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Ma Fuxiang

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Ma Fuxiang (馬福祥)
Ma Fuxiang
Lieutenant General Ma Fuxiang
Acting Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur (Qinghai, then a region of Gansu province)

In office
July 1912 – August 1912
Military Governor of Ningxia (then a region of Gansu province)

In office
1912–1920
Military Governor of Suiyuan Province

In office
26 May 1921 – January 1925
Preceded by Cai Chengxun
Succeeded by Li Mingzhong
Mayor of Qingdao

In office
November 1929 – March 1930
Preceded by Wu Siyu
Succeeded by Ge Jingen
Governor of Anhui Province

In office
March 1930 – September 1930
Preceded by Wang Chin-yü (Wang Jinyu)
Succeeded by Ch'en Tiao-yuan (Chen Diaoyuan)
Chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission

In office
8 September 1930 – 30 December 1931
Preceded by Yan Xishan
Succeeded by Shi Qingyang
Personal details
Born 1876
Linxia County, Gansu
Died August 19, 1932(1932-08-19)
Beijing
Nationality Hui
Political party Kuomintang
Children Ma Hongkui
Religion Sunni Islam
Military service
Allegiance China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889 Qing Dynasty
Flag of the Republic of China Republic of China (1912–1949)
Years of service 1889–1932
Rank general
Unit Kansu Braves
Commands Governor of Altay
Battles/wars Dungan revolt (1895–1896), Boxer Rebellion, Zhili–Anhui War, Second Zhili–Fengtian War, Central Plains War, Northern Expedition
Awards Order of Leopold (Belgium) [1]
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ma.

Ma Fuxiang (traditional Chinese: 馬福祥; simplified Chinese: 马福祥; pinyin: Mǎ Fúxiáng; Wade–Giles: Ma Fu-hsiang; 1876–19 August 1932) was a Chinese military and political leader spanning the Qing Dynasty through the early Republic of China and illustrated the power of family, the role of religious affiliations, and the interaction of Inner Asian China and the national government of China.[2]

Ma was born in Linxia, Gansu. He was named the military governor of Xining, and then of Altay, in Qing times. He held a large number of military posts in the northwestern region after the founding of the republic. He was governor of Qinghai in 1912, Ningxia from 1912 to 1920, and Suiyuan from 1920 to 1925. Having turned to Chiang Kai-shek in 1928, he was made chairman (governor) of the government of Anhui in 1930. He was elected a member of the National Government Commission, and then appointed the mayor of Qingdao, special municipality.[3] He was also the president of the Mongolian–Tibetan Commission and a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. He died in August 1932.[4]

Life and military service[]

Family history[]

It was said by American scholar Louis M. J. Schram that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Sant'a descent, who had assimilated into the Hui community.[5] The Santa (San-t'a) are known as the Dongxiang people. They are Mongol Muslims.[6]

Schram reported that Ma Fuxiang's Sant'a ancestors belonged to a group of Mongols who converted to Islam under threat of death during the Qianlong Emperor's rule (1736–1796), since the area where they lived, around Hezhou, was dominated by Muslim Salar rebels at the time.[7] Another separate group of Mongol Muslims existed in Hezhou's east. Their leaders claimed a lineage from the Yuan dynasty royal family.[8][9] However, no other source mentions this. He is just said to be a Hui with no mention of San-t'a/Dongxiang Mongol ancestors.

Qing Dynasty[]

Ma Fuxiang was the son of Ma Qianling. His elder brothers were Ma Fucai(馬福財), Ma Fulu and Ma Fushou. He received an education in the Quran and Spring and Autumn Annals. In 1889 he joined Ma Fulu in the martial arts hall; after three years he and Ma Fushou attended military school. In 1895 he served under Gen. Dong Fuxiang, leading loyalist Chinese Muslims to crush a revolt by rebel Muslims in the Dungan revolt (1895–1896). His Muslim troops massacred the rebel Muslims, delivering their severed heads and ears to their superiors. In 1897 Ma Fuxiang received a military Juren degree.[10]

Ma graduated in military science, having passed provincial examinations. Under the Qing dynasty he was promoted to Brigadier General at Palikum, New Dominion. (Xinjiang).[11] He received his military training at Military School in Kansu.[12]

Ma was transferred along with his brother Ma Fulu and several cousins as officers under Gen. Dong Fuxiang to Beijing in 1898. During the Boxer Rebellion, the Muslim troops came to be known as the "Kansu Braves", and fought against the Eight Nation Alliance.[13] Ma Fuxiang killed many foreigners in combat. Ma led a cavalry charge against an allied European army at the Battle of Langfang, defeating them and forcing the Europeans to flee. He and Ma Fulu personally planned and led the attack, encircling the European troops with a pincer movement.[14] The western invasion of Peking was derailed by their efforts for another month. Ma Fulu and four of his cousins were killed in action in 1900 in Beijing during the Battle of Peking (1900). He had commanded a brigade, and Ma Fuxiang took over the position after his brother's death.[15] For the rest of the Boxer Rebellion his unit engaged in the Siege of the International Legations (Boxer Rebellion).[16] He escorted the imperial family to Xi'an.[17]

In March 1909 at Palikun, Xinjiang, he served as a "Brigade General". From July to August 1912 Ma was "Acting Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur" (de facto governor of Kokonor, later Qinghai Province). On 10 October 1912, he was in Altai as the "Commader of the Guards Division".[18]

Beiyang[]

General Ma Fuxiang

Ma Fuxiang

Ma Fu-hsiang and Wu Pei-fu

Ma Fuxiang and Gen. Wu Peifu

During the Xinhai Revolution in 1912, Ma Fuxiang protected a Catholic mission from attacks by the Gelaohui in the Sandaohe district, and he also protected another Catholic mission from attacks in 1916.[1][19] He and his nephew Ma Hongbin received the Order of Leopold (Belgium) ("King Leopold decoration") for their work.

Ma Fuxiang was named military commander of Ningxia by president Yuan Shikai. Ma captured a Mongol separatist in Baotou and executed another Mongol prince who tried to declare himself emperor, a Buddhist monk named Ta-er Lilu-chi (Wu Daer Liufi).[20] He was supported by the bandit Kao Shih-hsiu (Gao Shixiu). Ma Fuxiang defeated Kao in Ningxia in 1916, and the Mongol princes of Otoy, Üüsin and Qanggin pledged their allegiance to the fake emperor, presenting him with rifles. On 19 June 1916, Kao arrived with his Emperor, badly defeated by Ma Fushou, the brother of Ma Fuxiang, and withdrew through Otoy to Sandaohe. In 1917 Kao was defeated at Shizzuizi, the Emperor and Kao's underlings were executed and Kao fled.

Ma Fuxiang's book, "Shuofang Daozhi", portrays these events. An account written by Frenchman Harry Serruys describes them.

"Ma Fuxiang, the commander of the Protective Army, dispatched Ma Fushou, chief of staff of the Brilliant Military Army, to attack the robbers in Zuuqa temple. Ma Fuxiang dispatched Fushou with an army to attack Kao's army at Zuuqa temple and destroyed the band. In the second month of 1917 Ma Fuxiang executed Wu Daer Liuji. Ma Fuxiang dispatched his nephew Ma Hongbin to attack Kao and Wu at Shizuishan. When Liu-chi was defeated, Ma Fuxiang ambushed him and defeated him again. Ma Fuxiang captured Yu Ling-yun, Su Xuefeng, Yao Zhankui, Zhang Zhenqing, Li Zongwen and several others; in all 18 men were executed. Ma Fuxiang wrote a commemorative inscription for men from Ningxia who died in the expedition against the bogus Emperor. In the third month of the sixth year of the Republic [1917], Ma Fuxiang was at the burial of his mother. As he reached Ning'anbu Ma Hongbin sent him a telegram stating that the bogus emperor and the other bogus generals had mounted an invasion from Suiyuan. After the victory, officers in charge of military headquarters and regular soldiers were honored."[21]

Ma Fuxiang and Ma Yuanzhang became enemies after Ma Fuxiang got very angry that Ma Yuanzhang refused to help him remove Zhang Guangjian as governor of Gansu and telegraphed Beijing that Zhang should remain as Governor. Ma Fuxiang and other Gansu generals believed that a local dujun Gansu should be governor.[22]

He invested in the wool trade and a factory that made matches.

Ma was appointed Military Governor of Suiyuan by the Beiyang government and served in that position from 1921–1925.[23][24][25][26] Suiyuan had a 400-mile river valley and a railroad.[27] American businessmen reported that Ma Fuxiang considered modernizing infrastructure in the region with motorized transport.[28]

Ma Fuxiang, a member of the Zhili clique, signed a denunciation of the Anhui clique and its military arm, the Anfu Club led by Xu Shuzheng and Duan Qirui. The denunciation was circulated through a telegram called Paoting-fu, on 12 July 1920. The Zhili clique was led by Wu Peifu. At the time Ma was Defense Commissioner of Ningxia, Gansu. This led to the Zhili–Anhui War.[29]

Ma Fuxiang, as supervisor in Suiyuan, sent telegrams regarding the uniting of Rehe and Chahar for defense purposes from January–September 1924.[30]

Ma Fuxiang allied with Gen. Wu Peifu and acquired land from the political separation of Inner Mongolia from Zhang Zuolin.[31] Ma Fuxiang's nephew Ma Hongbin was in charge of his army, and his civil administrator was a non-Muslim. Ma Hongbin read to Upton Close the revelations of a prophet in Shandong who advocated the union of Buddhism, Islam, Daoism, Catholicism and Protestantism in China under Confucianism.[32]

Ma Fuxiang's wife died in 1927 in Beijing, and a funeral was held in Hochow.[33] She was one of his multiple wives.

NRA Generals Northern Expedition

Chinese generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Gen. Cheng Jin, Gen. Zhang Zuobao, Gen. Chen Diaoyuan, Gen. Chiang Kai-shek, Gen. Woo Tsin-hang, Gen. Wen Xishan, Muslim Gen. Ma Fuxiang, Gen. Ma Sida and Muslim Gen. Bai Chongxi.

Kuomintang[]

In 1924, Ma Fuxiang met with Kuomintang leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Beijing and informed him that he would welcome the leadership of Dr. Sun.[34]

Ma Fuxiang then joined the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition in 1928. He and his son Ma Hongkui were originally generals in Feng Yuxiang's army.[35] He became a member of the Kuomintang Central Committee, member of the State Council, Mayor of Qingdao, Governor of Anhui and chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission.[36] Ma Fuxiang founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang, including the China Islamic Association (Zhongguo Huijiao Gonghui).[37]

Ma was governor of Anhui from March–September 1930.[38]

In Nanjing on April 1931 Ma Fuxiang attended a national leadership conference with Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang.[39]

Ma gave explorer Sven Hedin permission to enter Gansu.[40]

Ma was also appointed as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang.[41]

Army[]

Ma Fuxiang in civilian dress

Ma Fuxiang

Ma Fuxiang recruited Salars for his army, classifying them into five inner clans and eight outer clans. He designated the assimilated Tibetan-speaking Salars as the "outer" group.[42] These Salars were both fluent in Salar and Chinese. Some were uniformed and had carbines, rifles, pistols and binoculars. Muslims from Hezhou served in his cavalry.[43][44]

Dongxiang people were also known as Santa (San-t'a) people, and many of them reportedly served in Ma Fuxiang's army.[6] It was even said that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Santa descent, and had assimilated into the Hui community.[5] The Santa Muslim Dongxiang Mongols continued to play a major role in his army, protecting towns.[45]

Among the posts he held was Commander of the 6th Mixed Brigade of Gansu Army in 1922 and 7th Division of the Northwest Army in 1926 [46]

Drug trafficking[]

In 1923, an officer of the Bank of China from Baotou found out that Ma Fuxiang was assisting the drug trade in opium which helped finance his military expenses. He earned a sum of $2 million from taxing those sales in 1923. General Ma had been using the Bank, a branch of the Government of China's exchequer, to arrange for silver curreny to be transported to Baotou to use it to sponsor the trade.[47]

It was hoped that Ma Fuxiang would have improved the situation, since Chinese Muslims were well known for opposition to smoking opium[48]

Ma Fuxiang officially prohibited opium and made it illegal in Ningxia, but the Guominjun reversed his policy. By 1933, people from every level of society were abusing the drug and Ningxia was left in destitution[49] On 11 September 1930, Ma Fuxiang celebrated his birthday in Suiyuan, Inner Mongolia, His annual opium profits reached $15,000,000. A film of this event and his poppy fields was recorded by Universal Newspaper Newsreel.[50]

Ma Fuxiang's army also contained many of the Chinese Muslim opium runners in western Inner Mongolia.[51]

Donations to education[]

Ma Fuxiang wearing glasses

Ma Fuxiang

Ma Fuxiang, along with Ma Linyi, sponsored Imam Wang Jingzhai when he went on hajj to Mecca in 1921.[52]

Ma Fuxiang supported Imam Hu Songshan.[53]

Ma built many elementary and high schools for Muslims throughout northwest China. He founded the Association for the Promoting of Islamic Teaching in 1918 in the provincial capital of Gansu.[54] Ma Fuxiang funded both the Yuehua and Beijing's Xibei Gongxue (the Northwestern Middle School) for fostering Hui intellectuals who would contribute to nation-building and the development of the Northwest. He believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build a better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation. He had both the military authority and economic power to help fund education. He donated 100 yuan every month to education until his death in 1932.[55] He established a public library in Ningxia, and sponsored various Muslim schools. He was a Chinese nationalist and a Confucianist, and was praised for his "guojia yizhi" (national consciousness) by non-Muslims. He also invested in new editions of Confucian and Islamic texts.[56] He edited "Shuofang Daozhi".[57][58][59][60] a gazette, and books such as "Meng Cang ZhuangKuang: Hui Bu Xinjiang fu".[61] [62] A new edition of a book by Ma Te-hsin, "Ho-yin Ma Fu-ch'u hsien-sheng i-shu Ta hua tsung kuei Ssu tien yaohui", which was printed in 1865, was reprinted in 1927 by Ma Fuxiang.[63]

Yunting (雲亭) was the courtesy name of Ma Fuxiang. A school, the Yunting Provincial Normal School, was named after him.[64] Ma promoted Muslim women's education in Shaanxi.

Ideology[]

Ma had an interest in Chinese classical learning and western engineering and science. He thought his own Hui people fiercely loyal but "primitive" and lacking in "the educational and political privileges of the Han Chinese".[27] Ma encouraged Huis to assimilate into Chinese civilization and culture,[65] and created the Assimilationist Group to promote this idea.[66]

He did not drink wine or smoke tobacco, but he served them to western guests like Upton Close.[27]

The learned "scholar" Gen. Ma Fuxiang was considered "progressive" while the senior de facto leader of Muslims in Northwest China, Gen. Ma Anliang, was considered "reactionary".[67]

Family[]

Chiang Kaishek with Muslim General Ma Fushou

Ma Fuxiang's brother Ma Fushou, with Chiang Kai-shek.

Ma Fuxiang's father was Ma Qianling. Ma's son Ma Hongkui became a general in the National Revolutionary Army.[68] He had several wives. One of them died in 1927 in Beijing, and a funeral was held in Hochow.[33] Another wife, Ma Tsai (te), was the one who gave birth to Ma Hongkui on 14 March 1892.[69] She died in 1948.[70]

His nephew was Ma Hongbin, another general. His brothers were Ma Fulu, Ma Fushou and Ma Fucai. He became a Sworn brother of President Chiang Kaishek.[71]

He became so prominent and well known that some Jewish organizations in the United States claimed that his father was Jewish.[72]

Tibet[]

Ma Fuxiang, as the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission,[73] made a statement that Mongolia and Tibet were parts of the Republic of China:

Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind [Ch. fei wo zulei zhe]. Now the peoples [minzu] of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years.... Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet."[74]

During the Sino-Tibetan War, Ma Fuxiang, as head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, sent a telegraph to Muslim Kuomintang official Tang Kesan ordering him to breach the agreement with Tibet, because he was concerned that political rivals in Nanjing were using the incident.[75]

Death[]

Ma Fuxiang passed away around Lianghsiang, 19 August 1932, while he was traveling to Beijing to receive medical treatment, from Chikungsan around Hankou.[76]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ann Heylen (2004). Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921). Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 203. ISBN 90-5867-418-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&pg=PA203&dq=ma+fuxiang+gelaohui&hl=en&ei=14QbTOG_CoGClAeewrW_CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20gelaohui&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  2. ↑ Howard L. Boorman, Richard C. Howard, eds., Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968) Vol 2, pp. 464-65.
  3. ↑ American Asiatic Association (1940). Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40. Asia Pub. Co.. p. 660. http://books.google.com/books?ei=Rg7HTZjJLcOtgQeM1uzMBA&ct=result&id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+command+was+transferred+to+his+brother+Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+who%2C+in+the+early+days+of+the+Chinese+Republic%2C+served+as+Governor+of+Anhwei+and+Mayor+of+Tsingtao.+Ma+Hung-+k%27uei%2C+the+present+Governor+of+Ningsia%2C+is+the+son+of+Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C&q=Anhwei+and+Mayor+of+Tsingtao. Retrieved 2011-05-08. 
  4. ↑ George Ernest Morrison, Hui-Min Lo (1978). The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison 1912-1920. CUP Archive. p. 474. ISBN 0-521-21561-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=K-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=ma+hung-k'uei&hl=en&ei=VomqTP3aGcOC8gac9sCDBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ma%20hung-k'uei&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Louis M. J. Schram (2006). The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization. Kessinger Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 1-4286-5932-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=sy2FOZy0kTsC&pg=PA23&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol&hl=en&ei=kw-sTMKPMIG78ga68LirCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu%20hsiang%20mongol&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pamela Kyle Crossley (2002). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-520-23424-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA142&dq=ma+fuxiang+mongol&hl=en&ei=Rg-sTNKbOsP-8AaW5bSkDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20mongol&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  7. ↑ Louis M. J. Schram (2006). The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization. Kessinger Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 1-4286-5932-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=sy2FOZy0kTsC&pg=PA23&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol&hl=en&ei=kw-sTMKPMIG78ga68LirCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu%20hsiang%20mongol&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  8. ↑ Louis M. J. Schram (2006). The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization. Kessinger Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 1-4286-5932-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=sy2FOZy0kTsC&pg=PA57&dq=muslims+lung+period+to+save+their+lives+at+a+time+when+the+region+was+dominated+by+rebellious+muslims&hl=en&ei=v8_FTdLAC6230QHrzuj1Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=muslims%20lung%20period%20to%20save%20%20lives%20time%20region%20%20dominated%20by%20rebellious%20muslims&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  9. ↑ Louis Schram (1961). The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan frontier, Volume 1. American Philosophical Society. p. 58. http://books.google.com/books?ei=DArHTfqOM8HUgAeK96nMBA&ct=result&id=u6kdAQAAIAAJ&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+sant%27a&q=ma+fu+hsiang+this+group+hung. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  10. ↑ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=ma+fuxiang+our+party&source=bl&ots=gMwMFrB7ou&sig=RPeikXKQk3dFt9N9lwN307E63mQ&hl=en&ei=CQIhTOufOoKBlAfysIBN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=ma%20fuxiang%20%20juren&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  11. ↑ Who's who in China. 1925. p. 586. http://books.google.com/books?id=1G1xAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu-hsiang&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=AXkzTKenI8GqlAfS1bS-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  12. ↑ Who's Who in China (Biographies of Chinese). Volume 4 of Who's who in China. 1973. p. 184. http://books.google.com/books?ei=SqAzTJK-DcOclgejt4m_Cw&ct=result&id=9BblAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+fu-hsiang+Who%27s+who+in+China&q=ma+fu-hsiang. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  13. ↑ Travels Of A Consular Officer In North-West China. CUP Archive. p. 187. http://books.google.com/books?id=fdk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA187&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol&hl=en&ei=9g-sTLCLLsH78AaKw9CBCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu%20hsiang%20mongol&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  14. ↑ 马福祥
  15. ↑ American Asiatic Association (1940). Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40. Asia Pub. Co.. p. 660. http://books.google.com/books?ei=Rg7HTZjJLcOtgQeM1uzMBA&ct=result&id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+command+was+transferred+to+his+brother+Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+who%2C+in+the+early+days+of+the+Chinese+Republic%2C+served+as+Governor+of+Anhwei+and+Mayor+of+Tsingtao.+Ma+Hung-+k%27uei%2C+the+present+Governor+of+Ningsia%2C+is+the+son+of+Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C&q=fu-lu+boxer+uprising+died+fighting+peking. Retrieved 2011-05-08. 
  16. ↑ Hartford Seminary Foundation (1941). The Moslem World, Volume 31. S: Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 184. http://books.google.com/books?ei=lXszTOTuK8WBlAep1OXACw&ct=result&id=xNY7AAAAIAAJ&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&q=fu-hsiang. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  17. ↑ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=ma+fuxiang+our+party&source=bl&ots=gMwMFrB7ou&sig=RPeikXKQk3dFt9N9lwN307E63mQ&hl=en&ei=CQIhTOufOoKBlAfysIBN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=ma%20fuxiang%20%20metropolitan%20boxer&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  18. ↑ Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1969). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 841. http://books.google.com/books?ei=n2vsTcSEOI6itgeuqdGgAQ&ct=result&id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+%28%24y+fi%5Efll%5E%29.+%E2%80%94+Kansu.+Brigade-General.+Paiikun%2C+New+Dominion.+March.+1909.+Acting+Chief+Executive+Officer%2C+Kokonor%2C+July-+August%2C+1912.+Commander+of+Guards+Division.+Altai%2C+October+10.+1912.+Was+Military+Commissioner+of&q=+kokonor+officer+executive. Retrieved 2011-06-05. 
  19. ↑ Patrick Taveirne (2004). Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 567. ISBN 90-5867-365-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=z2japTNPRNAC&pg=PA567&dq=ma+fuxiang+catholic&hl=en&ei=y4QbTP3OFYTGlQfuyYzzCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20catholic&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  20. ↑ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=ma+fuxiang+executed+mongol&source=bl&ots=gMwMFrC7sq&sig=AVcgd6oPWN3OSOeKsf8vOk3N4Io&hl=en&ei=FgYhTOzYEoOdlgfw-vBb&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=ma%20fuxiang%20%20prince%20&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  21. ↑ Centre d'études mongoles et sibériennes. Etudes Mongoles et Sibériennes. SEMS. p. 52. http://books.google.com/books?id=0I7ML6rrzN0C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&source=bl&ots=uur78UuNGE&sig=C6cLFNIE8tt5ao-v_lRT_FYWjgg&hl=en&ei=m3gzTOrKKMKblgeO9MTECw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang's%20(Ma%20Fuxiang)&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  22. ↑ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&dq=ma+anliang%27s+brother+ma+guoliang&q=ma+lin#v=snippet&q=bai%20lang%20ma%20yuanzhang%20lanzhou%20beijing&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  23. ↑ Gavan McCormack (1977). Chang Tso-lin in northeast China, 1911–1928: China, Japan, and the Manchurian Idea. Stanford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-8047-0945-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=GoSrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=DnszTJc6wd-WB4uS7b4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  24. ↑ Great Britain. Foreign Office, Great Britain. Public Record Office (1974). The Opium Trade, 1910–1941, Volume 5. Scholarly Resources. p. 106. ISBN 0-8420-1795-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=JnzaAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu-hsiang&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=AXkzTKenI8GqlAfS1bS-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  25. ↑ Hsi-sheng Chi (1976). The Warlord Politics in China, 1916–1928. Stanford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-8047-0894-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=ThUXZA0ehXoC&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&source=bl&ots=erc0svlTI8&sig=w9nBm-SezTWJOtnUUhZUobJa5RA&hl=en&ei=m3gzTOrKKMKblgeO9MTECw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  26. ↑ Gavan McCormack (1977). Chang Tso-lin in Northeast China, 1911-1928: China, Japan, and the Manchurian Idea. Stanford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-8047-0945-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=GoSrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol&hl=en&ei=xRCsTOPMGYKC8ga90LG2Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Upton Close (2007). In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China. READ BOOKS. p. 269. ISBN 1-4067-1675-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=DpQa22PJutwC&pg=PA267&dq=arab+mercenaries+china&hl=en&ei=nvNVTPzyHcP-8Ab58_CoAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=bestowed%20upon%20ma%20peking%20appease&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  28. ↑ Benjamin Wilfried Fleisher (1922). The Trans-Pacific, Volume 7, Issue 2. B. W. Fleisher.. p. 59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WBHnAAAAMAAJ&q=General+Ma+Fu-hsiang+has+also+interested+himself+in+the+possibilities+of+establishing+motor+transportation+between&dq=General+Ma+Fu-hsiang+has+also+interested+himself+in+the+possibilities+of+establishing+motor+transportation+between&hl=en&ei=xhGsTJKsHIO78gaChs28Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  29. ↑ Min-chʻien Tuk Zung Tyau (1922). China Awakened. The Macmillan company. p. 168. http://books.google.com/books?id=W_8TAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=DnszTJc6wd-WB4uS7b4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  30. ↑ Arthur Waldron (2003). From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924-1925. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-521-52332-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=MOK2HJ7BHigC&pg=PA282&dq=ma+fuxiang+defence&hl=en&ei=-iCVTKqiLoa0lQfutrWjCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  31. ↑ Upton Close (2007). In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China. READ BOOKS. p. 355. ISBN 1-4067-1675-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=DpQa22PJutwC&pg=RA1-PA266&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=DnszTJc6wd-WB4uS7b4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADgU#v=snippet&q=ma%20fu-hsiang%20delimitation%20mongolia&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  32. ↑ Upton Close (2007). In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China. READ BOOKS. p. 269. ISBN 1-4067-1675-8. http://books.google.com/books?ei=MHPTTcT8M4bz0gGU_b3-Cw&ct=result&id=IJACAAAAMAAJ&dq=They+have+not+enjoyed+the+educational+and+political+privileges+of+the+Han+chinese%2C+and+they+are+in+many+respects&q=civil+administrator. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Fred Harris (2007). The Arabic Scholar's Son: Growing Up in Turbulent North China (1927–1943). AuthorHouse. p. 53. ISBN 1-4343-3692-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=IsdBkH-XP_kC&pg=PA53&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=AXkzTKenI8GqlAfS1bS-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  34. ↑ 马福祥
  35. ↑ Howard L. Boorman, Joseph K. H. Cheng (1979). Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 5. University Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-231-04558-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=D45tt_cSGUYC&pg=PA20&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=RJAzTMfyDIOglAfv5fHACw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  36. ↑ Hartford Seminary Foundation (1941). Familiar The Moslem World, Volume 31. Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 184. http://books.google.com/books?id=xNY7AAAAIAAJ&q=The+command+was+transferred+to+his+brother+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+who,+in+the+early+days+of+the+Chinese+Republic,+served+as+Governor+of+Anhwei+and+Mayor+of+Tsingtao.+Ma+Hung-+k'uei,+the+present+Governor+of&dq=The+command+was+transferred+to+his+brother+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+who,+in+the+early+days+of+the+Chinese+Republic,+served+as+Governor+of+Anhwei+and+Mayor+of+Tsingtao.+Ma+Hung-+k'uei,+the+present+Governor+of&hl=en&ei=596sTPbTHcOblgfzv_n-CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  37. ↑ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA169&dq=ma+fulu+and+four+cousins&hl=en&ei=G1MiTKXvJ4P7lwewobh6&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20muslim%20warlord%20join%20guomindang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  38. ↑ Hung-mao Tien (1972). Government and Politics in Kuomintang China, 1927–1937. Stanford University Press. p. 185. ISBN 0-8047-0812-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=SmemAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA185&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=7XozTN6JJ8GBlAep64W_Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  39. ↑ Jay Taylor (2009). Government The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. Harvard University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-674-03338-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=03catqbPCmgC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=ma+fuxiang+chiang+kai-shek+zhang+xueliang&source=bl&ots=1dQROvgeuu&sig=PUrLZ8NafQceKQnv4LNAwLznXSk&hl=en&ei=G3o2TJ6ZM4H78AaS7ozmAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20chiang%20kai-shek%20zhang%20xueliang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  40. ↑ Sven Hedin (2002). Riddles of the Gobi Desert: With 24 Plates and a <ap. Asian Educational Services. p. 138. ISBN 81-206-1614-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ibi9Xh_ukQEC&pg=PA138&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=DnszTJc6wd-WB4uS7b4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  41. ↑ George Ernest Morrison, Hui-Min Lo (1978). Riddles The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison 1912-1920. CUP Archive. p. 474. ISBN 0-521-21561-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=K-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=battle+of+suiyuan+ma&hl=en&ei=sF6VTOKrD4O0lQf067GoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ma%20was%20rewarded%20with%20cental%20executive%20committee%20of%20the%20kuomintang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  42. ↑ Louis M. J. Schram (2006). The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization. Kessinger Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 1-4286-5932-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=sy2FOZy0kTsC&pg=PA23&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=AXkzTKenI8GqlAfS1bS-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  43. ↑ Owen Lattimore (1972). The Desert Road to Turkestan. AMS Press. p. 79. ISBN 0-404-03887-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=8LntAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Ho+Chou+Mohammedans+made+up+a+large+part+of+Ma+Fu-hsiang's+cavalry+when+he+was+governor+of+the+northwest&dq=The+Ho+Chou+Mohammedans+made+up+a+large+part+of+Ma+Fu-hsiang's+cavalry+when+he+was+governor+of+the+northwest&hl=en&ei=gxGsTIXkF4H98Ab7mISGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  44. ↑ although the source says "Turkish", the term Turkish was used by Westerners during the colonial era to refer to any Turkic language and not the modern-day Turkish language of Turkey. Therefore, "turkish" has been changed to "salar".
  45. ↑ Henry Serruys, Françoise Aubin (1987). The Mongols and Ming China: Customs and History, Volume 1. Variorum Reprints. p. cxv. ISBN 0-86078-210-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=kSttAAAAMAAJ&q=Ant.+Mostaert,+cicm,+informs+me+that+around+the+years+1916-1918,+Ma+Fu-hsiang's+11+Mohammedan+Santa+troops+from+Tung-hsiang+(east+of+Ho-chou,+now+Lin-hsia,+Kansu)+were+garrisoned+in+a+number+of+Chinese+towns+along+the+Great+Wall+just&dq=Ant.+Mostaert,+cicm,+informs+me+that+around+the+years+1916-1918,+Ma+Fu-hsiang's+11+Mohammedan+Santa+troops+from+Tung-hsiang+(east+of+Ho-chou,+now+Lin-hsia,+Kansu)+were+garrisoned+in+a+number+of+Chinese+towns+along+the+Great+Wall+just&hl=en&ei=W9msTKXfOoH98AbJkojCBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  46. ↑ China weekly review (1936). Who's Who in China, Volume 3, Part 2. China weekly review.. p. 184. http://books.google.com/books?id=F29xAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma+Fu-hsiang+%3B+received+his+military+training+at+a+Military+School+in+Kansu+...+Shensi+and+Mongolia,+1916%3B+Commander+of+the+6th+Mixed+Brigade+of+Kansu+Army,+1922+%3B+Commander+of+the+7th+Division+of+the+North-western+Army,+1926&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang+%3B+received+his+military+training+at+a+Military+School+in+Kansu+...+Shensi+and+Mongolia,+1916%3B+Commander+of+the+6th+Mixed+Brigade+of+Kansu+Army,+1922+%3B+Commander+of+the+7th+Division+of+the+North-western+Army,+1926&hl=en&ei=mBGsTM7bMcP98Ab6l7COCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  47. ↑ Edward R. Slack (2001). Opium, state, and society: China's narco-economy and the Guomindang, 1924–1937. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-8248-2361-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=JQeDYe8mv24C&pg=PA31&dq=ma+fuxiang+drug+sales&hl=en&ei=8I4bTOmHNIa8lQfGq8CBCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20drug%20sales&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  48. ↑ Ann Heylen (2004). Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921). Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 312. ISBN 90-5867-418-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&pg=PA312&dq=ma+fuxiang+opium&hl=en&ei=3w67Ta7rLYfpgQfPy4DtBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg#v=snippet&q=ma%20fuxiang%20opium&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  49. ↑ Association for Asian Studies. Southeast Conference (1979). Annals, Volumes 1-5. The Conference. p. 51. http://books.google.com/books?ei=3w67Ta7rLYfpgQfPy4DtBg&ct=result&id=kDxtAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+fuxiang+opium&q=fuxiang+ban. Retrieved 2011-04-29. 
  50. ↑ General Ma Fu Hsiang celebrates birthday with his private army in Sui Yuan, Mongolia. US Government Archive number for this historic video is: 200 UN 2–74 # 1–6,8,9 DNS
  51. ↑ May, Timothy M.. "Banditry in Inner Mongolia". University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Landeskunde/im-bandits-1.html. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  52. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA315&dq=ma+fuxiang+defence&hl=en&ei=UCKVTObTEsT_lgfw-5GkCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20defence&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  53. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&dq=ma+fuxiang+defence&q=uxiang#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20%20full%20supporters%20of%20hu&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  54. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon (2004). Devout Societies vs. Impious tates?: Transmitting Islamic Learning in Russia, Central Asia and China Through the Twentieth Century: Proceedings of an International Colloquium Jeld in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12–13, 2001. Schwarz. p. 67. ISBN 3-87997-314-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+qi+muslim&dq=ma+qi+muslim&hl=en&ei=pX-qTOXTFMP88AbioMSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBTgK. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  55. ↑ Masumi, Matsumoto (21/22 (2004)). "The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty Towards China and Islam". Etudes orientales. http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  56. ↑ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 176. ISBN 0-295-97644-6, 978-0-295-97644-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA169&dq=ma+fulu+and+four+cousins&hl=en&ei=G1MiTKXvJ4P7lwewobh6&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20titular%20director%20islamic%20school&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  57. ↑ Shuo fang dao zhi. 1926. http://books.google.com/books?id=PCktSQAACAAJ&dq=shuofang+daozhi&hl=en&ei=m1UiTPDIDIWglAeX_PiyAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBA. 
  58. ↑ Ma Fuxiang (1926). Shuo fang dao zhi. http://books.google.com/books?id=5ybyHgAACAAJ&dq=shuofang+daozhi&hl=en&ei=m1UiTPDIDIWglAeX_PiyAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg. 
  59. ↑ . 1926. http://books.google.com/books?id=PCktSQAACAAJ&dq=shuofang+daozhi&hl=en&ei=m1UiTPDIDIWglAeX_PiyAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBAShuo fang dao zhi. 
  60. ↑ 马福祥(Ma Fuxiang) (1987). Shuo fang dao zhi 31st Edition(朔方道志: 31卷). Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House(天津古籍出版社). http://books.google.com/books?id=5ybyHgAACAAJ&dq=shuofang+daozhi&hl=en&ei=m1UiTPDIDIWglAeX_PiyAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg. 
  61. ↑ 馬福祥(Ma Fuxiang) (1931). 蒙藏狀况: 回部新疆坿 (Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Status: Mikurube Xinjiang Agricultural Experiment Station). Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission(蒙藏委員會). http://books.google.com/books?id=tVq1GwAACAAJ&dq=%E8%92%99%E8%97%8F%E7%8B%80%E5%86%B5:+%E5%9B%9E%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%9D%BF&hl=en&ei=fFYiTPPiKYKclge2uZiQAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA. 
  62. ↑ [1]
  63. ↑ Mary Clabaugh Wright (1957). Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'Ung-Chih. Stanford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 0-8047-0475-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=VaOaAAAAIAAJ&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&q=ma+fu-hsiang+reprinted#v=snippet&q=ma%20fu-hsiang%20reprinted%201927&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  64. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA251&dq=ma+fuxiang+military+academy&hl=en&ei=_AadTPPfNIP78AaV-OVR&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  65. ↑ Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul., 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc.. p. 296. JSTOR 189017. 
  66. ↑ Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa (2002). The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture. Routledge. p. 368. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=5LSvkQvvmAMC&pg=PA368&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&hl=en&ei=lXszTOTuK8WBlAep1OXACw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADge#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  67. ↑ The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce, Volume 15. 1919. p. 588. http://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a+Chinese+scholar+of+no+mean+ability.+The+most+powerful+of+the+reactionaries+was+Ma+An-liang,+the+once+all-+powerful+chief+who&dq=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a+Chinese+scholar+of+no+mean+ability.+The+most+powerful+of+the+reactionaries+was+Ma+An-liang,+the+once+all-+powerful+chief+who&hl=en&ei=-XfsTZKyA9O4tweyir2CDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2011-06-06. 
  68. ↑ June Teufel Dreyer (1976). China's Forty Millions: Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-674-11964-9. http://books.google.com/books?ei=CQvHTZbeF8LdgQfXg7nMBA&ct=result&id=iOflAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+father+of+Ma+Hung-k%27uei%2C+had+been+a+military+leader+during+the+late+Ch%27ing+dynasty.+Other+family+members+held+important+positions+in+various+parts+of+the+Muslim+Belt.54+Convinced+of+their+superiority+and+traditionally+a&q=Fu-hsiang+military+leader. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  69. ↑ Institute for Research in Biography, Inc (1948). World Biography, Part 2. Institute for Research in Biography.. p. 2917. http://books.google.com/books?ei=BUjsTbXhAen40gHsw5y9AQ&ct=result&id=pfwZAAAAYAAJ&dq=MA+%2C+General+HCNG-KUEI%2C+Chinese+Provincial+Governor%3B+born+Mar.+14%2C+1892%2C+Lin+Hsla+Hslen%2C+Kansu.+China%3B+son+of+Fu-+hsiang+and+Tsal+%28Te%29+Ma%3B+educated+at+Chinese+Military+Acad.%3B+married+Chich-+Cheng+Liu.+1914%3B+three+children&q=General+HCNG-KUEI. Retrieved 2011-06-05. [2]
  70. ↑ "CHINESE WARLORD". 1 November 1948. p. 58. http://books.google.com/books?id=ekoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57&dq=Ma-Hung-kwei&hl=en&ei=v62VTIzPJsKqlAem5P2kCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Ma-Hung-kwei%20mother%20died%20this%20year&f=false. Retrieved 12 December 2010. 
  71. ↑ Stephen R. MacKinnon, Diana Lary, Ezra F. Vogel (2007). Familiar China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945. Stanford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-8047-5509-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=zeSeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77&dq=chiang+sworn+brother+ma+fuxiang&hl=en&ei=L2mKTLiJNIG8lQeZyPmkDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chiang%20sworn%20brother%20ma%20fuxiang&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  72. ↑ Menorah Association (New York, N.Y.) (1928). The Menorah journal, Volume 15, Issues 4-6. Intercollegiate Menorah Association. p. 454. http://books.google.com/books?id=w-MSAAAAIAAJ&q=General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+a+military+man+of+considerable+importance,+whose+father+is+said+to+have+been+a+Jew,+but+whose+mother+was&dq=General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+a+military+man+of+considerable+importance,+whose+father+is+said+to+have+been+a+Jew,+but+whose+mother+was&hl=en&ei=ZRKsTN7-LYK88gagzqGyCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  73. ↑ China monthly review, Volume 58. Millard Publishing Co., inc.. 1931. p. 392. http://books.google.com/books?id=OrWGTbmSuOcC&q=Ma+Fu-hsiang,+well-known+Mohammadan+leader+and+chairman+of+the+Mongolian+and+Thibetan+Affairs+Commission+at+Nanking:+received+his+military+training+at+a+military+school+in+Kansu,+after+many+years+of+%7C+service+in+the+Army,+he+rose+to+the&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang,+well-known+Mohammadan+leader+and+chairman+of+the+Mongolian+and+Thibetan+Affairs+Commission+at+Nanking:+received+his+military+training+at+a+military+school+in+Kansu,+after+many+years+of+%7C+service+in+the+Army,+he+rose+to+the&hl=en&ei=b43tTcasNMTx0gHs6Y2ACA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2011-06-06. 
  74. ↑ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=ma+fuxiang+our+party&source=bl&ots=gMwLItF3rt&sig=Y4eKstUC_TGgOelKv60xxJb-J2I&hl=en&ei=968WTL_0DYKBlAecxOCjDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Our%20Party%20%5Bthe%20Guomindang%5D%20takes%20the%20development%20of%20the%20weak%20and%20small%20and%20resistance%20to%20the%20strong%20and%20violent%20as%20our%20sole%20and%20most%20urgent%20task.&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  75. ↑ Oriental Society of Australia (2000). The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volumes 31-34. Oriental Society of Australia. p. 34. http://books.google.com/books?ei=MiGVTK5Pw9-WB4D6yKoK&ct=result&id=YD0sAQAAIAAJ&dq=ma+fuxiang+defence&q=Ma+Fuxiang. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  76. ↑ The China monthly review, Volume 61. Stanford J.W. Powell. 1932. p. 458. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AXkzTKenI8GqlAfS1bS-Cw&ct=result&id=AYsTAAAAIAAJ&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&q=fu-hsiang. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
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