| Harbin Y-12 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Y-12 IV in flight, showing the revised wingtips | |
| Role | Twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Harbin Aircraft Industry Group |
| Designer | Harbin Aircraft Industry Group |
| First flight | 14 July 1982 |
| Status | In production |
| Primary user | People's Liberation Army Air Force |
| Produced | 1985 - present |
| Developed from | Harbin Y-11 |
The Harbin Y-12 (Chinese: 运-12; pinyin: Yun-12) is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG).
Design and development[]
The Y-12 started life as a development of the Harbin Y-11 airframe. It was first called Y-11T in 1980.[1] The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned wing with a new low drag section, a larger fuselage and bonded rather than riveted construction.
The first prototype, followed by about 30 production Y-12 (I) aircraft before a revised version was produced. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of leading edge slats, first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year.[2] The power plants are two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops with Hartzell propellers. The Y-12 has a maximum payload of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 passengers and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light commuter and transport aircraft.
The latest development is Y-12F, which is almost a new design with many improvements: new wings, new landing gears, new fuselage, with more powerful engine from Pratt & Whitney Canada and extended payload and range. The prototype is still under test and verification.[3]
Variants[]
Harbin Y-12E
Harbin Y-12F
- Y-12 (I) : Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 500-shp (373-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines. Prototype version.
- Y-12 (II) : Fitted with more powerful PT6A-27 engines.
- Y-12 (III) : Planned version to be fitted with WJ-9 turboprop. Evolved to Y-12C because of IV's success when WJ-9 development was completed.
- Y-12 (IV) : Improved version. Revised wingtips (span increased to 19.2 m (63 ft)) and increased take off weight. 19 passenger seats. This version is the first aircraft ever certified by the FAA in 1995.[4]
- Y-12C : Basically a (IV) version with WJ-9 turboprop, now used by PLAAF for aerial survey.
- Y-12E : Variant with 18 passenger seats. PT6A-135A engines of equal horsepower but increased torque driving four-bladed propellers. This version was certified by the FAA in 2006.[5]
- Y-12F : The latest development with almost everything redesigned: wider fuselage, new wings, retractable landing gear and more powerful engines.[6] The turbine engines are more powerful PT6A-65B. Due to all the improvement, Y-12F has high cruise speed and long range, it can accommodate 19 passenger or carry cargo in 3 LD3 containers.[7] The design started at April 2005 and maiden flight in December 2009.[8] It has been also demonstrated during the 2012 Zhuhai International Aviation Show.
- Turbo Panda : Export name for (II) version, marketed by England and Japanese companies. No real order due to airworthiness certification.
- Twin Panda : Originally (II) version for export. Later a modified Y-12(IV) powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engines and fitted with uprated undercarriage, upgraded avionics and interior. Thirty-five orders reportedly received by 2000 but production not proceeded with.
Operators[]
Military operators[]
Cambodia
- People's Republic of China
- Eritrea
- Guyana
- Guyana Air Force[11]
- Iran
- Kenya
- Mauritania
- Burma
- Namibia
- Pakistan
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Policía Nacional del Perú[17]
- Peruvian Air Force[16]
- Sri Lanka
- Tanzania
- Uganda
- Zambia
Governmental operators[]
- People's Republic of China
- Republic of the Congo
- Ministry of Transport (2)
- Seychelles
- Republic of Seychelles (2)
Civil operators[]
Air Vanuatu Harbin Y-12
- Bangladesh
- Aero Bengal
- People's Republic of China
- China Flying Dragon Aviation
- China Heilongjiang Longken General Aviation
- Donghua General Aviation
- Jiangnan General Aviation
- Ordos General Aviation Co. Ltd.
- Shuangyang General Aviation
- Xinjiang General Aviation
- YingAn Airlines
- Zhong Fei General Aviation Company
- Colombia
- SATENA (2, 1 on order)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- LAC
- Republic of the Congo
- Trans Air Congo (10 on order)
- Indonesia
- Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter (SMAC)
- Dirgantara Air Service (DAS)
- Kiribati
- Air Kiribati
- Laos
- Lao Airlines
- Lao Aviation
- Malaysia
- Berjaya Air
- Mongolia
- MIAT Mongolian Airlines- After 2 planes crashing remaining 3 planes returned to the manufacturer.
- Nepal
- Blue Airways (3 on Order)
- Flight Care Aviation
- Nepal Airlines (6)[21]
- Philippines
- PADC (10 on order)
- Tonga
- Real Tonga (2)
- Airlines Tonga
- Uganda
- Uganda Air Cargo (2)
- Vanuatu
- Air Vanuatu (3)
Accidents and incidents[]
- On 13 December 1993, a Lao Aviation Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34117, clipped trees in fog and crashed at Phonesavanh, Laos, killing all 18 on board.[22]
- On 4 April 1995, a TANS Y-12-II, registration 333/OB-1498, crashed shortly after takeoff from Iquitos Airport, Peru, killing all three on board.
- On 21 June 1996, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3822, crashed into a 100 m (330 ft) mountain near Changhai Airport after the crew began the final approach too early and deviated from the intended course, killing two of 12 on board.[23]
- On 20 January 1997, a Sri Lanka Air Force Y-12-II, CR851, crashed off Pataly Air Base while on a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.[24]
- On 10 June 1997, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1020, crashed at Mandalgobi Airport due to windshear, killing seven of 12 on board.[25]
- On 26 May 1998, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1017, crashed into a 10,800 ft (3,300 m) mountain near Galt Som in heavy icing condition, Mongolia en route to Tosontsengel due to heavy icing, wing de-ice system fault and overloading, killing all 28 on board; this crash is the worst ever accident involving the Y-12.
- On 19 October 2000, a Lao Aviation (now Lao Airlines) Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34130 and operating as Flight 703, crashed in a mountainous area in bad weather while on approach to Sam Neua, killing eight of 15 passengers; both pilots survived.[26]
- On 18 May 2005, a Zambia Air Force Y-12-II, AF-216, crashed shortly after takeoff from Mongu Airport, killing all 13 on board.[27]
- On 10 April 2006, a Kenya Air Force (KAF) Y-12-II, 132, struck the side of Mount Marsabit, killing 14 of 17 on board.[28]
- On 15 June 2008, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3841, struck a small hill during a survey flight for a new aluminum mine, killing three of four on board.[29]
- On 12 July 2012, a Y-12 of the Mauritanian Air Force crashed while transporting gold, killing all 7 occupants.[30]
- On 12 May 2014, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force crashed in El Wak, Kenya. The airplane operated on a flight from Mandera to Nairobi with stops at El Wak and Garissa. Preliminary information suggests that one pilot was killed and the remaining eleven occupants were injured.[31]
Specifications (Y-12 (II))[]
Data from Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000[32]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 17 passengers
- Length: 18.86 m (48 ft 9 in)
- Wingspan: 17.24 m (56 ft 6½ in)
- Height: 5.68 m (18 ft 7½ in)
- Wing area: 34.27 m² (368.9 ft²)
- Airfoil: LS(1)-0417
- Empty weight: 2,840 kg[33] (6,621 lb)
- Max. takeoff weight: 5,300 kg (11,684 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprop, 462 kW (620 hp) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 328 km/h (177 knots, 204 mph) at 3,000m (9,840 ft) (max cruise)
- Cruise speed: 250 km/h (135 knots, 155 mph) at 3,000m (9,840 ft) (econ cruise)
- Range: 1,340 km (723 NM, 832 mi)at econ cruise, 45 min reserves
- Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 8.1 m/s (1,595 ft/min)
See also[]
- Antonov An-28
- LET L-410
- CASA C-212 Aviocar
- Dornier 228
- DHC-6 Twin Otter
- IAI Arava
- GAF Nomad
- PZL M28
- Shorts SC.7 Skyvan
- List of Chinese aircraft
- List of light transport aircraft
- List of civil aircraft
References[]
Notes[]
- ↑ 中国运-12运输机. "中国运-12运输机". baike.com. http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E8%BF%90-12.
- ↑ JWR Taylor 1988, p.38.
- ↑ http://www.y-12.com.cn/y-12/home/index.do?cmd=goToChannel&language=US&cid=466
- ↑ FAA Y-12 IV and Y-12E Type Certificate retrieved 17 August 2013.
- ↑ FAA Y-12 IV and Y-12E Type Certificate retrieved 12 November 2009.
- ↑ Francis, Leithen. "Harbin Y-12 turboprop to be bigger" Flight International 20 September 2007 (online version) retrieved 12 November 2009.
- ↑ AVIC
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 47.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 50.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 51.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 52.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 54.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 55.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 56.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 57.
- ↑ Jackson 2003, p. 82.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 60.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 61.
- ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 64.
- ↑ "Nepal Airlines' first Harbin Y12 arrives in Kathmandu". http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/32567-nepal-airlines-first-harbin-y12-arrives-in-kathmandu.
- ↑ Accident description for RDPL-34117 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Accident description for B-3822 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Accident description for CR851 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Accident description for JU-1020 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Accident description for RDPL-34130 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Accident description for AF-216 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Accident description for 132 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Accident description for B-3841 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 January 2013.
- ↑ Harro Ranter (12 July 2012). "ASN Aircraft accident Harbin Yunshuji Y-12-II 5T-MAE Nouakchott Airport (NKC)". aviation-safety.net. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20120712-0.
- ↑ Accident description for registration unknown at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 5 June 2014.
- ↑ Taylor 1999, p.189
- ↑ JWR Taylor 1988, p.39.
Bibliography[]
- Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 182, No. 5321, 11–17 December 2012, pp. 40–64. ISSN 0015-3710.
- Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, Surry, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.
- Taylor, John W R. (ed.). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1988. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.
- Taylor, Michael J.H. (ed.). Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London: Brassey's, 1999. ISBN 1-85753-245-7.
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