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This is a list of major perpetrators of The Holocaust.

Name Photograph Date of birth Date of death Age at death Role Fate
Hitler, AdolfAdolf Hitler Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched April 20, 1889 April 30, 1945 700156000000000000056 years, 700110000000000000010 days Leader of the Nazi Party during the Third Reich

Chancellor of Germany
Führer of Germany

Committed suicide by gunshot[1][2]
Himmler, Heinrich LuitpoldHeinrich Luitpold Himmler Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S72707, Heinrich Himmler October 7, 1900 May 23, 1945 700144000000000000044 years, 7002228000000000000228 days Reichsführer-SS

Chief of German Police
Reich Minister of the Interior

Arrested; committed suicide by biting down on a cyanide capsule
Heydrich, Reinhard Tristan EugenReinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-054-16, Reinhard Heydrich March 7, 1904 June 4, 1942 700138000000000000038 years, 700189000000000000089 days SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei (lieutenant general)

Chief of the Reich Main Security Office
Deputy Reich-Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (acting Protector)
President of Interpol

Assassinated in Operation Anthropoid
Göring, Hermann WilhelmHermann Wilhelm Göring Hermann Goering - Nuremberg2 January 12, 1893 October 15, 1946 700153000000000000053 years, 7002276000000000000276 days Reichsmarschall (grand marshal) and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe
President of the Reichstag
Reichsminister of Aviation
Sentenced to death by hanging; committed suicide by cyanide poisoning
Eichmann, Otto AdolfOtto Adolf Eichmann Adolf Eichmann at Trial1961 March 19, 1906 May 31, 1962 700156000000000000056 years, 700173000000000000073 days SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) who was charged by Heydrich with facilitating and managing the mass deportations of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Eastern Europe. Executed by hanging (kidnapped on May 11, 1960)
Globocnik, Odilo LotarioOdilo Lotario Globocnik Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0188, Odilo Globocnik April 21, 1904 May 31, 1945 700141000000000000041 years, 700140000000000000040 days SS-Obergruppenführer (lieutenant general)

SS and Police Leader in the General Government
Head of Operation Reinhard

Committed suicide by cyanide poisoning
Eicke, TheodorTheodor Eicke Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1974-160-13A, Theodor Eicke October 17, 1892 February 26, 1943 700150000000000000050 years, 7002132000000000000132 days SS-Obergruppenführer (lieutenant general)

A major figure in the creation of the concentration camps
He was the first commander of SS Division Totenkopf, which became notorious for its war crimes.

Killed in action
Glücks, RichardRichard Glücks File:Glucks.jpg April 22, 1889 May 10, 1945 700156000000000000056 years, 700118000000000000018 days SS-Gruppenführer (major general). Head of SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt Committed suicide by cyanide poisoning
Kaltenbrunner, Dr. ErnstDr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner File:ErnstKaltenbrunner1944.jpg October 4, 1903 October 16, 1946 700143000000000000043 years, 700112000000000000012 days SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei und Waffen-SS (lieutenant general)
Chief of the Reich Main Security Office after Heydrich was assassinated
President of Interpol
Executed by hanging
Goebbels, Dr. Paul JosephDr. Paul Joseph Goebbels Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels October 29, 1897 May 1, 1945 700147000000000000047 years, 7002184000000000000184 days Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda

High-ranking Nazi Party member

Committed suicide by gunshot
Frank, Hans MichaelHans Michael Frank HFrank May 23, 1900 October 16, 1946 700146000000000000046 years, 7002146000000000000146 days Governor-General of the General Government Executed by hanging
Seyss-Inquart, ArthurArthur Seyss-Inquart Inquart crop July 22, 1892 October 16, 1946 700154000000000000054 years, 700186000000000000086 days Ruler of the Netherlands after its conquest, and effectively deputy to Hans Frank in occupied Poland Executed by hanging
Daluege, KurtKurt Daluege Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-054-07, Kurt Daluege September 15, 1897 October 24, 1946 700149000000000000049 years, 700139000000000000039 days SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer und Generaloberst der Polizei

Chief of the Ordnungspolizei
Deputy Reich-Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (acting Protector)
Organized the massacres of the Czech villages of Lidice and Ležáky after the assassination of Heydrich

Executed by hanging
Rosenberg, Dr. Alfred ErnstDr. Alfred Ernst Rosenberg Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0168, Alfred Rosenberg January 12, 1893 October 16, 1946 700153000000000000053 years, 7002277000000000000277 days Nazi theoretician and head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories Executed by hanging
Freisler, RolandRoland Freisler Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J03238, Roland Freisler October 30, 1893 February 3, 1945 700151000000000000051 years, 700196000000000000096 days Prominent lawyer and judge in Nazi Germany Killed during an Allied bombing raid
Bormann, Martin LudwigMartin Ludwig Bormann Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R14128A, Martin Bormann June 17, 1900 May 2, 1945? 700144000000000000044 years, 7002319000000000000319 days? Head of the Nazi Party Chancellery

Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler

Sentenced to death by hanging in absentia; believed to have committed suicide to avoid capture[3]
Brandt, Rudolf HermannRudolf Hermann Brandt Rudolf Brandt (SS-Mitglied) June 2, 1909 June 2, 1948 700139000000000000039 years, 50000000000000000000 days Deputy to Heinrich Himmler Executed by hanging
Pohl, Oswald LudwigOswald Ludwig Pohl Pohl, Oswald June 30, 1892 June 8, 1951 700158000000000000058 years, 7002343000000000000343 days High-ranking concentration camps administrator Executed by hanging
Müller, HeinrichHeinrich Müller April 28, 1900 Chief of the Gestapo Disappeared; believed to have died in May 1945
Keitel, Wilhelm Bodewin Johann GustavWilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H30220, Wilhelm Keitel September 22, 1882 October 16, 1946 700164000000000000064 years, 700124000000000000024 days Supreme Command of the Armed Forces Executed by hanging
Höfle, Hermann Julius "Hans"Hermann Julius "Hans" Höfle File:Hermann Julius Hoefle.jpg June 19, 1911 August 20, 1962 700151000000000000051 years, 700162000000000000062 days Coordinator of Operation Reinhard Arrested; committed suicide by hanging
Thomalla, Richard WolfgangRichard Wolfgang Thomalla SSLTRSHA October 23, 1903 May 12, 1945 700141000000000000041 years, 7002201000000000000201 days Head of extermination camp construction during Operation Reinhard Assassinated
Lambert, Erwin HermannErwin Hermann Lambert Lambert, Erwin December 7, 1909 October 15, 1976 700166000000000000066 years, 7002313000000000000313 days Head of gas chamber construction during Operation Reinhard Arrested; acquitted
Steubl, KarlKarl Steubl File:Karl Steubl (Steubel) 1910-1945.jpg October 25, 1910 September 21, 1945 700134000000000000034 years, 7002331000000000000331 days Commander of transportation units during Operation Reinhard Arrested; committed suicide
Bischoff, KarlKarl Bischoff August 9, 1897 October 2, 1950 700153000000000000053 years, 700154000000000000054 days Head of extermination camp construction at Auschwitz II-Birkenau Died without being suspected of a crime
Wirth, ChristianChristian Wirth Wirth, Christian November 24, 1885 May 26, 1944 700158000000000000058 years, 7002184000000000000184 days Inspector of Action T4 and Operation Reinhard;

Commandant of Chełmno, September 1941March 1943 (1/1); Commandant of Bełżec, March 17, 1942—end of August 1942 (1/2)

Assassinated
Höss, Rudolf Franz FerdinandRudolf Franz Ferdinand Höss Rudolf Höß November 25, 1900 April 16, 1947 700146000000000000046 years, 7002142000000000000142 days Commandant of Auschwitz, May 4, 1940December 1, 1943, May 8, 1944January 18, 1945 (1/2) Executed by hanging
Liebehenschel, ArthurArthur Liebehenschel Liebehenschel, Arthur November 25, 1901 January 28, 1948 700146000000000000046 years, 700164000000000000064 days Commandant of Auschwitz, December 1, 1943May 8, 1944 (2/2);

Commandant of Majdanek, May 19, 1944July 22, 1944 (5/5)

Executed by hanging
Eberl, Dr. IrmfriedDr. Irmfried Eberl Irmfried Eberl September 8, 1910 February 16, 1948 700137000000000000037 years, 7002161000000000000161 days Commandant of Treblinka, July 11, 1942August 26, 1942 (1/3) Arrested; committed suicide by hanging
Stangl, Franz PaulFranz Paul Stangl March 26, 1908 June 28, 1971 700163000000000000063 years, 700194000000000000094 days Commandant of Sobibor, April 28, 1942August 30, 1942 (1/2);

Commandant of Treblinka, September 1, 1942August 1943 (2/3)

Arrested on February 28, 1967; sentenced to life imprisonment on October 22, 1970; died in prison
Franz, Kurt HubertKurt Hubert Franz January 17, 1914 July 4, 1998 700184000000000000084 years, 7002168000000000000168 days Commandant of Treblinka, August 1943October 19, 1943 (3/3) Arrested on December 2, 1959; sentenced to life imprisonment in 1965; released on health grounds in 1993
Reichleitner, Franz KarlFranz Karl Reichleitner Franz Reichleitner December 2, 1906 January 3, 1944 700137000000000000037 years, 700132000000000000032 days Commandant of Sobibor, September 1, 1942October 17, 1943 (2/2) Assassinated
Hering, GottliebGottlieb Hering File:Hering, Gottlieb.jpg June 2, 1887 October 9, 1945 700158000000000000058 years, 7002129000000000000129 days Commandant of Bełżec, end of August 1942June 1943 (2/2) Died of mysterious health complications
Mengele, Dr. JosefDr. Josef Mengele WP Josef Mengele 1956 March 16, 1911 February 7, 1979 700167000000000000067 years, 7002328000000000000328 days Human medical experimentation, particularly children, and selection of prisoners to be gassed at Auschwitz Escaped to Brazil; evaded arrest for 34 years until death
Frank, Karl HermannKarl Hermann Frank Karl Hermann Frank January 24, 1898 May 22, 1946 700148000000000000048 years, 7002118000000000000118 days SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei und Waffen-SS

Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) and State Minister for Bohemia and Moravia

Executed by hanging
Wirths, Dr. EduardDr. Eduard Wirths Eduard Wirths September 4, 1909 September 20, 1945 700136000000000000036 years, 700116000000000000016 days Human medical experimentation, and formal responsibility of medical staff at Auschwitz Arrested; committed suicide by hanging
Schumann, Dr. HorstDr. Horst Schumann File:Schumann, Horst.jpg May 1, 1906 May 5, 1983 700177000000000000077 years, 70004000000000000004 days Human medical experimentation at Auschwitz Arrested in 1966; released on health grounds on July 29, 1972
Clauberg, Dr. CarlDr. Carl Clauberg September 28, 1898 August 9, 1957 700158000000000000058 years, 7002315000000000000315 days Human medical experimentation at Auschwitz Sentenced to 25 years imprisonment in 1948; released in 1955; re-arrested in West Germany; died of heart attack
Brack, Viktor HermannViktor Hermann Brack Viktor Brack Nürnberg 2 November 9, 1904 June 2, 1948 700143000000000000043 years, 7002206000000000000206 days Action T4;

Human medical experimentation

Executed by hanging
Gebhardt, Dr. Karl FranzDr. Karl Franz Gebhardt Karl Gebhardt, SS-Arzt November 23, 1897 June 2, 1948 700150000000000000050 years, 7002192000000000000192 days Human medical experimentation Executed by hanging
Klein, Dr. FritzDr. Fritz Klein Fritz Klein November 24, 1888 December 13, 1945 700157000000000000057 years, 700119000000000000019 days Selection of prisoners to be gassed at Auschwitz Executed by hanging
Brandt, Dr. KarlDr. Karl Brandt Karl Brandt SS-Arzt January 8, 1904 June 2, 1948 700144000000000000044 years, 7002146000000000000146 days Co-director of Action T4;

Human medical experimentation

Executed by hanging
Bouhler, PhilippPhilipp Bouhler Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1983-094-01, Phillip Bouhler September 11, 1899 May 19, 1945 700145000000000000045 years, 7002250000000000000250 days Director of Action T4 Arrested; committed suicide by cyanide poisoning
Kramer, JosefJosef Kramer Josef Kramer November 10, 1906 December 13, 1945 700139000000000000039 years, 700133000000000000033 days Deputy commandant of Auschwitz

Commandant of Bergen-Belsen

Executed by hanging
Aumeier, HansHans Aumeier Aumeier, Hans August 20, 1906 January 28, 1948 700141000000000000041 years, 7002161000000000000161 days Deputy commandant of Auschwitz Executed by hanging
Hössler, FranzFranz Hössler Franz Hoessler February 4, 1906 December 13, 1945 700139000000000000039 years, 7002312000000000000312 days Deputy commandant of Auschwitz Executed by hanging
Fritzsch, KarlKarl Fritzsch File:Karl Fritzsch at Auschwitz.jpg July 10, 1903 May 2, 1945? 700141000000000000041 years, 7002296000000000000296 days? Deputy commandant of Auschwitz Disappeared in May 1945; fate uncertain
Grabner, MaximilianMaximilian Grabner File:Grabner, Maximilian.jpg October 2, 1905 January 28, 1948 700142000000000000042 years, 7002118000000000000118 days Gestapo command (torture of prisoners) at Auschwitz Executed by hanging
Matthes, Heinrich ArthurHeinrich Arthur Matthes Matthes, Heinrich January 11, 1902 Deceased Deputy commandant of Treblinka Arrested in 1964; sentenced to life imprisonment on September 3, 1965
Oberhauser, Josef KasparJosef Kaspar Oberhauser January 21, 1915 November 22, 1979 700164000000000000064 years, 7002305000000000000305 days Deputy commandant of Bełżec Sentenced to 15 years in prison; released early on 28 April 1956
Hackenholt, Lorenz MarieLorenz Marie Hackenholt June 25, 1914 December 31, 1945 700131000000000000031 years, 7002189000000000000189 days Gas chamber construction and executioner of Bełżec and other camps during Operation Reinhard Declared legally dead
Niemann, JohannJohann Niemann Johann Niemann August 4, 1913 October 14, 1943 700130000000000000030 years, 700171000000000000071 days Deputy commandant of Bełżec and Sobibor Assassinated during Sobibor revolt
Wagner, Gustav FranzGustav Franz Wagner July 18, 1911 October 3, 1980 700169000000000000069 years, 700177000000000000077 days Deputy commandant of Sobibor Sentenced to death by hanging in absentia; evaded arrest for 35 years until found dead, believed to have committed suicide by stabbing
Frenzel, Karl August WilhelmKarl August Wilhelm Frenzel August 28, 1911 September 2, 1996 700185000000000000085 years, 70005000000000000005 days Commandant of Camp I (forced labor camp) at Sobibor Arrested on March 22, 1962; sentenced to life imprisonment on December 20, 1966; released on health grounds in 1982
Michel, HermannHermann Michel File:Hermann Michel 2.jpg April 23, 1912 7002112000000000000112 years, 7002297000000000000297 days Deputy commandant of Sobibor Evaded arrest; whereabouts unknown
Bauer, Hermann ErichHermann Erich Bauer File:Hermann Erich Bauer.jpg March 26, 1900 February 4, 1980 700179000000000000079 years, 7002315000000000000315 days Gas chamber executioner of Sobibor Sentenced to death by hanging; commuted to life imprisonment; died in prison
Bolender, Heinz KurtHeinz Kurt Bolender Heinz Kurt Bolender May 21, 1912 October 10, 1966 700154000000000000054 years, 7002142000000000000142 days Gas chamber executioner of Sobibor Arrested in May 1961; committed suicide by hanging
Stroop, JürgenJürgen Stroop Jürgen Stroop September 26, 1895 March 6, 1952 700156000000000000056 years, 7002162000000000000162 days Suppression and destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Executed by hanging
Krüger, Friedrich-WilhelmFriedrich-Wilhelm Krüger February 27, 1894 May 9, 1945 700151000000000000051 years, 700171000000000000071 days SS and Police Leader in occupied Poland Committed suicide
Streckenbach, Bruno HeinrichBruno Heinrich Streckenbach Bruno Streckenbach February 7, 1902 October 28, 1977 700175000000000000075 years, 7002263000000000000263 days Trained the Einsatzgruppen; commander of Einsatzgruppe I in Poland Sentenced to 25 years imprisonment in 1952; released on October 10, 1955
Jeckeln, Friedrich AugustFriedrich August Jeckeln Friedrich Jeckeln February 2, 1895 February 3, 1946 700151000000000000051 years, 70001000000000000001 day SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei und Waffen-SS
SS and Police Leader (HSSPF)
Responsible for Rumbula, Babi Yar, and Kamianets-Podilskyi massacres
Executed by hanging
Stahlecker, Dr. Franz WalterDr. Franz Walter Stahlecker Franz Walter Stahlecker01 October 10, 1900 March 23, 1942 700141000000000000041 years, 7002164000000000000164 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Baltic states, June 22, 1941March 23, 1942 (1/5) Killed in action
Jost, HeinzHeinz Jost Heinz Jost 09936 July 9, 1904 November 12, 1964 700160000000000000060 years, 7002126000000000000126 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Baltic states, March 29, 1942September 2, 1942 (2/5) Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1945; commuted to 10 years; released in 1951
Achamer-Pifrader, Dr. HumbertDr. Humbert Achamer-Pifrader November 21, 1900 April 25, 1945 700144000000000000044 years, 7002155000000000000155 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Baltic states, September 10, 1942September 4, 1943 (3/5) Killed in action
Panzinger, FriedrichFriedrich Panzinger File:Friedrich Panzinger.jpg February 1, 1903 August 8, 1959 700156000000000000056 years, 7002188000000000000188 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Baltic states, September 5, 1943May 6, 1944 (4/5)
Chief of the Kripo (2/2)
Arrested; committed suicide
Fuchs, Dr. WilhelmDr. Wilhelm Fuchs September 1, 1898 January 24, 1947 700148000000000000048 years, 7002145000000000000145 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Baltic states, May 6, 1944October 10, 1944 (5/5);

Commander of Einsatzkommando 3, September 15, 1943May 27, 1944

Executed
Strauch, Dr. EduardDr. Eduard Strauch Eduard Strauch August 17, 1906 September 15, 1955 700149000000000000049 years, 700129000000000000029 days Commander of Einsatzkommando 2, Latvia (Rumbula), November 4, 1941December 2, 1941;

Commander of Sonderkommando 1b, March 1942August 1942

Sentenced to death by hanging in 1948; died in prison
Lange, Dr. Martin Franz Erwin RudolfDr. Martin Franz Erwin Rudolf Lange April 18, 1910 February 23, 1945 700134000000000000034 years, 7002311000000000000311 days Commander of Einsatzkommando 2, Latvia, December 3, 19411944 Believed to have been killed in action
Jäger, KarlKarl Jäger September 20, 1888 June 22, 1959 700170000000000000070 years, 7002275000000000000275 days Commander of Einsatzkommando 3, Lithuania, June 1941August 1, 1943 Arrested in 1959; committed suicide
Schaper, HermannHermann Schaper August 12, 1911 deceased after 2002 over 90 years Commander of Einsatzgruppe B, Poland Arrested in 1964; released due to insufficient evidence
Nebe, ArthurArthur Nebe Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Alber-096-34, Arthur Nebe November 13, 1894 March 21, 1945 700150000000000000050 years, 7002128000000000000128 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe B, Belarus, June 1941November 1941 (1/5)
Chief of the Kripo (1/2)
President of Interpol
Executed by Nazi Germany for involvement in the failed 20 July 1944 attempt to kill Adolf Hitler
Naumann, ErichErich Naumann Erich Naumann at the Nuremberg Trials April 29, 1905 June 8, 1951 700146000000000000046 years, 700140000000000000040 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe B, Belarus, November 1941March 1943 (2/5) Executed by hanging
Böhme, Horst-AlwinHorst-Alwin Böhme Lidice

Commander of Einsatzgruppe B, Belarus, March 12, 1943August 28, 1943, August 12, 1944 (3/5);
Commander of Einsatzgruppe C, north and central Ukraine, September 6, 1943March 1944 (3/3)

Ehrlinger, ErichErich Ehrlinger October 14, 1910 July 31, 2004 700193000000000000093 years, 7002291000000000000291 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe B, Belarus, August 28, 1943April 1944 (4/5);

Commander of Sonderkommando 1b, June 1941November 1941

Arrested in December 1958; sentenced to 12 years imprisonment
Seetzen, HeinrichHeinrich Seetzen June 22, 1906 September 28, 1945 700139000000000000039 years, 700198000000000000098 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe B, Belarus, April 28, 1944August 1944 (5/5);

Commander of Einsatzkommando 10a, Moldova, south Ukraine, the Crimea, and north Caucasus, June 1941July 1942

Bradfisch, Dr. OttoDr. Otto Bradfisch May 10, 1903 June 22, 1994 700191000000000000091 years, 700143000000000000043 days Commander of Einsatzkommando 8, Belarus, June 1941April 1, 1942 Arrested on April 21, 1958; sentenced to 13 years imprisonment in 1963
Rasch, Dr. Emil OttoDr. Emil Otto Rasch Otto Rasch at the Nuremberg Trials December 7, 1891 November 1, 1948 700156000000000000056 years, 7002330000000000000330 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe C, north and central Ukraine, June 1941October 1941 (1/3) Arrested; removed from trial on health grounds; died in prison
Thomas, MaxMax Thomas August 4, 1891 December 6, 1945 700154000000000000054 years, 7002124000000000000124 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe C, north and central Ukraine, October 1941April 29, 1943 (2/3)
Blobel, PaulPaul Blobel Paul Blobel August 13, 1894 June 8, 1951 700156000000000000056 years, 7002299000000000000299 days Commander of Einsatzkommando 4a, Ukraine (Babi Yar), June 1941January 13, 1942;

Director of Sonderaktion 1005

Executed by hanging
Ohlendorf, Dr. OttoDr. Otto Ohlendorf Otto Ohlendorf at the Nuremberg Trials February 4, 1907 June 8, 1951 700144000000000000044 years, 7002124000000000000124 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe D, Moldova, south Ukraine, the Crimea, and north Caucasus, June 1941July 1942 (1/2) Executed by hanging
Bierkamp, WaltherWalther Bierkamp December 17, 1901 May 15, 1945 700143000000000000043 years, 7002149000000000000149 days Commander of Einsatzgruppe D, Moldova, south Ukraine, the Crimea, and north Caucasus, July 1942March 1943 (2/2) Committed suicide
Braune, Karl Rudolf WernerKarl Rudolf Werner Braune Braune Werner April 11, 1909 June 8, 1951 700142000000000000042 years, 700158000000000000058 days Commander of Einsatzkommando 11b, south Ukraine and the Crimea, October 1941September 1942 Executed by hanging
Mandel, MariaMaria Mandel Maria Mandel January 10, 1912 January 24, 1948 700136000000000000036 years, 700114000000000000014 days Commandant of female camp at Auschwitz Executed by hanging
Grese, Irma Ida IlseIrma Ida Ilse Grese Irma Grese October 7, 1924 December 13, 1945 700121000000000000021 years, 700167000000000000067 days Warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen, and later Auschwitz Executed by hanging

References[]

  1. Kershaw (2008) Hitler, p. 955
  2. Joachimsthaler (1999) [1995] The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth, pp. 160–180
  3. Beevor (2002) Berlin: The Downfall 1945, p. 383
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