The Khost rebellion was a rebellion in Khost that took place in 1912 in the Emirate of Afghanistan, and was the only serious crisis during the reign of Habibullah Khan.[8]
Its causes laid in the "rapacity and exactions"[8] of Muhammad Akbar Khan, the local governor of the Khost district.[2] The rebellion, which was led by Jehandad Khan,[2] began on 2 May 1912,[note 1] when Mangal and Jadran tribesmen in Khost, Afghanistan rose up,[1] quickly overwhelmed various isolated garrisons,[2] and besieged Muhammad Akbar at Matun.[1] Later that month, they were joined by the Ghilzai.[8] Understanding the danger posed by the revolt, Habibullah sent Muhammad Nadir Khan to quell the rebellion.[2] Alongside regular infantry, Nadir was also aided by Tajik levies who were unlikely to show any sympathy to the rebels.[2] In the British Raj, tribesmen of the Kurram District were restricted from entering Afghanistan to aid the revolt.[3]
Muhammad Akbar eventually managed to break out of his besieged fort.[2] By the end of May, Nadir had forced the rebels to sue for peace, and Jehandad Khan had fled to the British Raj, where he unsuccessfully lobbied for a British intervention.[2] On 13 June, the rebellion was reported to be subsiding,[1] and peace negotiations were going on in that same month.[2] However, peace negotiations broke down, and in June 1912 fighting resumed.[2] It ended on 14 August 1912,[note 2] when the rebels surrendered after concessions were unexpectedly given by Afghan authorities,[8] which included the replacement of Muhammad Akbar Khan by a new governor,[2] Dost Muhammad.[9] Habibullah's decision to show clemency to the rebels laid in a desire to conciliate enemies inherited from his predecessors, and the understanding that his acceptance of western ideas and encouragement of modern technical improvements had undermined his own popularity.[8]
Notes[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 2 May 1912 is the start date used by Encyclopædia Britannica,[1] but W. Hale[2] and the Summary of the Administration of Lord Hardinge of Penhurst, November 1910 – March 1916[3] say that it started in March 1912.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 14 August 1912 is the end date used by Encyclopædia Britannica,[1] but the Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan states that the rebellion was suppressed in December.[4] W. Hale says that peace was restored "by the end of July".[2]
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Chisholm, Hugh (1913) (in en). Britannica Year-book, 1913 -: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83786.**A wikilink to an article on [Afghanistan] in EB1922 is not available**
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Hale, W. (1966). AFGHANISTAN, BRITAIN AND RUSSIA 1905 - 21. pp. 16, 17, 18.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Summary of the Administration of Lord Hardinge of Penhurst, November 1910 – March 1916. pp. 93.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012) (in en). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press. pp. 294. ISBN 9780810878150. https://books.google.com/books?id=AAHna6aqtX4C. "MUHAMMAD NADIR SHAH (1883–1933). King of Afghanistan, 1929–1933, the son of Sardar Muhammad Yusuf Khan, he embarked on a military career. Appointed a brigadier in 1906, he was promoted to lieutenant general (naib salar) for his services in suppressing the Mangal Revolt in December 1912."
- ↑ Adamec, Ludwig W. (1975) (in en). Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. pp. 194. ISBN 9783201009218. https://books.google.com/books?id=QeptAAAAMAAJ.
- ↑ Clements, Frank; Adamec, Ludwig W. (2003) (in en). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 156. ISBN 9781851094028. https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Roy, Kaushik (2015-02-12) (in en). War and Society in Afghanistan: From the Mughals to the Americans, 1500–2013. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199089444. https://books.google.com/books?id=ps5JDwAAQBAJ. "In 1912, there was an uprising in Khost, and Amir Habibullah suppressed it with 4,000 regulars and 18,000 tribesmen."
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 (in en) The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information; the Three New Supplementary Volumes Constituting with the Volumes of the Latest Standard Edition, the Thirteenth Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Company, Limited. 1926. pp. 46. https://books.google.com/books?id=QGhDAQAAMAAJ.**A wikilink to an article on [Afghanistan] in EB1922 is not available**
- ↑ Adamec, Ludwig (1975). "Who's Who of Afghanistan". p. 133. http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/24356/243567005.pdf.
The original article can be found at Khost rebellion (1912) and the edit history here.