Libertadores (Spanish: [liβertaˈðoɾes], Portuguese: [libeʁtaˈdoɾis], "Liberators") refers to the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal. They are named that way in contrast with the Conquistadors, who were so far the only Spanish/Portuguese peoples recorded in the South American history.[1]
They were largely bourgeois, criollos (local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry) influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the metropole (mother country).
Liberators identified as among the most prominent by historians are:
- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
- José de San Martín
- José Gervasio Artigas
- Simón Bolívar
- Antonio José de Sucre
- Bernardo O'Higgins
- Francisco de Miranda
- Dom Pedro I of Brazil
List of libertadores[]
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Took part in | Contributed to the independence of | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811) |
Grito de Dolores | Mexico | [2] | |
José de San Martín (1778-1850) |
Crossing of the Andes | Argentina, Chile and Peru | [3] | |
Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) |
Admirable Campaign | Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia | [4] | |
José María Morelos (1765-1815) |
Batalla de Cuautla and Wrote Sentimientos de la Nación | Mexico | [5] | |
Ramón Castilla (1797-1867) |
Peruvian War of Independence | Peru | [6] | |
Andrés de Santa Cruz (1764-1850) |
Battle of Pichincha | Bolivia and Peru | [6] | |
José Gervasio Artigas (1764-1850) |
Uruguay | [6] | ||
Manuel Belgrano (1770-1820) |
Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia | [7] | ||
Thomas Cochrane (1775-1860) |
Brazil, Chile | [8] | ||
Agustín de Iturbide (1783-1824) |
Designed of Plan de Iguala and a Flag of Mexico | Mexico | [8] | |
Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) |
Venezuela | [9] | ||
Mariano Moreno (1778-1811) |
Argentina | [10] | ||
Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842) |
Chile and Peru | [11][12] | ||
Pedro I of Brazil (1798-1834) |
Brazil | [13] | ||
Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) |
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela | [14] |
Legacy[]
The flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also, Bolivia was named after Bolivar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.
Liberators' names were used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the Copa Libertadores in their honour.
See also[]
- List of national founders
- Father of the Nation
- Founding Fathers of the United States
- Statues of the Liberators
Bibliography[]
- Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- Marion Lansing. Liberators and Heroes of South America. Boston, L. C. Page & Co., 1940.
- Irene Nicholson. The Liberators: A Study of Independence Movements in Spanish America. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.
- Pigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América. Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2420-3.
References[]
- ↑ Pigna, p. 9
- ↑ Lansing, pp. 15-39
- ↑ Pigna, pp. 195-272
- ↑ Pigna, pp. 135-192
- ↑ Lansing, pp. 39-59
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lansing, p. 121
- ↑ Pigna, p. 55-91
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- ↑ Pigna, pp. 13-52
- ↑ Lansing, pp. 119
- ↑ page 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- ↑ Pigna, pp. 93-133
- ↑ page 511, Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- ↑ Lansing, pp. 219
External links[]
- (Spanish) "Sucre, Bolívar y San Martín" Argentine Ministry of Economy
The original article can be found at Libertadores and the edit history here.