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KSS-III submarine

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KSS-III submarine
Jangbogo-_1464856891.jpg
Model of a Dosan Ahn Changho-class (Batch-I) submarine.
Class overview
Builders:
  • Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME)[1]
  • Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI)[1]
Operators:
  • Flag of South Korea Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN)[1]
    • Preceded by: Son Won-il class (Type-214 submarine)
    Cost: US$ $900,000,000 per submarine[2][3]
    Built: 2014–present[1]
    In service: 2021-present[4]
    Building: 4[5][6]
    Planned: 9[7]
    Completed: 1[8]
    Active: 1[4]
    General characteristics
    Type: Attack-submarine[1]
    Displacement:
    • Batch-I:-
    • 3,358 t (3,305 long tons) (Surfaced)[1]
    • 3,750 t (3,690 long tons) (Submerged)[1]
    • Batch-II:-
    • 3,600 t (3,500 long tons)[9]
    Length:
  • Batch-I:-
  • 83.5 m (273 ft 11 in)[1]
  • Batch-II:-
  • 89.0 m (292 ft 0 in)[10]
    • Beam:
  • Batch-I:-
  • 9.6 m (31 ft 6 in)[1]
  • Batch-II:-
  • 9.6 m (31 ft 6 in)[11]
    • Draught:
  • Batch-I:
  • 7.62 m (25 ft 0 in)
    • Propulsion:
  • Diesel-electric propulsion[3]
  • Air-independent propulsion (AIP)[12]
  • 4 x Bumhan Industry PH1 PEM fuel cells, each with 150 kW[13][14]
    • Speed:
  • 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) (Surfaced)[15]
  • 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) (Submerged)[15]
    • Range: 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi)[16]
    Endurance: 20 days (Submerged)[17]
    Complement: 50[1]
    Sensors and
    processing systems:
    Armament:
  • Batch-I:-
  • 6 x 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes (presumably for the "Tiger Shark" heavyweight torpedoes and the UGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles)[22][23]
  • 6 x K-VLS cells (for 6 x Hyunmoo 4-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile) (SLBM)[12][24]
  • Batch-II:-
  • 10 x K-VLS cells (for 10 x Hyunmoo 4-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile) (SLBM)[25]
    • Notes:
  • Final phase of the Korean Attack Submarine Program.[26]
  • First-ever AIP-equipped submarine capable of launching submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM).[12]

    • The KSS-III submarine, also classified as the Dosan Ahn Changho-class submarines - is a series of diesel-electric attack-submarines currently being built for the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN), jointly by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) and Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI).[1] The KSS-III is the final phase of the Korean Attack Submarine Program, a three-phased program to build 27 attack submarines for the ROKN, between 1994-2029.[27] The KSS-III initiative consists of the development of nine diesel-electric, AIP-equipped attack-submarines, capable of firing submarine-launched ballistic missile) (SLBM), to be built in three batches, between 2014-2029.[1][28]

    A total of three submarines of the first batch of the series have been launched, with the first submarine, ROKS Dosan Ahn Changho, being commissioned on 13 August 2019.[4]

    Overview[]

    Design[]

    The design of the KSS-III was jointly designed by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) and Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) - two of South Korea's largest shipbuilding enterprises; preparations for the design began in 2007.[29][30] The KSS-III are the largest submarines to ever be built by South Korea and are reportedly based on the design of the German-origin Type-214 submarine - developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) and license-built by both DSME and HHI, between 2002-2020.[31][32]

    Batch-I:-

    The Batch-I series is the first phase of the KSS-III program - consisting of the construction of three attack-submarines - with the first two to be built by DSME and the third one to be built by HHI.[33]

    The Batch-I design possesses a length of 83.5 m, with a breadth of 9.6 m and a draught of 7.62 m - with a displacement of of 3,358 tonnes while surfaced and 3,750 tonnes while submerged; they are the first submarines with a displacement of 3,000 tonnes to ever be built by South Korea.[34][35][36][37] According to DSME, over 76% of the submarine's components were procured from within South Korea.[37]

    The Batch-I design has an estimated speed of about 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) while surfaced, and 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) while submerged - and possesses a cruising range of around 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi), at economic speed, along with a crew complement of 50.[38] The design further incorporates an indigenously-designed fuel-cell powered air-independent propulsion (AIP) module - which enables the submarine to conduct long-distance underwater operations for up to 20 days.[39]

    The design accommodates six Korean Vertical Launching System (K-VLS) cells, located behind the submarine's sail - for carrying six Hyunmoo 4-4 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM), along with six 533 mm (21 in) forward-firing torpedo tubes, located at the bow.[40] Coincidentally, the KSS-III is the first ever AIP-equipped attack-submarine, capable of launching submarine-launched ballistic missiles.[12]

    Batch-II:-

    The Batch-II series constitutes the second phase of the KSS-III program - and is noted to possess multiple improvements in terms of design, armament and automation, over the Batch-I series.[41] This Batch-II series also comprises of the construction of three attack-submarines, with notable modifications.[42]

    The Batch-II design possesses a length of 89 m, with a breadth of 9.6 m, along with an estimated displacement of around 3,600 tonnes.[43][44] According to DSME, the Batch-II series will be equipped with "a greater level of South Korean technology" - with over 80% of the submarine's parts to be domestically sourced.[19][45]

    Similar to the Batch-I, the Batch-II will also reportedly have a top speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) and a crew complement of 50.[43]

    A notable feature of the Batch-II submarines is its lithium-ion battery technology (LiB); the Batch-II series will be equipped with lithium-ion batteries - developed by Samsung SDI (and supplied by Hanwha Defense), apart from the AIP system.[46] Compared to previous lead-acid batteries which are generally used to power other conventionally-powered submarines, the new lithium-ion batteries will reportedly allow the KSS-III to cruise at greater speeds with a greater period of underwater endurance, life-expectancy and durability.[47] Incidentally, Korea is only the second country in the world to field submarines equipped with lithium-ion batteries; the first is Japan - which utilizes lithium-ion battery technology aboard its Sōryū-class submarines.[48]

    The design also incorporates ten (K-VLS) cells (compared to six on the Batch-I) - which are presumably to carry the Hyunmoo 4-4 ballistic missiles and the future Chonryong land-attack cruise missile - currently in development; the increase in the number of cells also elucidates the increase in the length of the hull.[49]

    Armament[]

    The KSS-III is equipped with six 533 mm (21 in) forward-firing torpedo tubes, for firing the "Tiger Shark" heavyweight torpedoes, developed by South Korean defense conglomerate LIG Nex1.[50][50][51][52][53]

    The Batch-I series are equipped with six Korean Vertical Launching System (K-VLS) cells, capable of launching the Hyunmoo 4-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) - which is estimated to possess a range of around 400 km (250 mi).[46][54] The Batch-II series will be equipped to ten K-VLS cells, presumably for carrying the Hyunmoo 4-4 ballistic missiles, as well as the future Chonryong land-attack cruise missile - currently in development.[49][55]

    The Batch-I vessels are also equipped with a "Weapons Handling and Launch System" (WHLS) - developed by UK-based naval conglomerate Babcock.[35] The WHLS incorporates air turbine pump (ATP)-driven positive discharge and programmable firing valve launch (PFV) system - and is reputedly an efficient system, owing to its compactness, quietness and low maintenance requirements.[56]

    Sensors and Processing Systems[]

    The Batch-I series is currently equipped with an assortment of different sensors and equipment, including -

    • Combat Management Suite:-
      • A "Naval Shield Integrated Combat Management System" (ICMS), developed by Hanhwa.[35][39]
    • Other Systems:-

    Construction[]

    The KSS-III development program consists of the construction of nine diesel-electric, AIP-equipped attack submarines - with a displacement of 3,000 tonnes and greater, between 2014-2029.[35][59]

    Batch-I:

    In December 2012, South Korea's Ministry of National Defense (MND) awarded Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) a US$ $1.56 billion contract, for the construction of the first two submarines of the Batch-I series.[35] The MND later awarded another contract for building the third submarine of the series to Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), in November 2016.[33]

    The "steel-cutting" ceremony for the first submarine of the Batch-I series - the ROKS Dosan Ahn-Changho (SS-083), was conducted at DSME's shipyard at Okpo, South Korea, in November 2014, while the keel was laid in May 2016.[60] The Dosan Ahn-Changho was launched in September 2018 and was put to its sea trials in June 2019; it was later commissioned on 13 August 2021.[38][60]

    The keel the second submarine of the series - the ROKS Ahn Mu (SS-085), was laid by DSME in July 2016; the hull was later launched in November 2020, with its delivery slated for 2022.[33][61]

    The construction of the third submarine of the series - the ROKS Shin Chae-ho (SS-086), was initiated at HHI's shipyard at Ulsan, South Korea; the submarine was later launched in September 2021, with its delivery slated for 2024.[62][62][63]

    Batch-II:

    In May 2019, South Korea approved the construction of the Batch-II series - consisting of three extensively-upgraded submarines; DSME was further awarded a KRW ₩ 1.11 trillion order for the detailed design and construction of the Batch-II series; it was later awarded a KRW ₩ 985.7 billion for the construction of the second submarine of the series.[19][43][64][65]

    The "steel-cutting" of the first submarine of the Batch-II series - the ROKS Lee Bong-chang (SS-087), was conducted by DSME's shipyard at Okpo, South Korea, in August 2021, with its delivery slated for 2026.[66]

    The "steel-cutting" of the second submarine was conducted by DSME in December 2021, with its launch and delivery expected by 2026 and 2028, respectively.[67][68]

    Export Variants[]

    DSME-2000[]

    At the 2019 convention of the "International Maritime Defense Industry Exhibition" (MADEX), held at Busan, South Korea, DSME unveiled the DSME-2000 - a 2,000 tonne, diesel-electric variant of the KSS-III, as an export-oriented design for foreign navies.[69] The DSME-2000 possesses a length of 70.3 m (230 ft 8 in) and a diameter of 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in), with a crew complement of 40, with additional space for about 10 special forces commandos.[70] The design has an estimated speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) while surfaced, and 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) while submerged - and possesses a cruising range of around 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi), at cruising speed.[70] The DSME-2000 displaces at 2,000 tonnes and is larger than South Korea's Jang Bogo-class (based on the Type 209/1400 design) and the Son Won-il class (based on the Type-214 design), but is smaller than the Dosan Ahn Changho-class.[69] The design incorporates an arrangement of eight 533 mm (21.0 in) forward-firing torpedo tubes, with a pack of 16 torpedoes - although this can be combined with an assortment of naval mines and anti-ship missiles.[69] The submarine's design also features a flexible weapon launching system - which can be tailored according to the customer's requirements.[70] Similar to the KSS-III, the DSME-2000 will also be equipped with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) module and lithium-ion batteries.[70] The design also includes an assortment of equipment, including -

    • A sonar suite, equipped with :-[70]
      • Cylindrical Hydrophone Array
      • Intercept Detection and Ranging Sonar
      • Flank Array Sonar
      • Passive Ranging Sonar
      • Active Operation Sonar
      • Towed Array Sonar

    DSME-3000[]

    DSME has offered a 3,000 tonne variant of the KSS-III, known as the DSME-3000 to the Indian Navy, under the latter's Project-75 (India) (P-75I) submarine procurement initiative.[71] The DSME-3000 is noted to be quite similar to the KSS-III, with a displacement of about 3,300 tons, with a length measuring 83.5 m and a beam measuring 9.7 m.[72] The DSME-3000 was first displayed to the public at the 2021 convention of the "International Maritime Defense Industry Exhibition" (MADEX), held at Busan, South Korea.[71]

    The DSME-3000 will be equipped with lithium-ion batteries and a fuel-cell powered air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, as on the KSS-III; however, the variant being offered to India lacks the K-VLS cells - which are standard on both Batch-I and Batch-II submarines being built for the Republic of Korea Navy.[71]

    DSME officially announced its participation in P-75I in April 2019; having being invited by the Indian Navy, and was shortlisted as a finalist in the competition, along with four other international shipyards - ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), Rubin Design Bureau, Navantia and Naval Group.[73][74] As of September 2021, DSME is reported to be the only contender still competing in P-75I; the other four contenders either withdrew or were disqualified from the program, on account of varying reasons.[75]

    Ships in the class[]

    Name Pennant Number Builder Laid Down Launched Commissioned Status
    Batch-I
    ROKS Dosan Ahn Changho SS-083[76] Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME)[77] 17 May 2016[78] 14 September 2018[76] 13 August 2021[4] Active[4]
    ROKS Ahn Mu SS-085[79] 17 April 2018[79] 10 November 2020[80] Scheduled for 2022[79] Launched[80]
    ROKS Shin Chae-ho SS-086[81] Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI)[81] 11 April 2019[82] 28 September 2021[83] Scheduled for 2024[83] Launched[83]
    Batch-II
    ROKS Lee Bong-chang[84] SS-087[85] Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME)[25] Scheduled for 2026[66] Under construction[68]

    See also[]

    Submarines Of Similar Comparison

    Other References to the Republic of Korea Navy

    References[]

    1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 "KSS-III (Jangbogo-III) Class Attack Submarines". https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kss-iii-jangbogo-iii-class/. 
    2. ↑ James O. Campbell, Jr. (13 September 2020). "Seoul’s Misguided Desire for a Nuclear submarine" (PDF). https://npolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Campbell_Seoul_Misguided_Desire_for_a_Nuclear_Submarine.pdf. 
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gady, Franz-Stefan. "South Korea Launches First-of-Class 3,000-ton KSS-III Diesel-Electric Attack Submarine". https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/south-korea-launches-first-of-class-3000-ton-kss-iii-diesel-electric-attack-submarine/. 
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "ROK Navy Commissions Her First KSS III Submarine". 13 August 2021. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/08/rok-navy-commissions-her-first-kss-iii-submarine/. 
    5. ↑ "S. Korea starts construction of 2nd 3,600-ton-class SLBM submarine". 30 December 2021. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211230000205. 
    6. ↑ "South Korea launches Dosan Ahn Changho class submarine Shin Chae-ho". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/october/10792-south-korea-launches-dosan-ahn-changho-submarine-shin-chae-ho.html. 
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "South Korean navy commissions first KSS-III-class, SLBM-capable submarine". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korean-navy-commissions-first-kss-iii-class-slbm-capable-submarine. 
    8. ↑ "South Korean Navy commissions first Changbogo-III Batch-I submarine". 13 August 2021. https://www.naval-technology.com/news/rok-navy-commissions-changbogo-submarine/. 
    9. ↑ "DSME kicks off construction of new KSS-III submarine for ROK Navy". 31 December 2021. https://www.navaltoday.com/2021/12/31/dsme-kicks-off-construction-of-new-kss-iii-submarine-for-rok-navy/. 
    10. ↑ "South Korea Begins Construction on 2nd KSS-III Batch-II Submarine". 2 January 2022. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/01/south-korea-begins-construction-on-2nd-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine/#:~:text=The%20Batch%2DII%20is%2089,maximum%20speed%20of%2020%20kts.. 
    11. ↑ "South Korea Begins Construction on 2nd KSS-III Batch-II Submarine". 2 January 2022. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/01/south-korea-begins-construction-on-2nd-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine/. 
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Game Changer: AIP Submarine Has Fired a Ballistic Missile for the First Time". 7 September 2021. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/09/new-dawn-first-time-a-modern-non-nuclear-submarine-has-fired-a-ballistic-missile/. 
    13. ↑ "연료전지시장 '빅뱅' 예고한 '범한산업'". 2 October 2018. http://www.h2news.kr/mobile/article.html?no=7022. 
    14. ↑ "South Korea launches its second Changbogo-III Batch-I diesel/electric powered submarine". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2020/november/9252-south-korea-launches-its-second-changbogo-iii-batch-i-diesel-electric-powered-submarine.html. 
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "MADEX 2021: Hanwha Defense presents its new technology of lithium-ion battery for submarines". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/june/10279-madex-2021-hanwha-defense-presents-its-new-technology-of-lithium-ion-battery-for-submarines.html. 
    16. ↑ "HHI launches third KSS-III-class submarine for South Korean navy". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hhi-launches-third-kss-iii-class-submarine-for-south-korean-navy#:~:text=Fitted%20with%20noise%2Dreduction%20technology,according%20to%20Janes%20Fighting%20Ships%20.. 
    17. ↑ "South Korea's KSS-III Batch 2 Submarine to Feature both AIP and Li-Ion Batteries". 18 June 2021. https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/madex-2021/2021/06/south-koreas-kss-iii-batch-2-submarine-to-feature-both-aip-and-li-ion-batteries/. 
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 https://www.lignex1.com/web/eng/product/product.do?category=02&part=03&model=04#categoryMenu
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/madex-2019/2019/10/madex-2019-dsme-on-track-with-kss-iii-batch-2-submarine-program-for-rok-navy/
    20. ↑ "Babcock Wins South Korea Jangbogo III KSS-III Submarine Weapons System Contract". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-exhibitions/2017-archives/dsei-2017-show-daily-news/5567-babcock-wins-south-korea-jangbogo-iii-kss-iii-submarine-weapons-system-contract.html. 
    21. ↑ "Naval Today: ECA Group to deliver steering console for third South Korean KSS-III submarine". https://www.ecagroup.com/en/business/naval-today-eca-group-deliver-steering-console-third-south-korean-kss-iii-submarine. 
    22. ↑ [1][dead link]
    23. ↑ "LIG Nex1 on Track with New Tiger Shark Heavyweight Torpedo". http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/august-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6471-lig-nex1-on-track-with-new-tiger-shark-heavyweight-torpedo.html. 
    24. ↑ Smith, Josh (7 September 2021). "S.Korea tests first submarine-launched ballistic missile - Yonhap". https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/skorea-tests-first-submarine-launched-ballistic-missile-yonhap-2021-09-07/. 
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "DSME contracted to build South Korean navy's second KSS-III 'Batch II' submarine". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/dsme-contracted-to-build-south-korean-navys-second-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine. 
    26. ↑ "DMSE to build South Korea KSS III Batch II class submarine". http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/september/10692-dmse-to-build-south-korea-kss-iii-batch-ii-class-submarine.html. 
    27. ↑ Gady, Franz-Stefan (18 June 2019). "South Korea's First-of-Class KSS-III Attack Sub Begins Sea Trials". https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/south-koreas-first-of-class-kss-iii-attack-sub-begins-sea-trials/. 
    28. ↑ "KSS-III (Jangbogo–III-class) diesel-electric attack submarine". https://thediplomat.com/tag/kss-iii-jangbogo-iii-class-diesel-electric-attack-submarine/. 
    29. ↑ https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/kss-3.htm
    30. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294539547_Team_prepares_for_2007_start_on_KSS-III_design
    31. ↑ https://delhidefencereview.com/2018/02/17/an-alternative-plan-for-p-75i-indias-submarine-construction-program/
    32. ↑ https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/of-submarine-matters-and-the-commissioning-of-ins-vela/
    33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/11/south-koreas-dsme-launches-2nd-kss-iii-submarine-for-rok-navy/
    34. ↑ https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1114160.pdf
    35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kss-iii-jangbogo-iii-class/
    36. ↑ https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?id=6491
    37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/08/16/south-korea-indigenous-submarine/
    38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/08/rok-navy-commissions-her-first-kss-iii-submarine/
    39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korean-navy-commissions-first-kss-iii-class-slbm-capable-submarine
    40. ↑ https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2021/08/south-korea-commissions-first-slbm-capable-kss-iii-class-submarine/
    41. ↑ https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/09/south-koreas-dsme-wins-contract-for-2nd-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine/
    42. ↑ http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4025
    43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/dsme-contracted-to-build-south-korean-navys-second-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine
    44. ↑ http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/september/10692-dmse-to-build-south-korea-kss-iii-batch-ii-class-submarine.html
    45. ↑ https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/01/south-korea-begins-construction-on-2nd-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine/#:~:text=The%20Batch%2DII%20is%2089,%2C%20after%20Japan's%20Soryu%2Dclass.
    46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/madex-2021/2021/06/south-koreas-kss-iii-batch-2-submarine-to-feature-both-aip-and-li-ion-batteries/
    47. ↑ https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/june/10279-madex-2021-hanwha-defense-presents-its-new-technology-of-lithium-ion-battery-for-submarines.html
    48. ↑ https://www.defensenews.com/industry/techwatch/2018/11/16/new-battery-can-double-the-operational-time-of-submarines-says-south-korea/
    49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/december/11186-south-korea-starts-construction-of-kss-iii-batch-ii-class-submarine.html
    50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/madex-2019-south-korea-aims-to-deploy-tiger-shark-torpedo-by-2020
    51. ↑ http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/august-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6471-lig-nex1-on-track-with-new-tiger-shark-heavyweight-torpedo.html
    52. ↑ https://www.defenseworld.net/news/30703/S_Korea_Approves_Project_to_Develop_Lightweight_Torpedoes_by_2028#.YePLoP5BzIU
    53. ↑ https://militaryleak.com/2018/11/19/lig-nex1-tiger-shark-heavy-weight-torpedo/
    54. ↑ https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/09/south-korea-successfully-completed-k-slbm-test-launch-from-kss-iii-submarine/
    55. ↑ https://adbr.com.au/south-korea-launches-second-new-sub/
    56. ↑ https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-exhibitions/2017-archives/dsei-2017-show-daily-news/5567-babcock-wins-south-korea-jangbogo-iii-kss-iii-submarine-weapons-system-contract.html
    57. ↑ https://www.ecagroup.com/en/business/naval-today-eca-group-deliver-steering-console-third-south-korean-kss-iii-submarine
    58. ↑ https://www.navaltoday.com/2021/09/29/hhi-floats-out-third-kss-iii-submarine-built-for-south-korean-navy/
    59. ↑ https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/south-korea-launches-first-of-class-3000-ton-kss-iii-diesel-electric-attack-submarine/
    60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2018/september-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6491-dsme-launched-rok-navy-s-1st-3000-tons-kss-iii-submarine-dosan-ahn-chang-ho.html
    61. ↑ https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28285/South_Korea_Launches_Navy___s_2nd_KSS_III_Submarine#.YeOq0_5BzIU
    62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 https://nationalinterest.org/blog/korea-watch/south-korean-navy-launches-shin-chae-ho-its-third-changbogo-iii-submarine-194827
    63. ↑ https://monch.com/south-korea-launches-third-slbm-capable-submarine/
    64. ↑ https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/dsme-awarded-contract-to-design-build-upgraded-kss-iii-class-submarine
    65. ↑ https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/newsb/defence-news/2016/may-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4025-south-koreas-dapa-selects-dsme-for-kss-iii-batch-ii-heavy-submarine-design-a-construction.html
    66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 https://continental-defence.com/south-korea-begins-construction-of-second-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine
    67. ↑ https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/01/south-korea-begins-construction-on-2nd-kss-iii-batch-ii-submarine/
    68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 https://www.navaltoday.com/2021/12/31/dsme-kicks-off-construction-of-new-kss-iii-submarine-for-rok-navy/
    69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2019/10/south-korea-unveils-new-diesel-electric.html
    70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/madex-2019/2019/10/madex-2019-new-2000-tons-attack-submarine-joins-dsme-portfolio/
    71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 "MADEX 2021: DSME Sheds Light on Submarine Offer to India for P-75I". 16 June 2021. https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/madex-2021/2021/06/madex-2021-dsme-sheds-light-on-submarine-offer-to-india-for-p-75i/. 
    72. ↑ "Korean shipbuilder touts advanced batteries for submarines on offer to India". https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2021/06/16/korean-shipbuilder-touts-advanced-batteries-for-submarines-on-offer-to-india.html. 
    73. ↑ "India makes initial bid selections for $7 billion submarine project". 22 January 2020. https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2020/01/22/india-makes-initial-bid-selections-for-7-billion-submarine-project/. 
    74. ↑ "SAAB out, South Korean Company in for the conventional submarines for the Indian Navy". https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/saab-out-south-korean-company-in-for-the-conventional-submarines-for-the-indian-navy/1719545/. 
    75. ↑ Pubby, Manu. "Germany may not bid for Navy's P75I submarine project, leaves South Korean firm as only vendor". https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/germany-may-not-bid-for-navys-p75i-submarine-project-leaves-south-korean-firm-as-only-vendor/articleshow/85447687.cms. 
    76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "DSME Launched ROK Navy's 1st 3000 tons KSS-III Submarine Dosan Ahn Chang-ho". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2018/september-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6491-dsme-launched-rok-navy-s-1st-3000-tons-kss-iii-submarine-dosan-ahn-chang-ho.html. 
    77. ↑ "South Korea Launches First-of-Class 3,000-ton KSS-III Diesel-Electric Attack Submarine". https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/south-korea-launches-first-of-class-3000-ton-kss-iii-diesel-electric-attack-submarine/. 
    78. ↑ "ROKS Dosan Ahn Chang-ho (SS-083)". https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.php?ship_id=roks-dosan-ahn-chang-ho-diesel-electric-submarine-south-korea&__cf_chl_tk=d3xz4ZUS7R1Z.pHaY9bbHqnbZSblu.g25DfOkc7pjGs-1641702381-0-gaNycGzNCBE. 
    79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "South Korea's DSME Launches 2nd KSS III Submarine for ROK Navy". 10 November 2020. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/11/south-koreas-dsme-launches-2nd-kss-iii-submarine-for-rok-navy/. 
    80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "South Korea launches 2nd KSS-III submarine". 16 November 2020. https://www.navaltoday.com/2020/11/16/south-korea-launches-2nd-kss-iii-submarine/. 
    81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "HHI launches third KSS-III-class submarine for South Korean navy". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hhi-launches-third-kss-iii-class-submarine-for-south-korean-navy. 
    82. ↑ "South Korean Navy Launches Shin Chae-ho, its Third Changbogo-III Submarine". 2 October 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/korea-watch/south-korean-navy-launches-shin-chae-ho-its-third-changbogo-iii-submarine-194827. 
    83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 "South Korea's HHI Launches 3rd KSS III Submarine for the ROK Navy". 28 September 2021. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/09/south-koreas-hhi-launches-3rd-kss-iii-submarine-for-the-rok-navy/. 
    84. ↑ "The National Interest: Blog". https://nationalinterest.org/blog/korea-watch/south-korea-plans-even-bigger-missile-submarines-they%E2%80%99re-not-going-nuclear%E2%80%94yet. 
    85. ↑ "South Korea starts construction of KSS III Batch II class submarine". https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/december/11186-south-korea-starts-construction-of-kss-iii-batch-ii-class-submarine.html. 
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