| MA-31 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Target drone |
| Place of origin |
Russia United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1996-2007 |
| Used by | United States Navy |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Boeing, Zvezda-Strela |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 1,300 pounds (590 kg) |
| Length | 15 ft (4.7 m) |
| Diameter | 14.2 inches (360 mm) |
|
| |
| Engine | Solid fuel rocket in initial stage, ramjet for rest of trajectory |
| Wingspan | 36 inches (910 mm) |
Operational range | 31 mi (50 km) |
| Maximum speed | Mach 3.5 |
Launch platform | F-4 Phantom II |
The MA-31 was a conversion of the Kh-31 anti-ship missile, developed by the Soviet Union during the 1980s, for use as a target drone by the United States Navy. Although the missile proved successful in this role, political complications resulted in the type being only an interim solution, and only a small number of the missiles were acquired.
Kh-31 development[]
The Kh-31 missile was developed by Zvezda-Strela in the Soviet Union starting in 1977 for service as a long-range anti-ship missile and anti-radiation missile, first being flown in 1982.[1] Derived from the P-270 Moskit missile,[1] the Kh-31 is conventional in shape, and has cruciform fins made from titanium,[2] with a rocket-ramjet propulsion system providing thrust.[1]
MA-31 history[]
Following the cancellation of the AQM-127 SLAT target drone program, a requirement for a new high-speed target to replace the MQM-8 Vandal still existed.[3] In an unusual turn of events, the U.S. Navy chose to acquire examples of the Kh-31 missile - the actual threat the drone was intended to simulate[3] - as an interim solution pending the development of an all-new design.[4] In 1995, a contract was awarded to McDonnell Douglas for evaluation of the Kh-31 in the Supersonic Sea-Skimming Target role.[1]
An initial small batch of missiles were acquired,[5] being delivered from the manufacturer as "green" shells, without electronics,[6] to Boeing, which had acquired McDonnell Douglas, in the US for modification and conversion to U.S. Navy standards, including the installation of tracking, telemetry and range-safety systems.[7] The MA-31 was equipped for launch from the QF-4 Phantom II aircraft, and it was proposed to develop a compatible launcher for the F-16N Fighting Falcon.[2]
Designated MA-31 in US service, the first launch of the missile took place in August 1996.[7] Evaluated against an improved MQM-8, the MA-31 proved superior and a contract for 34 production missiles was placed in 1999.[8]
At this point, politics intervened in the process, with the Russian Duma refusing export clearance for the missiles.[5] Boeing proposed a further-modified version of the missile, with improved guidance and longer range,[7] however the MA-31 program went no further, and the last missiles in the U.S. Navy's inventory were expended in 2007.[9]
The Navy would finally receive a definitive Supersonic Sea-Skimming Target, replacing the MA-31 and the MQM-8, in the form of the GQM-163 Coyote, which entered service during 2007.[10]
References[]
Notes[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Friedman 2006, pp.534
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Braucksick 2004
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Parsch and Caston 2006
- ↑ Goebel 2010
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Aerial Targets". Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. pp. 10, 56. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA441466.
- ↑ Smith 2004, p.61.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Parsch 2008
- ↑ "Contracts for Thursday, December 16, 1999". US Department of Defense. 1999-12-16. http://www.defenselink.mil/contracts/contract.aspx?contractid=1670.
- ↑ Buckley 2007
- ↑ Parsch 2007
Bibliography[]
- Braucksick, Ken (2004-11-17). "MA-31 Target Vehicle OVERVIEW". NDIA. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20110522133349/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004rangeops/17Nov04/Braucksick.ppt.. Sales pitch from Boeing, has useful diagrams of flight profiles etc
- Buckley, Capt. Pat (2007-10-31). "U.S. Navy Aerial Target Systems (Presented to 45th Annual NDIA Symposium)". US Navy. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20110522133701/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007targets/Day2/PatBuckley/Buckleynovideo.pdf.
- Goebel, Greg (2010). "Modern US Target Drones". Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. vectorsite.net. http://www.vectorsite.net/twuav_02.html. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- Friedman, Norman (2006). "The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems". Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=4S3h8j_NEmkC&pg=PA534.
- Parsch, Andreas; Craig Caston (2006). "Martin Marietta AQM-127 SLAT". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. designation-systems.net. http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-127.html. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- Parsch, Andreas (2007). "Orbital Sciences GQM-163 Coyote". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. designation-systems.net. http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-163.html. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- Parsch, Andreas (2008). "Boeing/Zvezda-Strela MA-31". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. designation-systems.net. http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/ma-31.html. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- Smith, Charles Robinson (2004). Deception: How Clinton Sold America Out To The Chinese Military. Columbus, OH: Pine Lake Media. ISBN 0-9761168-0-4.
The original article can be found at MA-31 and the edit history here.