Islamist insurgency in Nigeria

Islamist insurgency in Nigeria
Map of Nigeria
Date 2001–present Location Northern Nigeria Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Nigeria	Boko Haram Ansaru
Commanders and leaders
Goodluck Jonathan Ibrahim Geidam Ali Modu Sheriff Isa Yuguda	Mohammed Yusuf† Abubakar Shekau Mallam Sanni Umaru Abu Usmatul al-Ansari Abu Jafa’ar
Strength
Military of Nigeria Nigeria Police Force Nigerian Mobile Police
Casualties and losses
15,000+ killed Thousands of civilians displaced

The Nigeria Sharia conflict began in 2001 with the formation of Boko Haram. Since 2009, the conflict has spiraled into its most violent phase, resulting in 3,600 mortal casualties within less than three years.

According to a Nigerian study on demographics and religion, Muslims make up 50.5% of the population. Muslims mainly live in the North of the country; the majority of the Nigerian Muslims are Sunnis. Christians are the second-largest religious group and make up 48.2% of the population. They predominate in the centre and in the South of the country, whereas adherents of other religions make up 1.4%.

As Muslims narrowly form the majority of the population, many of them demand the introduction of Sharia - the Islamic law - as the main source of legislation. Twelve Northern states have introduced sharia as a basis of the executive and judicial branches of government in the years 1999 and 2000.

Background

In the North of the country are numerous Muslim groups, which want to introduce sharia in the whole country. In the states of the North these demands have been executed in 1999 and 2001.

In the following 9 states the Sharia has full validity:

• Zamfara (27 January 2000)
• Kano (21 June 2000)
• Sokoto
• Katsina
• Bauchi (June, 2001)
• Borno
• Jigawa
• Kebbi
• Yobe

In the following states the sharia is valid for areas with a mainly Muslim population:

• Kaduna
• Niger (13 January 2000)
• Gombe

The events of 1999, 2000 and 2001 were riots between Christians and Muslims in Jos, Nigeria about the appointment of a Muslim politician, Alhaji Muktar Mohammed, to the local coordinator federal programme to fight poverty.

History

Main article: Timeline of the Islamist insurgency in Nigeria

2004 Yelwa massacre

Main article: Yelwa massacre

2008 riots

Main article: 2008 Jos riots

Boko Haram terror campaign

Main article: Boko Haram

The group conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its existence That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the group's activities following reports that its members were arming themselves. Prior to that the government reportedly repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the organisation, including that of a military officer.

When the government came into action, several members of the group were arrested in Bauchi, sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. During the fighting with the security forces Boko Haram "fighters reportedly "used fuel-laden motorcycles" and "bows with poison arrows" to attack a police station. The group's founder and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was also killed during this time while still in police custody. After Yusuf's killing, a new leader emerged whose identity was not known at the time.

After the killing of M. Yusuf, the group carried out its first terrorist attack in Borno in January 2010. It resulted in the killing of four people. Since then, the violence has only escalated in terms of both frequency and intensity.

In January 2012, Abubakar Shekau, a former deputy to Yusuf, appeared in a video posted on YouTube. According to Reuters, Shekau took control of the group after Yusuf's death in 2009. Authorities had previously believed that Shekau died during the violence in 2009.

By early 2012, the group was responsible for over 900 deaths.

2010 riots

In 2010, more than 500, mostly Christian people, were killed by religious violence in Jos.

2013 Government offensive

In May 2013, Nigerian governmental forces launched an offensive in the Borno region in an attempt to dislodge Boko Haram fighters after a state of emergency was called on May 14. The offensive had initial success, but the Boko Haram rebels have been able to regain their strength. On August 5, 2013 Boko Haram launched dual attacks on Bama and Malam Fatori, leaving 35 dead.

Political development

Main article: Politics of Nigeria

See also

• List of ongoing military conflicts
• Conflict in the Niger Delta
• Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
• Methodist Church Nigeria
• Religion in Bauchi State
• Religion in Borno State
• Religion in Gombe State
• Religion in Jigawa State
• Religion in Kaduna State
• Religion in Kano State
• Religion in Katsina State
• Religion in Kebbi State
• Religion in Niger State
• Religion in Sokoto State
• Religion in Yobe State
• Religion in Zamfara State

External links

• Blench, R. M., Daniel, P. & Hassan, Umaru (2003): Access rights and conflict over common pool resources in three states in Nigeria. Report to Conflict Resolution Unit, World Bank (extracted section on Jos Plateau)