Infantería de Marina - BIM), a paratroop battalion, a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, two Fast Reaction Forces with six battalions each, and three Special Forces groups.[7] The Naval Infantry are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways.
Search and rescue units[]
In 2008, the Mexican Navy created its new search and rescue system, allocated in strategic ports at Pacific and Gulf of Mexico ports, to provide assistance to any ships which are in jeopardy or at risk due to mechanical failure, weather conditions or life risk to the crew. To provide such support, the Navy has ordered Coast Guard Defender class ships (2 per station, and one 47-Foot Motor Lifeboat coastal guard ships). Other stations will be provided only with Defender class boats.[8]
Training and education[]
A Mexican marine fast ropes onto the flight deck of the German Combat Support Ship Frankfurt Am Main (A1412) during a simulated multi-national maritime interdiction operation
A BO-105 helicopter of the Mexican Navy
The Navy offers several options for graduate studies in their educational institutions:
It is the school where future officers are trained for the General Corps of the Navy. Candidates can enter upon completing high school. Upon completion of studies, graduates obtain the degree of Corbeta Lieutenant and the title of Naval Science Engineer.
- Naval Medical School
This school Located in Mexico City, offers a career in medicine. Officers are trained with skills for the prevention and health care of naval personnel. By adopting a professional examination, graduates can obtain the degree of Naval Military Lieutenant Corvette.
- Naval Engineering School
In the Naval Engineering School, officers are responsible for the preventive and corrective maintenance of systems and electronic equipment installed on ships and installations of the Mexican Navy. This school offers career of Electronic Engineering and Naval Communications. It is located between the town of Mata Grape and Anton Lizardo, 32 km from the port of Veracruz.
- Naval Nursing School
Here the time to achieve a nursing degree lasts eight semesters. Officers are trained with the knowledge and skills necessary to enable them to assist medical personnel in caring for patients in hospitals, sanatoriums, clinics, health sections on land, aboard ships and at The Naval Medical Center.
- Naval Aviation School
The Naval Aviation School trains pilots for the Mexican Navy as well as staff from the Federal Preventive Police and Naval personnel from various countries of Central America. This school is located on Veracruz.[9]
- Search, Rescue and Diving School
Located in Acapulco, members of The Navy are trained for marine search, rescue and diving. It also trains state police officers and firefighters.
Modernization and budget[]
The annual Navy's budget is in a 1 to 3 proportion of the national budget relative to the Army & Air Force. For the year 2007, the Army got three billion dollars budget, versus one billion dollars for the Navy. The Navy has a reputation for being well-run and well-organized. This reputation allows for a close relationship with the U.S. Navy, as evidenced by the procurement of numerous former USN ships.
Ships[]
CB 90 HMN - Polaris class patrol interceptor
The Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Francisco Saynez Mendoza, announced on October 1, 2007, detailed plans to upgrade and modernize the country's naval capabilities. On the following day, La Jornada newspaper from Mexico City, disclosed the Mexican Navy plans, which are among others, to build six oceanic patrol vessels (OPV) with a length of 86 meters, 1680 tons and each housing a Eurocopter Panther helicopter as well as small high speed interception boats. The budget for this project is above $200 million USD.
Another project is to build 12 CB 90 HMN high speed (50 knots) interception boats under license from a Swedish boat company to the Mexican Navy. Also, a number of fully equipped planes for surveillance and maritime patrol are being considered. Combinations of options and development are being defined.
Shipbuilding[]
The Mexican Navy depends upon their naval shipyards for construction and repairs of their ships. There are 5 shipyards located in the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean:
- Gulf of Mexico
- Naval shipyard 1 (ASTIMAR 1) - Tampico, Tamaulipas
- Naval shipyard 3 (ASTIMAR 3) - Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz
- Pacific Ocean
- Naval shipyard 6 (ASTIMAR 6) - Guaymas, Sonora
- Naval shipyard 18 (ASTIMAR 18) - Acapulco, Guerrero
- Naval shipyard 20 (ASTIMAR 20) - Salina Cruz, Oaxaca
Missiles[]
The Mexican Navy initiated studies to develop and construct its first missile, according to a May 2005 interview with the undersecretary of the Navy, Armando Sanchez, the missile was to have an average range of 12 to 15 kilometers and be able to target enemy ships and aircraft. The undersecretary added that they already had the solid propellant, and the basic design of the missile. All aspects relative to their fuselage were solved as well as the launch platforms. The Mexican Navy was developing the software to direct the missile to its target. In July 2008, the project was reported to be 80% complete. Despite this effort, the missile development was canceled in 2009 due to "problems with the propulsion system".[10]
Radar modernization[]
In 2009, the Mexican Navy will begin operating a batch of new MPQ-64 Sentinel radars in the oil-rich Gulf of Mexico. The radar network was installed in 2007 for a trial phase while military personnel were trained to get familiar with the system. The new installations will work together with combat surface vessels that patrol the area.[11][12]
Present fleet[]
| Class | Image | Type | Ships | Origin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destroyers | |||||
| Quetzalcoatl class |  |
Multipurpose destroyer | D102 Netzahualcoyotl | United States | |
| Manuel Azueta class | Air-defence destroyer | D111 Manuel Azueta | United States | ||
| Frigates | |||||
| Allende class |  |
Multipurpose frigate | F211 Ignacio Allende F212 Mariano Abasolo F213 Guadalupe Victoria F214 Francisco Javier Mina |
United States | |
| Bravo class |  |
Multipurpose frigate | F201 Nicolás Bravo F202 Hermenegildo Galeana |
United States | |
| Amphibious ships | |||||
| Papaloapan class |  |
Tank landing ship | A411 Papaloapan A412 Usumacinta |
United States | |
| Panuco class | Tank landing ship | A402 Manzanillo | United States | ||
| Montes Azules class | Landing ship | BAL01 Montes Azules BAL02 Libertador (construction completed, inaugurated on Sep,10,2012)[13] |
Mexico
| ||
| Missile corvettes | |||||
| Huracan class |  |
Anti-ship corvette | A301 Huracán A302 Tormenta |
 Israel
| |
| Mine counter-measure | |||||
| Banderas class | Minesweeper | Banderas Magdalena Kino Yavaros Chamela Tepoca |
United States | ||
| Ocean patrol vessels | |||||
| Oaxaca class patrol vessel |  |
Ocean patrol vessels | P161 Oaxaca P162 Baja California P163 Independencia P164 Revolución |
Mexico
| |
| Durango class patrol vessel |  |
Ocean patrol vessels | P151 Durango P152 Sonora P153 Guanajuato P154 Veracruz |
Mexico
| |
| Sierra class corvette |  |
Ocean patrol vessels | P141 Sierra P143 Prieto P144 Romero |
Mexico
| |
| Holzinger class patrol vessel | Ocean patrol vessels | P131 Holzinguer P132 Godínez P133 De la Vega P134 Berriozabal |
Mexico
| ||
| Uribe class patrol vessel | Ocean patrol vessels | P121 Uribe P122 Azueta P123 Baranda P124 Bretón P125 Blanco P126 Monasterio |
 Spain
| ||
| Valle class patrol vessel | Ocean patrol vessels | P102 Juan de la Barrera P103 Mariano Escobedo P104 Manuel Doblado P106 Santos Degollado P108 Juan N. Álvarez P109 Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora P110 Valentín Gómez Farías P112 Francisco Zarco P113 Ignacio L. Vallarta P114 Jesús González Ortega P117 Mariano Matamoros |
United States | ||
| Coastal patrol ships | |||||
| Mexican Navy 42 metre patrol vessel[14] |  |
Coastal patrol | PC331 ARM Tenochtitlan PC332 ARM Teotihuacan PC333 PC334 |
 Netherlands
| |
| Azteca class | Coastal patrol | PC202 Cordova PC206 Rayón PC207 Rejón PC208 De la Fuente PC209 Guzmán PC210 Ramírez PC211 Mariscal PC212 Jara PC214 Colima PC215 Lizardi PC216 Mugica PC218 Velazco PC220 Macías PC223 Tamaulipas PC224 Yucatán PC225 Tabasco PC226 Cochimie PC228 Puebla PC230 Vicario PC231 Ortíz |
 United Kingdom
| ||
| Demócrata class | Coastal patrol | PC240 Demócrata PC241 Francisco I. Madero |
Mexico
| ||
| Cabo class | Coastal patrol | PC271 Corriente PC272 Corso PC273 Catoche |
Mexico
| ||
| Punta class | Coastal patrol | PC-281 Morro PC-282 Mastún |
Mexico
| ||
| Tenochtitlán class | Coastal patrol | PC-331 Tenochtitlán PC-332 Teotihuacán |
Mexico
| ||
| Interceptors | |||||
| Polaris class |  |
Patrol | 44 In service |  Sweden
| |
| Polaris II class | |
Patrol | 6 In service + 17 under construction | Mexico
| |
| Acuario A/B class | Patrol | In service | Mexico
| ||
| Isla class | Patrol | In service | Mexico
| ||
| Auxiliary vessels | |||||
| Huasteco class | Multipurpose | AMP01 Huasteco AMP02 Zapoteco |
Mexico
| ||
| Maya class | Multipurpose | ATR01 Maya ATR02 Tarasco |
Mexico
| ||
| Cuauhtemoc class | Training ship | BE01 Cuauhtémoc | Spain
| ||
Other ships/Future ships[]
The Mexican Navy includes 60 smaller patrol boats and 32 auxiliary ships. It acquired 40 fast military assault crafts, designated CB 90 HMN, between 1999 and 2001 and obtained a production license in 2002 allowing further units to be manufactured in Mexico.
For the year 2008 budget, the Mexican Congress approved a $15 million USD funds to build only 17 out of 60 combat boats requested. These ships, designated CB 90 HMN, are to increase its fast boat fleet. Additional budgets will be awarded each passing year.[15] In total, the Mexican Navy has over 189 operational ships.[4]
In January 2013, the 112th Session of US Congress authorized the transfer of the Oliver Hazard Perry Frigates USS Curts and USS McClusky to the Mexican Navy,[16] but due to the cost of overhauling the vessels and the removal of all the weapons systems and most of the electronics and radar gear by the US Navy prior to transfer, this is still undecided by Mexico. The offer will expire in 3 years (1 January 2016).[16]
Modern equipment[]
| Vehicle/System | Type | Versions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armoured Vehicles | |||||
| BTR-60/BTR-70 | Amphibious Armored Personnel Carrier | APC-70 | |||
| Carat Security Group | Armored Personnel Carrier | Wolverine APC | |||
| Land Rover | Armored Personnel Carrier | Defender 4x4 | |||
| Infantry Transport Vehicles | |||||
| Ford-150[17] | Light Utility Vehicle | 4x4 F-150 series pick up | |||
| Ford-250[17] | Light Utility Vehicle | 4x4 F-250 series pick up | |||
| Dodge Ram[18] | Light Utility Vehicle | 4x4 Pick up | |||
| Mercedes-Benz[19][20] | Light Utility Vehicle | 4x4 G-class | |||
| Trucks | |||||
| Ural-4320[citation needed] | Utility Vehicle | Off-road 6x6 truck | |||
| UNIMOG U-4000[21][22] | Utility Vehicle | 4x4 truck | |||
| Gama Goat[citation needed] | Amphibious 6-wheeled vehicle | 6x6 truck | |||
| Freightliner M2[23] | Utility Vehicle | 4x2 truck | |||
Individual weapons and equipment[]
| Name | Versions | Type |
|---|---|---|
| M16A2 rifle | 5.56x45mm NATO | Assault rifle |
| M4 Carbine | 5.56x45mm NATO | Assault rifle |
| IMI Galil | 5.56x45mm NATO | Assault rifle |
| Heckler & Koch MP5 | 9x19mm | Submachine gun |
| Heckler & Koch UMP | .45 ACP | Submachine gun |
| FN P90 | 5.7x28mm | Submachine gun |
| Colt M1911 | .45 ACP | Pistol |
| Beretta | 9x19mm | Pistol |
| Heckler & Koch MSG90 | 7.62x51mm NATO | Sniper rifle |
| Barrett M82 | .50 BMG | Sniper rifle |
| Remington 700 | 7.62x51mm NATO | Sniper rifle |
| FN Minimi | 5.56x45mm NATO | Machine gun |
| CETME Ameli[24] | 5.56x45mm NATO | Machine gun |
| GAU-19 | 12.7x99 NATO | Heavy machine gun |
| M2 Browning machine gun | 12.7x99mm NATO | Heavy machine gun |
| M134 | 7.62x51mm NATO | Gatling-type machine gun |
| CIS 40 AGL | 40mm | Grenade machine gun |
| Milkor MGL | 40mm | Grenade launcher |
| M203 grenade launcher | 40mm | Grenade launcher |
| Remington 1100 | 12 | Shotgun |
Artillery[]
| Name | Versions | Type | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-propelled artillery | ||||
| Bofors L70 | 40mm | Anti-aircraft artillery | ||
| Oerlikon | 20mm | Anti-aircraft artillery | ||
| Shipboard anti-aircraft artillery | ||||
| Phalanx CIWS | 20mm | Close In Weapons System | ||
| Multiple rocket launchers | ||||
| FIROS | 122mm | Multiple Launch Rocket System | ||
| Towed artillery | ||||
| OTO Melara Mod 56 | 105mm | Towed howitzer | ||
| K6 | 120mm | Heavy mortar | ||
| M29 | 81mm | Medium mortar | ||
| Brandt LR | 60mm | Light mortar | ||
| Bofors L70 | 40mm | Towed anti-aircraft artillery | ||
| Bofors L60 | 40mm | Towed anti-aircraft artillery | ||
| Oerlikon | 20mm | Towed anti-aircraft artillery | ||
| Anti-shipping missile | ||||
| Gabriel | Mk. II | Anti-shipping missile | ||
| Anti-aircraft missiles | ||||
| SA-18 | 72.2mm | Anti-aircraft missile | ||
| Sea Sparrow | RIM-7 | Anti-aircraft missile | ||
| Light anti-tank weapons | ||||
| RPG-75 | Anti-tank weapon | 68mm | ||
| B300 | Anti-tank weapon | 82mm | ||
Aircraft inventory[]
The aircraft quantities are approximate,[25][26] and estimated to be 68 airplanes and 54 helicopters.[27][28]
| Aircraft | Type | Versions | In service | Image | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combat aircraft | ||||||
| Valmet L-90 | Combat/Counter Insurgency | L-90TP | 8 |  | ||
| Trainers | ||||||
| Zlin Z-242 | Training | Z-242L | 8[29] |  | ||
| Maule M-7 | Training | MX-7-180A | 8 |  | ||
| Transport | ||||||
| Antonov An-32 | Tactical transport | An-32B | 3 |  | ||
| CASA C-295[30] | Tactical transport | C295M | 4 |  | ||
| Bombardier Dash 8 | Tactical transport | DH-8 | 1 |  | ||
| Turbo Commander | Transport | 980 Turbo | 4 |  | ||
| Learjet | VIP transport | LJ25 | 1 |  | ||
| Learjet | VIP transport | LJ31 | 2 |  | ||
| Learjet | VIP transport | LJ60 | 1 |  | ||
| Gulfstream IV | VIP transport | G450 | 1 | 
| ||
| Reconnaissance and intelligence | ||||||
| CASA C-212 | Surveillance | C-212-400 | 7[31] |  | ||
| CASA CN-235 | Surveillance | CN-235MP 300 | 3 |  | ||
| Lancair | Reconnaissance | IV-P Super ES Legacy 2000 |
3 3 2 |
 | ||
| Helicopters | ||||||
| Eurocopter Fennec | Search & rescue | AS555AF | 2 |  | ||
| Eurocopter Panther | Combat | AS656MB | 4 | |||
| Eurocopter EC 725 | Transport | EC725 | 3/3 pending delivery | |||
| Bölkow Bo 105 | Surveillance | EC-Super Five | 11 |  | ||
| MD Helicopters MD 500 | Training | MD-500 | 4 |  | ||
| Mil Mi-2 | Transport | Mi-2 Hopite | 1 |  | ||
| Mil Mi-17 | Transport | Mi-17IV/V5 | 23 |  | ||
| MD Helicopters MD Explorer | Combat | MD-902 | 6 |  | ||
| Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk | Transport and combat | UH-60M | 3[32] |  | ||
| UAV | ||||||
| UAV SEMAR | Reconnaissance/Intelligence | T1 / T2 / T3 | 3 | |||
| Future acquisitions | ||||||
| EADS CASA | surveillance | CASA CN-235 | 8[32][33][34][35] | | ||
| Mi-17 | Transport helicopter | Mi-17V5 | 3[36] | | ||
.jpg){kind=link}
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ http://www.sct.gob.mx/fileadmin/CGPMM/biblioteca/diamarina/primerojunio.htm
- ↑ "Mission and objectives" (Spanish)
- ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/informes/politicas_armada/parte_dos/capitulo_3.htm
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 [1] Rendición de cuentas SEMAR 2006 página 40
- ↑ "Material Aereo"(outdated page) (Spanish)
- ↑ History of the Mexican Navy ships
- ↑ Informe 2009 Secretaria de Marina - Armada de México
- ↑ http://www.textronmarineandland.com/news/2008/07_17_08.htm
- ↑ SIAL Sistema Informativo Aeronáutico Latinoamericano
- ↑ Mexican Naval missile (Spanish)
- ↑ "En marzo iniciarán operaciones radares de la Armada" (in Spanish). NOTIMEX. Dic 27, 2008. http://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/031732/en-marzo-iniciaran-operaciones-redares-armada. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ "ThalesRaytheonSystems receives contract to support Mexican homeland security, protect Gulf oil infrastructure". Thales Raytheon Systems. May 11, 2006. http://www.thalesraytheon.com/press-and-media/news-and-press-releases/news-single/period/1136070000/31535999/list/back/54/article/thalesraytheonsystems-receives-contract-to-support-mexican-homeland-security-protect-gulf-oil-infra.html. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/sitio_2/component/content/article/2242-comunicado-177-2012.html
- ↑ "Fourth Damen Stan Patrol 4207 patrol vessel for Mexican Navy". August 23, 2013. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1207.
- ↑ It was published within the Chapter 13 of the SEMAR 2008 final budget, by the SHCP, the Mexican finance ministry for this period.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "H.R. 6649 (112th): Naval Vessels Transfer Act of 2012". USA 112th CONGRESS, 2nd. session, H. R. 6649. govtrack.us. January 1, 2013. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6649/text. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 http://www.semar.gob.mx/galeria/terrestres/minicomando/ficha.htm
- ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/galeria/terrestres/pick%20up/ficha.htm
- ↑ http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2009/103816/6/recibe-semar-vehiculos-para-incrementar-capacidad-operativa.htm
- ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/boletin/2009/bol_136_09.html
- ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/galeria/terrestres/unimog/ficha.htm
- ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/galeria/terrestres/unimog/image_3.jpg
- ↑ http://www.semar.gob.mx/galeria/terrestres/comando/ficha.htm
- ↑ http://www.justguns.com/automatic-support-weapons/cetme-ameli.html
- ↑ Mexican Navy Aircraft
- ↑ Mexican Navy's new purchases
- ↑ Aranda, Jesus (14 de diciembre de 2009). "La flota de Ejército y Armada consta de 480 aeronaves" (in Spanish). La Jornada. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/12/14/index.php?section=politica&article=007n1pol. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ↑ Raúl Benítez Manaut, Abelardo Rodríguez Sumano, Armando Rodríguez Luna (2009). Atlas de la Seguridad y la Defensa de México 2009. México D. F.: Colectivo de Analisis de la Seguridad con Democracia (CASEDE). pp. 369 pp.. ISBN 978-607-95380-0-2. http://www.seguridadcondemocracia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1311&Itemid=69.
- ↑ Moravan in the Armada de México
- ↑ Airliners.net
- ↑ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Persuader-Patrol-Planes-for-Mexicos-Maritime-05372/
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Blackhawks ready to fly for the Mexican Navy. (25 August 2011)
- ↑ Mexican Navy's budget increases by a fifth
- ↑ Seis CN-235-300 Persuader para la Armada de México
- ↑ "Presupuesto multimillonario para asegurar la viabilidad del Estado" (in Spanish). La Jornada. 10 de septiembre de 2008. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/09/10/index.php?section=politica&article=003n1pol. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ↑ "México compra a Rusia tres helicópteros polivalentes Mi-17 según fuente militar" (in Spanish). http://sp.rian.ru/bilaterial_relations/20111231/152372456.html.
External links[]
- Secretary of the Navy Official site (Spanish)
- Naval Infantry official site (Spanish)
| |||||
The original article can be found at Mexican Navy and the edit history here.