The contracting states to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) are the states that have signed and ratified the international agreement banning all nuclear explosions in all environments. Technically they will not be "parties" until the treaty enters into force,[1] at which point these states will also be Member States of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). Non-contracting states are also listed, including those that are signatories and those are not. States Signatories are Members of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission.
On September 24, 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) was opened for signature. All five nuclear weapons states recognized under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) signed the treaty, with 66 other states following that day.[2] Fiji became the first state to ratify the treaty on October 10, 1996. Currently, 183 states have signed and 161 states have ratified the treaty. Most recently, Niue signed and Iraq ratified the treaty on April 9, 2012 and September 26, 2013 respectively.[3][4][5]
Signatures are received at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City by authorized representatives of the state.[6] Ratification is achieved with the approval of either or both chamber of the legislature and executive of the state. The instrument of ratification serves as the document binding the state to the international treaty and can be accepted only with the validating signature of the head of state or other official with full powers to sign it.[7] The instrument is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.[8]
Under the CTBT, there are 195 Annex 1 states[9] which include a subset of 44 Annex 2 states.[10]
- Annex 1 states are agreed upon by conference and currently comprise all 193 United Nations member states, the Cook Islands, Holy See and Niue. All Annex 1 states may become members of the Executive Council, the principal decision-making body of the organization responsible for supervising its activities.[11] These states are formally bound to the conditions of the treaty; however, their ratification is not necessary for the treaty to come into effect (unless they are also an Annex 2 state).
- Annex 2 states are those that formally participated in the 1996 Conference on Disarmament and possessed nuclear power or research reactors at the time.[12] Eight Annex 2 states have not ratified the treaty: China, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United States have already signed the Treaty, whereas India, North Korea and Pakistan have not signed it. The treaty will come into force only with the signature and ratification of the above Annex 2 states of the treaty, 180 days after they have all deposited their instruments of ratification.[13]
Summary[]
Status | Annex 2 states | Not Annex 2 states | Total | Membership |
---|---|---|---|---|
Signed and ratified | 36 | 125 | 161 | Parties to the CTBT Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission Member States of the CTBTO (after entry into force) |
Only signed | 5 | 17 | 22 | Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission |
Non-signatory | 3 | 10 | 13 | |
Total | 44 | 152 | 196 |
Ratifying states[]
State[5] | Annex | Signed[3] | Ratified[3] |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 1 | Sep 24, 2003 | Sep 24, 2003 |
Albania | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Apr 23, 2003 |
Algeria | 1, 2 | Oct 15, 1996 | Jul 11, 2003 |
Andorra | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 12, 2006 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 1 | Apr 16, 1997 | Jan 11, 2006 |
Argentina | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 4, 1998 |
Armenia | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Jul 12, 2006 |
Australia | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 9, 1998 |
Austria | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 13, 1998 |
Azerbaijan | 1 | Jul 28, 1997 | Feb 2, 1999 |
Bahamas | 1 | Feb 4, 2005 | Nov 30, 2007 |
Bahrain | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 12, 2004 |
Bangladesh | 1, 2 | Oct 24, 1996 | Mar 8, 2000 |
Barbados | 1 | Jan 14, 2008 | Jan 14, 2008 |
Belarus | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 13, 2000 |
Belgium | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 29, 1999 |
Belize | 1 | Nov 14, 2001 | Mar 26, 2004 |
Benin | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Mar 6, 2001 |
Bolivia | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 4, 1999 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 26, 2006 |
Botswana | 1 | Sep 16, 2002 | Oct 28, 2002 |
Brazil | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 24, 1998 |
Brunei | 1 | Jan 22, 1997 | Jan 10, 2013 |
Bulgaria | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 29, 1999 |
Burkina Faso | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Apr 17, 2002 |
Burundi | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 24, 2008 |
Cambodia | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Nov 10, 2000 |
Cameroon | 1 | Nov 16, 2001 | Feb 6, 2006 |
Canada | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 18, 1998 |
Cape Verde | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Mar 1, 2006 |
Central African Republic | 1 | Dec 19, 2001 | May 26, 2010 |
Chad | 1 | Oct 18, 1996 | Feb 8, 2013 |
Chile | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 12, 2000 |
Colombia | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jan 29, 2008 |
Cook Islands | 1 | Dec 5, 1997 | Sep 6, 2005 |
Costa Rica | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 25, 2001 |
Côte d'Ivoire | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Mar 11, 2003 |
Croatia | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 2, 2001 |
Cyprus | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 18, 2003 |
Czech Republic | 1 | Nov 12, 1996 | Sep 11, 1997 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1, 2 | Oct 4, 1996 | Sep 28, 2004 |
Denmark | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 21, 1998 |
Djibouti | 1 | Oct 21, 1996 | Jul 15, 2005 |
Dominican Republic | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Sep 4, 2007 |
Ecuador | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Nov 12, 2001 |
El Salvador | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 11, 1998 |
Eritrea | 1 | Nov 11, 2003 | Nov 11, 2003 |
Estonia | 1 | Nov 20, 1996 | Aug 13, 1999 |
Ethiopia | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Aug 8, 2006 |
Federated States of Micronesia | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 25, 1997 |
Fiji | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 10, 1996 |
Finland | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jan 15, 1999 |
France | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 6, 1998 |
Gabon | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Sep 20, 2000 |
Georgia | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 27, 2002 |
Germany | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Aug 20, 1998 |
Ghana | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Jun 14, 2011 |
Greece | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 21, 1999 |
Grenada | 1 | Oct 10, 1996 | Aug 19, 1998 |
Guatemala | 1 | Sep 20, 1999 | Jan 12, 2012 |
Guinea | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Sep 20, 2011 |
Guinea-Bissau | 1 | Apr 11, 1997 | Sep 24, 2013 |
Guyana | 1 | Sep 7, 2000 | Mar 7, 2001 |
Haiti | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 1, 2005 |
Holy See | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 18, 2001 |
Honduras | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Oct 30, 2003 |
Hungary | 1, 2 | Sep 25, 1996 | Jul 13, 1999 |
Iceland | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 26, 2000 |
Indonesia | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 6, 2012 |
Iraq | 1 | Aug 19, 2008 | Sep 26, 2013 |
Ireland | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 15, 1999 |
Italy | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 1, 1999 |
Jamaica | 1 | Nov 11, 1996 | Nov 13, 2001 |
Japan | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 8, 1997 |
Jordan | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Aug 25, 1998 |
Kazakhstan | 1 | Sep 30, 1996 | May 14, 2002 |
Kenya | 1 | Nov 14, 1996 | Nov 30, 2000 |
Kiribati | 1 | Sep 7, 2000 | Sep 7, 2000 |
Kuwait | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | May 6, 2003 |
Kyrgyzstan | 1 | Oct 8, 1996 | Oct 2, 2003 |
Laos | 1 | Jul 30, 1997 | Oct 5, 2000 |
Latvia | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Nov 20, 2001 |
Lebanon | 1 | Sep 16, 2005 | Nov 11, 2008 |
Lesotho | 1 | Sep 30, 1996 | Sep 14, 1999 |
Liberia | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Aug 17, 2009 |
Libya | 1 | Nov 13, 2001 | Jan 6, 2004 |
Liechtenstein | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Sep 21, 2004 |
Lithuania | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Feb 7, 2000 |
Luxembourg | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | May 26, 1999 |
Macedonia | 1 | Oct 29, 1998 | Mar 14, 2000 |
Madagascar | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 | Sep 15, 2005 |
Malawi | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 | Nov 11, 2008 |
Malaysia | 1 | Jul 23, 1998 | Jan 17, 2008 |
Maldives | 1 | Oct 1, 1997 | Sep 7, 2000 |
Mali | 1 | Feb 18, 1997 | Aug 4, 1999 |
Malta | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 23, 2001 |
Marshall Islands | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 28, 2009 |
Mauritania | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 30, 2003 |
Mexico | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 5, 1999 |
Moldova | 1 | Sep 24, 1997 | Jan 16, 2007 |
Monaco | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Dec 18, 1998 |
Mongolia | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Aug 8, 1997 |
Montenegro (succession from Serbia and Montenegro) |
1 | Oct 23, 2006 | Oct 23, 2006 |
Morocco | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 17, 2000 |
Mozambique | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Nov 4, 2008 |
Namibia | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 29, 2001 |
Nauru | 1 | Sep 8, 2000 | Nov 12, 2001 |
Netherlands | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 23, 1999 |
New Zealand | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Mar 19, 1999 |
Nicaragua | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 5, 2000 |
Niger | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Sep 9, 2002 |
Nigeria | 1 | Sep 8, 2000 | Sep 27, 2001 |
Norway | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 15, 1999 |
Oman | 1 | Sep 23, 1999 | Jun 13, 2003 |
Palau | 1 | Aug 12, 2003 | Aug 1, 2007 |
Panama | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 23, 1999 |
Paraguay | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Oct 4, 2001 |
Peru | 1, 2 | Sep 25, 1996 | Nov 12, 1997 |
Philippines | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 23, 2001 |
Poland | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | May 25, 1999 |
Portugal | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 26, 2000 |
Qatar | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 3, 1997 |
Romania | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 5, 1999 |
Russia | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 30, 2000 |
Rwanda | 1 | Nov 30, 2004 | Nov 30, 2004 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1 | Mar 23, 2004 | Apr 27, 2005 |
Saint Lucia | 1 | Oct 4, 1996 | Apr 5, 2001 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 | Jul 2, 2009 | Sep 23, 2009 |
Samoa | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 | Sep 27, 2002 |
San Marino | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Mar 12, 2002 |
Senegal | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Jun 9, 1999 |
Serbia (continuing the membership of Serbia and Montenegro) |
1 | Jun 8, 2001 | May 19, 2004 |
Seychelles | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 13, 2004 |
Sierra Leone | 1 | Sep 8, 2000 | Sep 17, 2001 |
Singapore | 1 | Jan 14, 1999 | Nov 10, 2001 |
Slovakia | 1, 2 | Sep 30, 1996 | Mar 3, 1998 |
Slovenia | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Aug 31, 1999 |
South Africa | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 30, 1999 |
South Korea | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 24, 1999 |
Spain | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 31, 1998 |
Sudan | 1 | Jun 10, 2004 | Jun 10, 2004 |
Suriname | 1 | Jan 14, 1997 | Feb 7, 2006 |
Sweden | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 2, 1998 |
Switzerland | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 1, 1999 |
Tajikistan | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Jun 10, 1998 |
Tanzania | 1 | Sep 30, 2004 | Sep 30, 2004 |
Togo | 1 | Oct 2, 1996 | Jul 2, 2004 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 1 | Oct 8, 2009 | May 26, 2010 |
Tunisia | 1 | Oct 16, 1996 | Sep 23, 2004 |
Turkey | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 16, 2000 |
Turkmenistan | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 20, 1998 |
Uganda | 1 | Nov 7, 1996 | Mar 14, 2001 |
Ukraine | 1, 2 | Sep 27, 1996 | Feb 23, 2001 |
United Arab Emirates | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Sep 18, 2000 |
United Kingdom | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 6, 1998 |
Uruguay | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 21, 2001 |
Uzbekistan | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | May 29, 1997 |
Vanuatu | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 16, 2005 |
Venezuela | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | May 13, 2002 |
Vietnam | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 10, 2006 |
Zambia | 1 | Dec 3, 1996 | Feb 23, 2006 |
States that have signed but not ratified[]
State | Annex | Signed[3] |
---|---|---|
Angola | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 |
China | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 |
Comoros | 1 | Dec 12, 1996 |
Republic of the Congo | 1 | Feb 11, 1997 |
Egypt | 1, 2 | Oct 14, 1996 |
Equatorial Guinea | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 |
Gambia | 1 | Apr 9, 2003 |
Iran | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 |
Israel | 1, 2 | Sep 25, 1996 |
Myanmar | 1 | Nov 25, 1996 |
Nepal | 1 | Oct 8, 1996 |
Niue | 1 | Apr 9, 2012 |
Papua New Guinea | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 |
Solomon Islands | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 |
Sri Lanka | 1 | Oct 24, 1996 |
Swaziland | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 |
Thailand | 1 | Nov 12, 1996 |
Timor-Leste | 1 | Sep 26, 2008 |
United States | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 |
Yemen | 1 | Sep 30, 1996 |
Zimbabwe | 1 | Oct 13, 1999 |
Non-signatory states[]
State | Annex |
---|---|
Bhutan | 1 |
Cuba | 1 |
Dominica | 1 |
India | 1, 2 |
Mauritius | 1 |
North Korea | 1, 2 |
Pakistan | 1, 2 |
Saudi Arabia | 1 |
Somalia | 1 |
South Sudan | 1 |
Syria | 1 |
Tonga | 1 |
Tuvalu | 1 |
References[]
- ↑ "Definition of key terms used in the UN Treaty Collection". United Nations. http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ↑ "When did the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty open for signature?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. http://www.ctbto.org/faqs/?uid=31&cHash=0a5de2c045. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Status of signature and ratification: CTBTO Preparatory Commission". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. 2010-05-26. http://www.ctbto.org/the-treaty/status-of-signature-and-ratification/. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/ctbt. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations Treaty Collection. 2013-02-24. http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-4&chapter=26&lang=en. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
- ↑ "How does a State sign the Treaty?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. http://www.ctbto.org/faqs/?uid=40&cHash=23de2c6936. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
- ↑ "How does a State ratify the Treaty?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. http://www.ctbto.org/faqs/?uid=41&cHash=0ce0d6a95b. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
- ↑ "How does a State deposit its instrument of ratification?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. http://www.ctbto.org/faqs/?uid=37&cHash=c4b5ce30a1. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
- ↑ "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations. http://www.ctbto.org/fileadmin/content/treaty/treatytext.tt.html. Retrieved 2008-07-09. (Article II, Paragraph 28)
- ↑ "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations. http://www.ctbto.org/fileadmin/content/treaty/treatytext.tt.html. Retrieved 2008-07-09. (Article XIV)
- ↑ "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations. http://www.ctbto.org/fileadmin/content/treaty/treatytext.tt.html. Retrieved 2008-08-02. (Article I, Section C)
- ↑ "What are the Annex 2 States?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. http://www.ctbto.org/faqs/?uid=44&cHash=303fb705c1. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
- ↑ "When will the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty enter into force?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. http://www.ctbto.org/faqs/?uid=32&cHash=0c38a43d62. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
External links[]
- Depository website with info on signatures and ratifications
- Country Profiles on the CTBTO Preparatory Commission Website
The original article can be found at List of parties to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the edit history here.