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{{Infobox ship image |
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| − | + | | Ship image= [[file:ShoheiMaru.JPG|300px]] |
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| Ship caption = Shōhei Maru Drawing c.1855 |
| Ship caption = Shōhei Maru Drawing c.1855 |
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{{Infobox ship career |
{{Infobox ship career |
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| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Japan|civil}} |
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{{Infobox ship characteristics |
{{Infobox ship characteristics |
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| Ship class = |
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| Ship beam = {{convert|7.3|m|ft}} |
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| − | | Ship sail plan= |
+ | | Ship sail plan= Barque-rigged |
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| − | {{nihongo|'''''Shōhei Maru''''' | 昇平丸|}} was a western-style sail frigate, constructed on orders the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of |
+ | {{nihongo|'''''Shōhei Maru''''' | 昇平丸|}} was a western-style sail frigate, constructed on orders the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of Bakumatsu period [[Japan]] by Satsuma Domain in response to the [[Perry Expedition]] and increasing incursions of [[Black ships|foreign warships]] into Japanese territorial waters. She was built from 1853 to 1854 at [[Sakurajima]] in what is now Kagoshima Prefecture. |
''Shōhei Maru'' should not be confused with the [[World War II]] passenger/cargo vessel of the same name, sunk by the submarine {{USS|Spadefish|SS-411}} off of Korea. |
''Shōhei Maru'' should not be confused with the [[World War II]] passenger/cargo vessel of the same name, sunk by the submarine {{USS|Spadefish|SS-411}} off of Korea. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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| − | Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa shogunate ruling Japan pursued a policy of [[sakoku|isolating the country]] from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the |
+ | Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa shogunate ruling Japan pursued a policy of [[sakoku|isolating the country]] from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki under a strict government monopoly. No foreigners were allowed to set foot in Japan, and no Japanese was permitted to travel aboard. <ref name=Beasley1>W. G. Beasley, ''The Meiji Restoration'', p.74-77</ref> In June 1635 a law was proclaimed prohibiting the construction of large, ocean-capable vessels. However, by the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1846, an official American expedition led by Commodore [[James Biddle]] on an official mission with two ships, including one warship armed with 72 cannons, asking for ports to be opened for trade, but his requests for a trade agreement were refused.<ref name=Beasley2>W. G. Beasley, ''The Meiji Restoration'', p.78</ref> |
Following the [[Perry Expedition|July 1853 visit]] of [[Matthew Calbraith Perry|Commodore Perry]], and intense debate erupted within the Japanese government on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the national’s capital, and the only universal consensus was that steps be taken immediately to bolster Japan’s coastal defenses. The law forbidding construction of large vessels was repealed, and many of the [[han system|feudal domains]] took immediate steps to construct or purchase warships. These included the ''[[Japanese warship Hōō Maru|Hōō Maru]]'' constructed by the ''[[Uraga bugyō]]'' office, and the [[Japanese warship Asahi Maru|''Asahi Maru'']] constructed by [[Mito Domain]]. |
Following the [[Perry Expedition|July 1853 visit]] of [[Matthew Calbraith Perry|Commodore Perry]], and intense debate erupted within the Japanese government on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the national’s capital, and the only universal consensus was that steps be taken immediately to bolster Japan’s coastal defenses. The law forbidding construction of large vessels was repealed, and many of the [[han system|feudal domains]] took immediate steps to construct or purchase warships. These included the ''[[Japanese warship Hōō Maru|Hōō Maru]]'' constructed by the ''[[Uraga bugyō]]'' office, and the [[Japanese warship Asahi Maru|''Asahi Maru'']] constructed by [[Mito Domain]]. |
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| − | Citing the need to protect Japanese sovereignty over the |
+ | Citing the need to protect Japanese sovereignty over the Ryukyu islands, Satsuma ''daimyō'' [[Shimazu Nariakira]] successfully petitioned the Tokugawa shogunate to lift the prohibition on the construction of large ocean-going vessels in December 1852. A shipyard was constructed on [[Sakurajima]] and the new vessel was launched in May 1853 even before the visit [[Perry Expedition|July 1853 visit]] of [[Matthew Calbraith Perry|Commodore Perry]], and his fleet of "[[Black Ships]]" to [[Edo Bay]]. |
''Shōhei Maru'' took longer to complete than was anticipated, and was commissioned on December 12, 1854, almost six months after ''Hōō Maru'' was completed. |
''Shōhei Maru'' took longer to complete than was anticipated, and was commissioned on December 12, 1854, almost six months after ''Hōō Maru'' was completed. |
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==Design== |
==Design== |
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| − | ''' Shōhei Maru''' was a three-masted |
+ | ''' Shōhei Maru''' was a three-masted barque-rigged sailing vessel, with an overall length of {{convert|31.0|m}}, beam of {{convert|7.3|m}}, and displacement of 370 tons. Of wooden construction, she was depicted in contemporary artwork as being armed with five cannon on each side. Her sails had black bands, which was characteristic of Tokugawa naval vessels. She was depicted in an 1855 print as flying the [[Flag of Japan|rising sun flag]]. The new ship was apparently built using ship construction manuals obtained from the Netherlands via the trading outpost of [[Dejima]], and occasional observations of foreign vessels roaming the waters off Japan. [[Nakahama Manjirō]] may have contributed to its design from his personal experiences, but this is uncertain. |
==Service record== |
==Service record== |
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| − | ''Shōhei Maru'' was transferred to |
+ | ''Shōhei Maru'' was transferred to Edo in February 1855 and commissioned into the Tokugawa shogunate navy in August 1855. It was later assigned to the [[Nagasaki Naval Training Center]] as a training vessel. |
| − | Following the [[Boshin War]] of the |
+ | Following the [[Boshin War]] of the Meiji Restoration, ''Shōhei Maru'' was seized by the new Meiji government, but was considered too obsolete for use by the fledgling [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] and was assigned to the [[Ministry of Colonial Affairs|Colonization Ministry]] together with the [[Japanese warship Kanrin Maru|''Kanrin Maru'']] and as a transport for the development of the northern island of Hokkaidō. She was wrecked after she ran aground on a sandbar off what is now [[Kaminokuni, Hokkaidō]] ({{coord|41|52|N|140|07|E}}) after a storm on 2 March 1870. |
==References== |
==References== |
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| − | *{{cite book | last = Beasley| first = William G |
+ | *{{cite book | last = Beasley| first = William G| year = 1972 | title = The Meiji Restoration| publisher = Stamford University Press | location = ISBN 0804708150}} |
*Furukawa, Hisao. ''Meiji Japan’s Encounter With Modernization''. Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.33. No3, December 1995. |
*Furukawa, Hisao. ''Meiji Japan’s Encounter With Modernization''. Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.33. No3, December 1995. |
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[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Sea of Japan]] |
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Sea of Japan]] |
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[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1870]] |
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1870]] |
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| + | {{Wikipedia|Japanese warship Shōhei Maru}} |
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Revision as of 15:15, 21 August 2015
 Shōhei Maru Drawing c.1855 | |
| Career |  |
|---|---|
| Builder: | Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan |
| Laid down: | May 1853 |
| Commissioned: | December 1854 |
| Struck: | 1870 |
| Fate: | Wrecked, March 1870 |
| General characteristics | |
| Length: | 31 metres (102 ft) |
| Beam: | 7.3 metres (24 ft) |
| Sail plan: | Barque-rigged |
| Armament: | 10 guns |
Shōhei Maru ( 昇平丸) was a western-style sail frigate, constructed on orders the Tokugawa shogunate of Bakumatsu period Japan by Satsuma Domain in response to the Perry Expedition and increasing incursions of foreign warships into Japanese territorial waters. She was built from 1853 to 1854 at Sakurajima in what is now Kagoshima Prefecture. Shōhei Maru should not be confused with the World War II passenger/cargo vessel of the same name, sunk by the submarine USS Spadefish (SS-411) off of Korea.
Background
Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa shogunate ruling Japan pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki under a strict government monopoly. No foreigners were allowed to set foot in Japan, and no Japanese was permitted to travel aboard. [1] In June 1635 a law was proclaimed prohibiting the construction of large, ocean-capable vessels. However, by the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1846, an official American expedition led by Commodore James Biddle on an official mission with two ships, including one warship armed with 72 cannons, asking for ports to be opened for trade, but his requests for a trade agreement were refused.[2]
Following the July 1853 visit of Commodore Perry, and intense debate erupted within the Japanese government on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the national’s capital, and the only universal consensus was that steps be taken immediately to bolster Japan’s coastal defenses. The law forbidding construction of large vessels was repealed, and many of the feudal domains took immediate steps to construct or purchase warships. These included the Hōō Maru constructed by the Uraga bugyō office, and the Asahi Maru constructed by Mito Domain.
Citing the need to protect Japanese sovereignty over the Ryukyu islands, Satsuma daimyō Shimazu Nariakira successfully petitioned the Tokugawa shogunate to lift the prohibition on the construction of large ocean-going vessels in December 1852. A shipyard was constructed on Sakurajima and the new vessel was launched in May 1853 even before the visit July 1853 visit of Commodore Perry, and his fleet of "Black Ships" to Edo Bay.
Shōhei Maru took longer to complete than was anticipated, and was commissioned on December 12, 1854, almost six months after Hōō Maru was completed.
Design
Shōhei Maru was a three-masted barque-rigged sailing vessel, with an overall length of 31.0 metres (101.7 ft), beam of 7.3 metres (24 ft), and displacement of 370 tons. Of wooden construction, she was depicted in contemporary artwork as being armed with five cannon on each side. Her sails had black bands, which was characteristic of Tokugawa naval vessels. She was depicted in an 1855 print as flying the rising sun flag. The new ship was apparently built using ship construction manuals obtained from the Netherlands via the trading outpost of Dejima, and occasional observations of foreign vessels roaming the waters off Japan. Nakahama Manjirō may have contributed to its design from his personal experiences, but this is uncertain.
Service record
Shōhei Maru was transferred to Edo in February 1855 and commissioned into the Tokugawa shogunate navy in August 1855. It was later assigned to the Nagasaki Naval Training Center as a training vessel.
Following the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, Shōhei Maru was seized by the new Meiji government, but was considered too obsolete for use by the fledgling Imperial Japanese Navy and was assigned to the Colonization Ministry together with the Kanrin Maru and as a transport for the development of the northern island of Hokkaidō. She was wrecked after she ran aground on a sandbar off what is now Kaminokuni, Hokkaidō (41°52′N 140°07′E / 41.867°N 140.117°E) after a storm on 2 March 1870.
References
- Beasley, William G (1972). The Meiji Restoration. ISBN 0804708150: Stamford University Press.
- Furukawa, Hisao. Meiji Japan’s Encounter With Modernization. Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.33. No3, December 1995.
External links
Notes
The original article can be found at Japanese warship Shōhei Maru and the edit history here.