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List of wars involving Korea

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This is a list of wars involving Korea and its predecessor states.

Goguryeo: 37 BC – 668 AD[]

Conflict Goguryeo and its allies Opponents Results Monarch of Goguryeo
Goguryeo–Sui War
(598, 612–614) 		Goguryeo Sui Dynasty Victory King Yeongyang
Goguryeo–Tang War
(645–668 CE) 		Goguryeo
Baekje
Yamato
Mohe 		Tang
Silla 		Defeat King Bojang

Silla: 57 BC – 935 AD[]

Conflict Silla and its allies Opponents Results Monarch of Silla
Silla–Tang War
(668–676) 		Silla
Goguryeo (vassal of Silla)
Baekje (vassal of Silla) 		Tang China Victory
  • Silla recaptured the territory south of Taedong River, while Tang held control over former Gorguryeo territory north of Taedong River.
 King Munmu

Goryeo: 918–1392[]

Conflict Goguryeo and its allies Opponents Results Monarch of Goryeo
Goryeo–Khitan War
(993, 1010, 1018–1019) 		 Goryeo Liao dynasty Victory
  • The Khitan Liao dynasty cedes territory around the Yalu River basin to Goryeo
  • Goryeo pays tribute to the Liao dynasty to establish diplomatic relations
  • Peace ensues between Goryeo and Liao, and Liao never attacks Goryeo again
 King Hyeonjong
Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
(10th century – 14th century) 		 Goryeo Jin dynasty
Jurchens 		Stalemate
Mongol invasions of Korea
(1231, 1232, 1235–1239, 1251, 1254, 1255, 1257) 		 Goryeo Mongol Empire Defeat
  • Goryeo capitulates in 1259 and becomes a vassal between 1270 and 1356.
 King Goryeo
Mongol invasions of Japan
(1274, 1281) 		Mongol Empire Imperial Court Defeat King Wonjong
King Chungnyeol

Joseon dynasty: 1392–1897[]

Conflict Joseon dynasty and its allies Opponents Results Monarch of the Joseon Dynasty
Joseon dynasty
Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
(14th century – 17th century) 		 Korea Jurchens Victory
  • Korean conquest of Hamgyong, completing annexation of the entire peninsula
 King Taejo
Second Tsushima Expedition
(1396) 		 Korea Tsushima Province Victory
  • Resulted in yearly tributes by Tsushima.
 King Taejong
Third Tsushima Expedition
(1419) 		 Korea Tsushima Province Japanese military victory[1]
Korean diplomatic victory[1]
  • Korean withdrawal[2]
  • In diplomatic exchanges, Tsushima would be granted trading privileges with Joseon, in exchange for maintaining control and order of pirate threats originating from the island.[2]
 King Sejong the Great
Joseon Northern Expedition
(1443) 		 Korea Jianzhou Jurchens Victory
  • Led to establishment of present-day northern borders.
 King Sejong the Great
Disturbance of the Three Ports
(April 4–19, 1510) 		 Korea Japanese living on Tsushima Island and in Korea
Sō clan 		Victory
  • Increased restrictions for Japanese in Korea
 King Jungjong
Sampo Invasion
(1510) 		 Korea Tsushima Province Victory
  • Joseon broke all diplomatic relations with Japan after the incident.
 King Jungjong
First Japanese invasion of Korea
(1592–1593) 		 Korea

Ming dynasty

Azuchi-Momoyama Japan Stalemate
  • Joseon, despite its strategic advantage, suffered heavy casualties due to an inefficient military system.
 King Seonjo
Second Japanese invasion of Korea
(1597–1598) 		 Korea

Ming dynasty

Azuchi-Momoyama Japan Victory
  • Asia's first regional warfare that involved intensive use of modern-era weapons.
 King Seonjo
Ming-Manchu War
(1618–1683) 		Ming dynasty
 Korea
Kumul Khanate
Turfan Khanate 		Manchus Defeat Gwanghaegun
First Manchu invasion of Korea
(1627) 		 Korea
Ming dynasty 		Later Jin dynasty Defeat
  • Was spurred by actions of Mao Wenlong, a Ming commander who operated off islands of Korea.
 King Injo
Second Manchu invasion of Korea
(1636–1637) 		 Korea
Ming dynasty 		 China Defeat
  • Brought forth the idea of Punitive North Expedition in Joseon.
 King Injo
Sino-Russian border conflicts
(1652–1689) 		 China
 Korea 		Russia
Cossacks 		Victory King Hyojong
French campaign against Korea
(1866) 		 Korea  Second French Empire French withdrawal
  • Spurred by Joseon's execution of French Catholic priests on the same year.
 Heungseon Daewongun
United States expedition to Korea
(1871) 		 Korea  United States American withdrawal
  • Spurred by Joseon's unknown treatment of the American merchant ship General Sherman.
 Heungseon Daewongun
Ganghwa Island incident
(1875) 		 Korea  Empire of Japan Defeat King Gojong
Imo Incident
(1882) 		 Korea Korean military dissidents, mostly from the Central Defense Command Victory
  • Spurred by Central Defense Command receiving significantly worse treatment compared to the newly established "Byolkigun".
 King Gojong
Gapsin Coup
(1884) 		 Korea
Supported by
 Qing dynasty 		Reformist Faction
Supported by
 Empire of Japan 		Gapsin Coup overthrown
  • Resulted in Chinese dominance within Korean politics.
 King Gojong
Donghak Peasant Revolution
(1894–1895) 		 Korea Donghak Peasant's Army Victory King Gojong

Korean Empire: 1897–1910[]

Conflict Korean Empire and its allies Opponents Results Emperor of Korean Empire
Korean Empire
Boxer Rebellion
(1900) 		 Korean Empire
  • Provincial Armies
 Boxers Victory
  • Reaction to Boxer Invasion of Northern Korea.
 Emperor Gwangmu
Korean Invasion of Manchuria
(1902) 		 Korean Empire  Qing Dynasty Victory
  • Korean settlers and soldiers moved into Southern Manchuria as the Qing Dynasty weakened
 Emperor Gwangmu
Eulsa Righteous War
(1905) 		 Korean Empire  Empire of Japan Defeat Emperor Gwangmu
Jeungmi Righteous War
(1907) 		 Korean Empire  Empire of Japan Defeat
  • Reaction to the forced dissolution of the Korean Imperial Army.
 Emperor Yunghui
Great Korean Militia Roundup Campaign
(1909) 		 Korean Empire  Empire of Japan Defeat
  • Most battles were around the Southern Korea region of Jeolla.
 Emperor Yunghui

Occupied Korea: 1910–1945[]

Conflict Provisional Government of Korea and its allies Opponents Results Leader
of Provisional Government
Provisional Government of Korea
Battle of Fengwudong
(1920) 		 Provisional Korea  Empire of Japan Victory
  • One of earlier Korean independence movements.
 President
Syngman Rhee
Battle of Chongsanli
(1920) 		 Provisional Korea  Empire of Japan Victory
  • Referred in Korea as "Great victory of Chongsanli".
 President
Syngman Rhee
Massacre of Svobodny
(1921) 		 Provisional Korea  Far Eastern Republic Defeat
  • Most of initial Korean militia was destroyed during the massacre.
 President
Syngman Rhee
South-East Asian theatre of World War II
(1942–1945) 		 United Kingdom
  •  India
  • Malaya
  •  Hong Kong
  •  Burma
  •  Ceylon

 China

 United States

 Empire of Japan

 Thailand

Victory Premier
Kim Gu

Korea: 1948–present[]

North Korea[]

Conflict North Korea and its allies Opponents Results North Korean
losses 		Leader of North Korea
Military Civilian
North Korea
Korean War
(1950–1953) 		 North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union 		 South Korea
United Nations Command
  •  United States
  •  United Kingdom
  •  Canada
  •  Australia
  •  New Zealand
  •  Turkey
  •  Philippines
  •  Thailand
  •  Ethiopia
  •  Greece
  •  France
  •  Colombia
  •  Belgium
  •  South Africa
  •  Netherlands
  •  Luxembourg
 Stalemate
215,000–
350,000
1,550,000
Kim Il-sung
Simba Rebellion
(1964) 		Simba Rebels
Military advisors:
 Cuba
 Tanganyika
 Soviet Union
 China
 North Korea 		 Congo-Léopoldville
Combat support:
 Belgium
 United States 		Defeat (limited involvement)
  • Rebellion defeated.
Unknown
None
Communist insurgency in Thailand
(1965–1983) 		Communist Party of Thailand
Pathet Lao[3][4]

Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[3][4]
Malayan Communist Party
Weapons and advisors
 North Vietnam (until 1976)
 Vietnam (from 1976)
 China
 Soviet Union
 North Korea[3]

 Thailand
 Taiwan (until 1967)
 United States[3]
 Malaysia 		Defeat (limited involvement)
  • Defeat of communist insurgency.
Unknown
~120
Vietnam War
(1967–1969)[lower-alpha 1] 		 North Vietnam
Viet Cong
Laos Pathet Lao
Khmer Rouge
 China
 Soviet Union
 North Korea 		 South Vietnam
 United States
 South Korea
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Laos
Cambodia Cambodia
Cambodia Khmer Republic
 Thailand
 Philippines 		Victory (in 1975)
14[5]
None
Korean DMZ Conflict
(1966–1969) 		 North Korea  South Korea
 United States 		Defeat
  • North Korean failure to instigate an armed insurgency in South Korea
2,871
Unknown
1971 JVP insurrection
(1971) 		JVP

Supported by:
 North Korea[6][7]
Ba'athist Iraq ASBPI[8][9]
CCP (Maoist) (alleged)[10]

 Ceylon Defeat (limited involvement)
  • Rebel leaders captured and remaining members surrender.
  • Ceylonese government reestablishes control over entire island.
  • Expulsion of North Korean diplomats.
Unknown killed
Several arrested
Unknown
Yom Kippur War
(1973) 		 Egypt
 Syria
 Jordan
 Ba'athist Iraq
 Algeria
 Morocco
 Tunisia
 Cuba
 North Korea[11][12] 		 Israel Defeat[13]
  • Syrian invasion of Israel repelled.
  • Israel–Syria Disengagement Agreement
  • Geneva Conference and the Sinai II Agreement
  • Strategic political gains for Egypt and Israel
None[14][15][16]
None[14][15][16]
Ethiopian Civil War
(1974–1991) 		Derg (1974–1987)
Ethiopia (1987–1991)
 Cuba
 North Korea 		EPRP
TPLF
MEISON (from 1977)
EPDM
EDU
EPLF 		Defeat
  • Fall of Communist government
  • Independence of Eritrea
  • Ethiopia becomes a landlocked country
Unknown
None
Angolan Civil War
(1975–2002) 		MPLA
SWAPO
MK
 Cuba (1975–91)
 East Germany (1975–89)
 Soviet Union (1975–89)[17]
 North Korea[18]
EO (1992–95) 		UNITA
FNLA
FLEC
 South Africa (1975–89)
 Zaire (1975)[19] 		Victory (by 1992)
  • Withdrawal of all foreign forces in 1989
  • Transition towards a multiparty political system in 1991/92
  • Dissolution of the armed forces of FNLA
  • Participation of UNITA and FNLA, as political parties, in the new political system, from 1991/92 onwards, but civil war continues
  • Jonas Savimbi killed in 2002
  • Immediate peace agreement and dissolution of the armed forces of UNITA in 2002
  • Resistance of FLEC continued beyond 2002
Unknown
Unknown
Ugandan Bush War
(1980–1986) 		Uganda UNLA
 Tanzania (until 1985)
 North Korea 		Uganda NRA Defeat
700
Unknown
1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
(1982) 		Ethiopia
Puntland SSDF
Supported by:
 Cuba[20]
 South Yemen[20]
 North Korea[20] 		 Somalia
Supported by:
 United States[20][21] 		Defeat (limited involvement)
Unknown
Unknown
Sri Lankan Civil War
(1983–2009) 		Tamil Tigers
Supported by:
 North Korea (from 1997)[22][23]
 Eritrea[24][25][26] 		 Sri Lanka
 India 		Defeat (limited involvement)
Unknown
Unknown
1987–1989 JVP insurrection
(1987–1989) 		JVP
  • DJV

Support:
 Soviet Union[27][lower-alpha 2]
 North Korea[28]
 Cuba[29]
PLOTE (until 1988)[30][31]
 Iraq[32]

 Sri Lanka
 India
Military support for Sri Lanka:
 Israel[33]
 Pakistan[33]
 South Africa
 United Kingdom
 United States 		Defeat (limited involvement)
  • Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted.
  • Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc.
Unknown
Unknown
United States invasion of Panama
(1989–1990) 		 Panama

Supported by:
 Cuba[34]
 Soviet Union[34]
 Nicaragua[34]
 Libya[34]
 North Korea[34]

 United States
 Panamanian Opposition 		Defeat (limited involvement)
Unknown
Unknown
Yemeni Civil War
(1994) 		South Yemen
Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia[35]:82
 Iraq[35]:82
 Libya[35]:82
 North Korea[35]:82[36] 		North Yemen
Jihadists[37]
Supported by:
 United States[38]
 Egypt[36] 		Defeat (limited involvement)
  • Reunification under northern government
  • Purge of Yemeni socialism and the left
  • Further tension in Yemen eventually leads to Yemeni Crisis
2 killed in action
4 captured and executed by Jihadist
Unknown
Kim Jong-il
Battle of Amami-Ōshima
(2001) 		 North Korea  Japan Defeat
  • North Korean naval trawler sunk[39]
15[40]
1 naval trawler sunk[41]
None
First Libyan Civil War
(2011) 		 Libya
 Belarus
 Zimbabwe
Foreign mercenaries[42][43][44][45][46]
Minor border clashes:
Darfur rebels[47]

Weapons and advisors:
 North Korea[48]
 Algeria[49]
 Cuba[50]
 Venezuela[51]
 China (until 12 September)[52][53]
 Russia (until 1 September)[52]
 Mozambique

Anti-Gaddafi forces
 Qatar
Enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973:

 NATO

  •  Belgium
  •  Bulgaria
  •  Canada
  •  Denmark
  •  France
  •  Greece
  •  Italy
  •  Netherlands
  •  Norway
  •  Romania
  •  Spain
  •  Turkey
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States

Other countries:
 Sweden
 Jordan[54]
 United Arab Emirates[55]
 Saudi Arabia[56][57]
Minor border clashes:
 Tunisia
Arms suppliers:
 Egypt
 Moldova[58]
 Switzerland[59]
 Morocco
Other support:
 Botswana
 Peru
 Ethiopia

Defeat (limited involvement)
  • Overthrow and collapse of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
  • Death of Muammar Gaddafi and end of his rule over Libya
  • Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council; remains in power until August 8, 2012
  • UN authorisation of NATO military intervention
  • Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU
  • Factional violence leading to another civil war in 2014[60]
  • Rise and spread of Salafism in Libya[61]
Unknown
Unknown
Yemeni Civil War
(2015–present) 		Supreme Political Council Hadi government

Saudi-led coalition
 Saudi Arabia[75]
 United Arab Emirates[76]
 Senegal[77]
 Sudan[78][79]
 Morocco[80]
 Qatar[78] (2015–17)[81]
Academi security contractors[82][83][84][85]

United States Green Berets[86][87]
France French Army Special Forces Command[88][89][90]
Al-Qaeda[91][92][93]
Academi

Southern Transitional Council (from 2017)[98]
Tareq Saleh forces (from 2017)[99][100]

Ansar al-Sharia

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL-YP[105][106]

Ongoing
Unknown
Unknown
Kim Jong-un

South Korea[]

Conflict South Korea and its allies Opponents Results President of South Korea
South Korea
Korean War
(1950–1953) 		 South Korea
United Nations Command
  •  United States
  •  United Kingdom
  •  Canada
  •  Australia
  •  New Zealand
  •  Turkey
  •  Philippines
  •  Thailand
  •  Ethiopia
  •  Greece
  •  France
  •  Colombia
  •  Belgium
  •  South Africa
  •  Netherlands
  •  Luxembourg
  North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union 		Stalemate Syngman Rhee
Vietnam War
(1964–1973) 		 South Vietnam
 United States
 South Korea
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Laos
Cambodia Cambodia
Cambodia Khmer Republic
 Thailand
 Philippines 		 North Vietnam
Viet Cong
Laos Pathet Lao
Khmer Rouge
 China
 Soviet Union
 North Korea 		Withdrawal Park Chung-hee
Korean DMZ Conflict
(1966–1969) 		 South Korea
 United States 		 North Korea Victory
  • North Korean failure to instigate an armed insurgency in South Korea
 Park Chung-hee
Gulf War
(1990–1991) 		 Kuwait
 United States
 United Kingdom
 South Korea
 Saudi Arabia
 France
 Canada
 Egypt
 Syria
 Oman
 United Arab Emirates
 Bahrain
 Qatar
Other Allies 		 Iraq Victory
  • Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored.
  • Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure.
 Roh Tae-woo
War in Afghanistan
(2002–2014) 		Afghanistan Northern Alliance (2001)
 Afghanistan (from 2001)
ISAF
  •  United States
  •  United Kingdom
  •  Canada
  •  Australia
  •  New Zealand
  •  Germany
  •  Italy
  •  France
  •  Czech Republic
  •  Netherlands
  •  Turkey
  •  Romania
  •  Georgia
  •  South Korea
  •  Poland
  •  Denmark
  •  Sweden
  •  Norway
  •  Singapore
 Afghanistan Islamic Emirate (2001)
Afghanistan Taliban (from 2001)
al-Qaeda 		Withdrawal Kim Dae-jung
Iraq War
(2003–2008) 		 Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan
MNF–I
  •  United States
  •  United Kingdom
  •  South Korea
  •  Italy
  •  Poland
  •  Australia
  •  New Zealand
  •  Georgia
  •  Ukraine
  •  Netherlands
  •  Spain
  •  Romania
  •  Japan
  •  Denmark
  •  Bulgaria
 SCJL
Naqshbandi Army
ISI

Ansar al-Islam
IAI

Mahdi Army
Special Groups
File:Badr Organisation Military flag.svg Badr Brigades
File:Kata'ib Hezbollah flag.svg Kata'ib Hezbollah 		Victory Roh Moo-hyun

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ More about North Korean involvement in the Vietnam War
  2. ↑ see the International Suppliers of Patriotic Peoples Front

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "朝鮮世宗實錄4卷1年6月20日" Annals of King Sejong Vol.4 June 20 sillok.history.go.kr
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "朝鮮世宗實錄7卷閏1月10日" Annals of King Sejong Vol.7 1st leap month 10 [1]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Communist Insurgency In Thailand". CIA Report. http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000012498.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory". January 2007. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/marks.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "North Korea fought in Vietnam War". BBC News. 31 March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm. 
  6. ↑ "The story of a North Korea-backed rebellion in Sri Lanka – NK News – North Korea News". 10 October 2017. https://www.nknews.org/2017/10/the-story-of-a-north-korea-backed-rebellion-in-1971-sri-lanka/. 
  7. ↑ "North Korea's role in Sri Lanka". 12 March 2014. https://www.nknews.org/2014/03/north-koreas-role-in-sri-lankas-bloody-insurgencies. 
  8. ↑ http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/english/download/1168/ [bare URL PDF]
  9. ↑ Sri Lanka the years of Terror. p. 59
  10. ↑ https://www.divaina.com/2011/10/03/mano03.html
  11. ↑ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
  12. ↑ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
  13. ↑ References:
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Nicolle, David & Cooper, Tom: Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 units in combat.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Aloni, Shlomo: Arab–Israeli Air Wars, 1947–82.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Shazly, Lieutenant General Saad el (2003). The Crossing of the Suez, Revised Edition (Revised ed.). American Mideast Research. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-9604562-2-8. 
  17. ↑ "AfricanCrisis". AfricanCrisis. http://www.africancrisis.co.za/Article.php?ID=24839&. 
  18. ↑ Young, Benjamin R (16 December 2013). "North Korea: Opponents of Apartheid". NK News. https://www.nknews.org/2013/12/north-korea-opponents-of-apartheid/. 
  19. ↑ Perez de Cuellar C. Pilgrimage for Peace: A Secretary-General's Memoir pp. 325–326
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "The History Guy: Ethiopia-Somalia Wars and Conflicts". http://www.historyguy.com/ethiopia_somali_wars.html. 
  21. ↑ "Somalia SOMALIA'S DIFFICULT DECADE, 1980–90 – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/somalia/somalia_history_somalias_difficult_decade_1980_90.html. 
  22. ↑ "Transcript- Rohan Gunaratne". Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission. 2010. http://www.llrcarchive.org/2010/10/rohan-gunaratne/. 
  23. ↑ "LTTE runs illegal operations overseas – Minister Gunawardena". priu.gov.lk. 2011. http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca201101/20110107ltte_runs_illegal_operations_overseas.htm. 
  24. ↑ "Sri Lanka finds LTTE fighter planes in Eritrea – Report". Jimma Times. 2009. http://www.jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Sri_Lanka_finds_LTTE_fighter_planes_in_Eritrea_Report/32664. 
  25. ↑ "Eritrea providing direct military assistance to LTTE – USSFRC". Ministry of Defense. 2007. http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20070901_01. 
  26. ↑ "Sri Lanka Goes After LTTE assets in Eritrea « The Eight Man Team". Lrrp.wordpress.com. 2009-09-14. http://lrrp.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/sri-lanka-goes-after-ltte-assets-in-eritrea/. 
  27. ↑ The History of the JVP 1965–1994. Niyamuva Publishers. 2009. ISBN 9789558696392. 
  28. ↑ "TheSundayNews: Protesters shot dead at Indo-Lanka opposition". http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20040328/spotlight-more.htm. 
  29. ↑ Our times great Fidel, අපේ කාලයේ ආදර්ශය ෆිදෙල්. Niyamuva Publications. p. 1. ISBN 9789558696200
  30. ↑ Gunaratna, (1993) p. 133
  31. ↑ Sri Lanka: The Years Terror. p. 141. 
  32. ↑ Gunaratna, Rohan (1990), p. 22
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Indian Intervention in Sri Lanka: Role of Indian Agencies. p. 23. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Cole, Ronald H. (1995). Operation Just Cause: The Planning and Execution of Joint Operations in Panama, February 1988 – January 1990. Joint History Office, Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. p. 6. [full citation needed]
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Jamal S. al-Suwaidi, ed (1995). The Yemeni War of 1994: Causes and Consequences. Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. ISBN 0-86356-300-7. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Archived copy". http://www.cfr.org/yemen/yemen-crisis/p36488. 
  37. ↑ Said, Behnam T. (2018) (in German). Geschichte al-Qaidas. Bin Laden, der 11. September und die tausend Fronten des Terrors heute. Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 106. ISBN 978-3-406-72585-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=mkBmDwAAQBAJ. 
  38. ↑ Embassy of Yemen – Yemeni-American relations Archived 2015-07-09 at the Wayback Machine., "[In mid-nineties...] Washington demonstrated favorable intentions concerning Yemen. That became evident when the U.S. fully supported the Yemeni unity against the failed Separatist attempt in the summer of 1994."
  39. ↑ "Japan Says a Mystery Boat Fired Rockets at Its Ships". 25 December 2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/25/world/japan-says-a-mystery-boat-fired-rockets-at-its-ships.html&pagewanted=all. 
  40. ↑ "Japan defiant over boat sinking". 24 December 2001. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/24/japan. 
  41. ↑ "North Korean Provocative Actions, 1950–2007". 20 April 2007. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30004.pdf. 
  42. ↑ "Is Libya's Gaddafi Turning to Foreign Mercenaries?". 24 February 2011. https://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFLDE71N11N20110224. 
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