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List of World War I aces credited with 15–19 victories

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See also: Flying ace, Aerial victory standards of World War I, and Aviation in World War I

The term "ace" (now commonly flying ace) was first used by French newspapers during World War I, describing Adolphe Pégoud as l'as (the ace), after he downed five German aircraft. When aircraft began to shoot or force down other aircraft, systems to count "air victories" were subsequently developed. The American qualification of five victories eventually became the standard, even though other air services had previously used differing figures.[1]

While "ace" status was most often won by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews, and observers in two-seater aircraft such as the Bristol F.2b (Bristol Fighter), also destroyed enemy aircraft. If a two-seater aircraft destroyed an aircraft, both crew members were credited with a victory. Because pilots usually teamed with differing observer/gunners in two-seater aircraft, an observer might be an ace when his pilot was not, and vice versa.[2] The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history.[3]

Loss of records by mischance and the passage of time complicates reconstructing the actual count for given aces. The scores presented in the list cannot be definitive, but are based on itemized lists that are the best available sources of information.[4] Aces are listed after verifying the date and location of combat, and the foe vanquished, for every victory accredited by an aviator's home air service using their own aerial victory standards. Those victories for which the evidence is unavailable or fragmentary have been excluded from the victory count.

|- | Barton, HoraceHorace Barton |style="text-align:left;"|  South Africa | Royal Flying Corps | 19[5] |Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar. |- | Beaver, WilfredWilfred Beaver |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 19[6] |Military Cross |- | Cowper, AndrewAndrew Cowper |style="text-align:left;"|  Australia | Royal Flying Corps | 19[7] |Military Cross with two Bars. |- | Donhauser, ChristianChristian Donhauser |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 19[8] |Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross |- | Ehrlich, JacquesJacques Ehrlich |style="text-align:left;"|  France | Aéronautique Militaire | 19 |Médaille Militaire, Croix de Guerre[9] |- | Fairclough, Arthur BradfieldArthur Bradfield Fairclough |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 19[10] |Military Cross |- | Fieseler, GerhardGerhard Fieseler |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 19[11] | Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross |- | Hay De Slade, HenriHenri Hay De Slade |style="text-align:left;"|  France | Aéronautique Militaire | 19 |Legion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with 14 Palmes, Belgian Croix de guerre, British Military Cross, Italian Croix de la Couronne[12] |- | Howell, CedricCedric Howell |style="text-align:left;"|  Australia | Royal Flying Corps | 19[13] |Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Kiss, JózsefJózsef Kiss† |style="text-align:left;"|  Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 19[14] | Top Hungarian ace. Medal for Bravery (1 Gold, 1 Silver) |- | Kullberg, Harold AlbertHarold Albert Kullberg |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 19[15] |British Distinguished Flying Cross[16] |- | Powell, LeslieLeslie Powell |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 19 | Military Cross with Bar. |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"|Reed (aviator), ArthurArthur Reed (aviator)† |style="text-align:left;"|  South Africa | Royal Flying Corps | 19[17] |Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar. |- | Reid, Ellis VairEllis Vair Reid |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Naval Air Service | 19[18] |Distinguished Service Cross |- | Wilkinson (aviator), AlanAlan Wilkinson (aviator) |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 19[19] | Distinguished Service Order with Bar. |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"|Wintgens, KurtKurt Wintgens† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 19[20] | First aerial victory ever with a synchronized machine gun. Pour le Merite, Iron Cross |- | Zenzes, AlexanderAlexander Zenzes |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 19[21] | Iron Cross |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Baldamus, HartmuthHartmuth Baldamus† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 18[22] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | De Romanet, Bernard BarnyBernard Barny De Romanet |style="text-align:left;"|  France | Aéronautique Militaire | 18 |Legion d'Honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with ten Palmes and three Etoiles de Vermeil[23] |- | Belgrave, JamesJames Belgrave |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 18[24] | Military Cross with Bar. |- | Gräser, FranzFranz Gräser |style="text-align:left;"|  Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 18 |Order of Leopold, Order of the Iron Crown, Medal for Bravery |- | Hemer, FranzFranz Hemer |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 18[25] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Lambert, William C.William C. Lambert |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 18[26] |British Distinguished Flying Cross[27] |- | Luke, FrankFrank Luke |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | US Army Air Service | 18 | Medal of Honor, Distinguished Flying Cross, Italian War Cross
"The Balloon Buster"[28] |- | MacKay, George ChisholmGeorge Chisholm MacKay |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 18[29] | Distinguished Flying Cross, Belgian Order of Leopold, French Legion d'Honneur, French Croix de Guerre |- | Molesworth, WilliamWilliam Molesworth |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 18[30] |Military Cross with Bar, Italian Medal for Military Valor. |- | Newnham, MauriceMaurice Newnham |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 18[31] | Distinguished Flying Cross, French Croix de Guerre |- | Schäpe, EmilEmil Schäpe |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 18[32] | Iron Cross |- | Todd, JohnJohn Todd |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 18[33] | Distinguished Flying Cross, Military Cross |- | Trollope, John LightfootJohn Lightfoot Trollope |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 18[34] | Military Cross with Bar |- | Bannerman, RonaldRonald Bannerman |style="text-align:left;"|  New Zealand | Royal Flying Corps |17[35] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Beckhardt, FritzFritz Beckhardt |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[36] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Böhning, HansHans Böhning |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[37] | Iron Cross |- | Böning, WalterWalter Böning |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[38] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Carter, Alfred WilliamsAlfred Williams Carter |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 17[39] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Marziale Cerutti |style="text-align:left;"|  Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 17 | |- | Falkenberg, Carl FrederickCarl Frederick Falkenberg |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 17[40] |Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar, Air Force Cross |- | Gibbons, George EverardGeorge Everard Gibbons |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 17[41] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Hess, ErnstErnst Hess† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[42] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Holliday, Fred ParkinsonFred Parkinson Holliday |style="text-align:left;"|  Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 17[43] |Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Air Force Cross |- | Iaccaci, AugustAugust Iaccaci |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 17[44] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Iaccaci, PaulPaul Iaccaci |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 17[45] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Johnstone, Edward GrahameEdward Grahame Johnstone |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 17[46] | Distinguished Service Cross |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Klimke, RudolfRudolf Klimke† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[47] | Iron Cross |- | Makepeace, ReginaldReginald Makepeace |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 17[48] | Military Cross |- | Pinder, JohnJohn Pinder |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 17[49] | Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Plauth, KarlKarl Plauth |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[50] |Iron Cross |- | Ranza, FerruccioFerruccio Ranza |style="text-align:left;"|  Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 17 |Three Silver awards of Medal for Military Valor, Military Order of Savoy, French and Belgian Croix de Guerre, Serbian Star of Karageogevich[51] |- | Franz Ray |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[52] | |- | Rolfes, HansHans Rolfes |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[53] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Schwendemann, JosefJosef Schwendemann |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 17[54] | Military Merit Cross |- | Swale, EdwinEdwin Swale |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 17[55] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Tempest, EdmundEdmund Tempest |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 17[56] |Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Tyrrell, WalterWalter Tyrrell |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 17[57] |Military Cross |- | Baldwin, OwenOwen Baldwin |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[58] |Distinguished Flying Cross, French Legion d'Honneur, French Croix de Guerre |- | Bell, Gerald GordonGerald Gordon Bell |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 16[59] |Distinguished Flying Cross, French Legion d'Honneur, French Croix de Guerre |- | Bönsch, EugenEugen Bönsch |style="text-align:left;"|  Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 16 | Medal for Bravery (3 Gold awards) |- | Bormann, ErnstErnst Bormann |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 16[60] | Iron Cross First and Second Class, with Clasps. Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves for Iron Cross. Generalmajor in World War II. |- | Burden, Henry JohnHenry John Burden |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 16[61] |Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Chaput, JeanJean Chaput |style="text-align:left;"|  France | Aéronautique Militaire | 16 |Legion d'Honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de guerre with 11 Palmes, Belgian Croix de guerre, British Military Cross[62] |- | Chick, John StanleyJohn Stanley Chick |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 16[63] | Military Cross Rose to Air Commodore in RAF |- | Coler, EugeneEugene Coler |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 16[64] |British Distinguished Flying Cross[65] |- | Cowell, JohnJohn Cowell |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[66] |Distinguished Conduct Medal, Military Medal |- | Bruce Digby-Worsley |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16 | |- | Edwards, Stearne TigheStearne Tighe Edwards |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 16[67] |Distinguished Service Cross with Bar |- | Elton, ErnestErnest Elton |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[68] | Distinguished Conduct Medal, Military Medal, Italian Medal for Military Valor |- | Stefan Fejes |style="text-align:left;"|  Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 16 | Gold Medal for Bravery (three awards), 1st Class Silver Medal for Bravery (2 awards), 2nd Class Silver Medal for Bravery[69] |- | Foster, RobertRobert Foster |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[70] | Knight of the Order of the Bath, Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Flying Cross. Rose to Air Chief Marshal. |- | Grosvenor, RobertRobert Grosvenor |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[71] | Military Cross |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Hanstein, LudwigLudwig Hanstein† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 16[72] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern |- | Hepburn, AllanAllan Hepburn |style="text-align:left;"|  Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 16[73] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Highwood, SidneySidney Highwood |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[74] | Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Johnson, FrankFrank Johnson |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[75] | Distinguished Conduct Medal with Bar |- | Klein, JohannesJohannes Klein |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 16[76] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Lufbery, RaoulRaoul Lufbery |style="text-align:left;"|  France
 United States | Aéronautique Militaire
US Army Air Service | 16 |French Legion d'Honneur, Médaille militaire, and Croix de Guerre with ten Palmes, British Military Medal, Montenegrin Medal for Military Valor.[77] |- | Odebrett, KarlKarl Odebrett |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 16[78] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross, Austro-Hungarian Medal for Bravery |- | Redgate, OliverOliver Redgate |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[79] | Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Rose, OrenOren Rose |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 16 | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar[80] |- | Wilhelm Seitz |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 16[81] | Iron Cross |- | Francis Smith |style="text-align:left;"|  Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 16[82] |Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Elliott White Springs |style="text-align:left;"|  United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, US Army Air Service | 16[83] | American Distinguished Service Cross, British Distinguished Flying Cross[84] |- | David Stewart |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16[85] | Military Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross |- |Christoffel Venter |style="text-align:left;"|  South Africa | Royal Flying Corps | 16[86] | Order of the Bath, Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar. Rose to Major General. |- | Anthony Wall |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 16 | Military Cross with Bar |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Weiss, HansHans Weiss† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 16[87] |Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Vasili Yanchenko |style="text-align:left;"|  Russia | Imperial Army Air Service | 16 |Order of Saint George, Cross of Saint George (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Class), Order of Saint Vladimir, Order of Saint Anne, Order of the Star, Military Service Medal |- | Pavel Argeyev |style="text-align:left;"|  Russia | Aéronautique Militaire, Imperial Army Air Service | 15 |French Legion d'Honneur, French Croix de Guerre, Order of Saint George, Order of Saint Vladimir, Order of Saint Anne |- | Karl Bohnenkamp |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[88] | Military Merit Cross |- | Lawrence Coombes |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 15[89] | Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Cyril Crowe |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[90] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Charles Cudemore |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[91] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Ralph Curtis |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 15[92] | |- | Ernest Deighton |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15 | Distinguished Conduct Medal |- | Armand De Turenne |style="text-align:left;"|  France | Aéronautique Militaire | 15 |Legion d'Honneur, Croix de Guerre with 11 Palmes and an Etoile de bronze, British Military Cross, Belgian Croix de Guerre, Italian Croce di guerre[93] |- | Albert Dossenbach |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[94] | Pour le Mérite, Military Merit Cross, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Rudolf Francke |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[95] | Military Merit Cross |- | George Gates |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 15[96] | Distinguished Flying Cross |- | James Alpheus Glen |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 15[97] |Distinguished Service Cross with Bar, French Croix de Guerre |- | Harry King Goode |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[98] | Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | John Rutherford Gordon |style="text-align:left;"|  Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 15 |Military Cross |- | John Edmund Greene |style="text-align:left;"|  Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 15[99] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Albert Haussmann† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[100] | |- |Edwin Hayne |style="text-align:left;"|  South Africa | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 15[101] |Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Alois Heldmann |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[102] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Frank Hobson |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[103] | Military Cross |- |style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Immelmann, MaxMax Immelmann† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[104] |Pour le Mérite, Military Order of St. Henry, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
The Immelmann turn named after him. |- | John Jones |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15 | Distinguished Flying Medal |- |Andrew Kiddie |style="text-align:left;"|  South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[105] |Distinguished Flying Cross, Belgian Croix de Guerre |- | Otto Löffler |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[106] | |- | Hans-Georg von der Marwitz |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[107] |Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Harold Mellings |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom |Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 15[108] |Distinguished Service Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross, Greek Royal Order of the Redeemer. |- | Alfred Mills |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[109] |Distinguished Flying Cross |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Edmund Nathanael† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[110] |Iron Cross |- | Wilhelm Neuenhofen |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[111] | |- |Roy Cecil Phillipps |style="text-align:left;"|  Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 15[112] |Military Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Viktor von Pressentin von Rautter† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[113] | Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross |- | Theodor Quandt |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[114] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern |- | Herbert Richardson |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[115] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |- | Gilbert Sardier |style="text-align:left;"|  France | Aéronautique Militaire | 15 |Legion d'Honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes, an Etoile de vermeil, and an Etoile d'argent, British Military Cross[116] |- |Hugh Saunders |style="text-align:left;"|  South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[117] |Order of the Bath, Order of the British Empire, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar, Military Medal |- | Julius Schmidt |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[118] | Military Order of St. Henry, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Kurt Schneider† |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[119] | Military Order of St. Henry, Iron Cross |- | Harold Stackard |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service | 15[120] | |- | Paul Strähle |style="text-align:left;"|  Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 15[121] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |- | Ernst Strohschneider |style="text-align:left;"|  Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 15 | Order of Leopold, Silver Military Merit Medal, Military Merit Cross (2 awards), Iron Cross |- | Frank Weare |style="text-align:left;"|  United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 15[122] | Military Cross |}

Bibliography[]

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  • Franks, Norman (2005). Sopwith Pup Aces of World War I. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-841768-86-1. 
  • Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5. 
  • Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. (1992). Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0. 
  • Guttman, Jon (2009). Pusher Aces of World War 1. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-846034-17-6. 
  • Guttman, Jon (2001). Spad VII Aces of World War I: Volume 39 of Aircraft of the Aces. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-841762-22-7. 
  • Kulikov, Victor (2013). Russian Aces of World War 1: Aircraft of the Aces. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-780960-61-6. 
  • Newton, Dennis (1996). Australian Air Aces: Australian Fighter Pilots in Combat. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-1-875671-25-0. 
  • Pieters, Walter M. (1998). Above Flanders Fields: A Complete Record of the Belgian Fighter Pilots and Their Units During the Great War. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-83-1. 
  • Shores, Christopher (2001). British and Empire Aces of World War I. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-377-4. 
  • Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9. 
  • Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1996). Above the Trenches Supplement: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces. Oxford: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-39-8. 
People and aircraft
Campaigns and battles
Entente Powers air services
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References[]

  1. ↑ Maksel, Rebecca (7 April 2008). "What does it take to become an "ace"?". Need to Know. Air & Space Magazine. http://www.airspacemag.com/need-to-know/Aces_High.html. Retrieved 20 October 2009. 
  2. ↑ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918.  p. 10.
  3. ↑ How to Make War, p. 149.
  4. ↑ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920.  p. 7
  5. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 66
  6. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 69–70
  7. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 123
  8. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 99
  9. ↑ Over the Front, pp. 157-158.
  10. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 151
  11. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 106-107
  12. ↑ Over the Front, p. 175.
  13. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 200–201
  14. ↑ Possibly 21.[citation needed]
  15. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 229
  16. ↑ Over the Front, pp. 51-52.
  17. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 315
  18. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 317
  19. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 384
  20. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 231-232
  21. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 234-235
  22. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 65
  23. ↑ Over the Front, pp.117-118.
  24. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 71
  25. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 126-127
  26. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 230–231
  27. ↑ Over the Front, p. 52.
  28. ↑ Over the Front, pp. 58-59.
  29. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 248
  30. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 283–284
  31. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 290–291
  32. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 197
  33. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 365
  34. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 368–369
  35. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 62
  36. ↑ http://www.flieger-album.de/logbuch.php
  37. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 78-79
  38. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 82
  39. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 100
  40. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 151–152
  41. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 165
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  48. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 252–253
  49. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 305
  50. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 181
  51. ↑ Nieuport Aces of World War 1. p. 79. 
  52. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 185
  53. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 190-191
  54. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 209
  55. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 355–356
  56. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 359–360
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  59. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 72
  60. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 16
  61. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 92–93
  62. ↑ Over the Front, pp. 131-132.
  63. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 102–103
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  66. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 122–123
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  68. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 149
  69. ↑ O'Connor, pp. 54, 56
  70. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 159
  71. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 178–179
  72. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 123
  73. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 192
  74. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 194
  75. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 215
  76. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 145
  77. ↑ Over the Front, pp. 56-57.
  78. ↑ Note: Claimed, but unconfirmed, 5 more. Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 176
  79. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 314
  80. ↑ Over the Front, p. 69.
  81. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 209-210
  82. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 342
  83. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 348.
  84. ↑ Over the Front, pp. 72-73.
  85. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 352–353
  86. ↑ Shores, et al, p. 372
  87. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 227-228
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  91. ↑ Shores, et al (1990), p. 127.
  92. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 130
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  101. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 189
  102. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 126
  103. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 196
  104. ↑ Note: Involved in shooting down two final aircraft the day he was killed, but strict scoring gave the kills to other pilots. Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 134-135
  105. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 222–223
  106. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 157-158
  107. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 162-163
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  110. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 171-172
  111. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 173-174
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  113. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 182
  114. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 184
  115. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 320
  116. ↑ Over the Front, p. 217.
  117. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 331–332
  118. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 201-202
  119. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 203
  120. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 348–349
  121. ↑ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 212-213
  122. ↑ Shore, et al (1990), p. 377
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