{{Infobox ship | Ship image = File:Apache Helicopter Takes off from HMS Ocean During Operation Ellamy MOD 45153052.jpg | image_size = 300px | Ship caption = HMS Ocean during Operation Ellamy and the 2011 military intervention in Libya |module={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes | Hide header = | Ship country = United Kingdom | Ship flag = | Ship name = HMS Ocean | Ship operator = Royal Navy | Ship ordered = 11 May 1993 | Ship awarded = | Ship builder = Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd, Kværner (Govan) | Ship yard number = | Ship laid down = 30 May 1994 | Ship launched = 11 October 1995 | Ship sponsor = Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Ship christened = | Ship completed = | Ship acquired = | Ship commissioned = 30 September 1998 | Ship recommissioned = | Ship decommissioned = 27 March 2018[1] | Ship in service = | Ship out of service = | Ship renamed = | Ship reclassified = | Ship refit = Major 2012–2014 | Ship struck = | Ship reinstated = | Ship homeport = HMNB Devonport, Plymouth | Ship identification = * IMO number: 9079456
| Ship motto = Ex undis surgit victoria (From the waves rises victory) | Ship nickname = | Ship honours = *Al Faw 2003|Ship honours | Ship captured = | Ship status = Decommissioned[1] | Ship fate = Sold to Brazil[2] | Ship notes = | Ship badge = File:HMS Ocean L12 badge.png
|module2= Career (Brazil) Name: AtlânticoAcquired: Purchased on 19 February 2018, from the Royal NavyCommissioned: 29 June 2018Homeport: Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de JaneiroIdentification:
- IMO number: 9079456
- Maritime Mobile Service Identity number: 710509000
- Callsign: PWTL
- Pennant number: A140Motto:
Nosso navio, nosso mar
(Our ship, our sea)Status: Active |module3= General characteristics Class & type: Landing Platform HelicopterDisplacement: 21,500 t (21,200 long tons; 23,700 short tons)[3]Length: 203.4 m (667 ft)[4]Beam: 35 m (115 ft)[4]Draught: 6.5 m (21 ft)[4]Propulsion:
- 2x Crossley Pielstick 12 cylinder.Speed:
- 18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h) cruiseRange:
8,000 miles (13,000 km)[5]Boats & landing
craft carried:
- 1 Seaboat (Pacific 22 Mk2)
- 4 × LCVP Mk5BCapacity:
40 vehicles[4]Troops:
830 Royal Marines[4]Crew:
285 + 180 FAA/RAF[4]Sensors and
processing systems:
- Type 997 Artisan radar
- Type 1008 Navigational Radar
- 2 × Type 1007 Aircraft Control RadarElectronic warfare
& decoys: - UAT Electronic Support Measures
- DLH decoy Launchers
- Surface Ship Torpedo Defence (SSTD)Armament:
- 4 × 30mm DS30M Mk2 guns
- 3 × Phalanx CIWS (removed before transfer to Brazilian Navy)
- 4 × Miniguns
- 8 × General purpose machine gunsAircraft carried:
- Up-to 18 helicopters:
- AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat
- Merlin
- Boeing Chinook
- Westland Apache
- EC725 Caracal (Brazilian Navy)
- S-70B Seahawk (Brazilian Navy)
- AS350 Écureuil (Brazilian Navy)Aviation facilities:
- Large flight deck
- Hangar deck
- Helicopter lifts
- Vehicle deck
HMS Ocean was an amphibious assault ship, formerly the UK's helicopter carrier and the fleet flagship of the Royal Navy.[6] She was designed to support amphibious landing operations and to support the staff of Commander UK Amphibious Force and Commander UK Landing Force. She was constructed in the mid-1990s by Kvaerner Govan on the River Clyde and fitted out by VSEL at Barrow-in-Furness prior to trials and subsequent acceptance in service. Ocean was commissioned in September 1998 at her home port HMNB Devonport, Plymouth.
In December 2017, the Brazilian Navy confirmed the purchase of the ship for £84.6 million. Following her decommissioning from Royal Navy service on 27 March 2018, she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 25 August 2018,[7] with the intention of being commissioned as Atlântico and fully operational by 2020.[2][8][9]
Background[]
An invitation to tender for a new helicopter carrier was issued in February 1992.[10] In February 1993 The Times reported that the carrier faced cancellation due to budgetary constraints.[11] However, at approximately the same time, British forces were engaged in operations in the Balkans, which saw the Royal Fleet Auxiliary's aviation training ship RFA Argus pressed into service as an amphibious transport ship. Argus's accommodation and facilities proved inadequate for the needs of a large Embarked Military Force (EMF), which emphasised the need for a purpose-built platform.[12] On 29 March 1993, the defence procurement minister announced that development of the new Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) was proceeding.[13] Two shipbuilders tendered for the contract – Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (VSEL) and Swan Hunter. On 11 May 1993, the government announced that VSEL had won the contract.[14] The build was to commercial standards, reducing costs significantly and leading to a construction spend of £154 million (£280 million in 2016),[15], comparable to that of a Type 23 frigate. VSEL, a warship manufacturer, sub-contracted the build phase to the commercial Kværner yard in Govan, Glasgow.
That VSEL's bid was £71 million lower than Swan Hunter's was the source of political controversy and led to a National Audit Office investigation to determine whether the competition was fair. The report, published on 29 July 1993, stated that, although VSEL did subsidise its bid, the MoD was right to award the contract to VSEL because the subsidy was much smaller than the difference between the two bids; VSEL's bid was £139.5 million compared to Swan Hunter's £210.6 million. The Times also suggested that the subsidy was as little as £10 million.[16] In anticipation of the report, the Financial Times described the different philosophies adopted by the two bidders; while Swan Hunter viewed the ship as entirely military, "VSEL thought the design was basically a merchant ship with military hardware bolted on." VSEL's decision to sub-contract the build phase took advantage of lower overheads at a civilian yard as well as efficiency drives by its parent, Kværner.[17]
Launched on 11 October 1995, she was subsequently named at Barrow by Her Majesty the Queen on 20 February 1998, prior to delivery to Devonport. In her sea trial, she reached to reach a top speed of 20.6 knots (38.2 km/h; 23.7 mph); however, her usual top speed is 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).[18]
Role[]
Ocean was designed to provide the amphibious assault capabilities last offered by Albion and Bulwark. She can deploy an Embarked Military Force (EMF) of a Royal Marines Commando Group from 3 Commando Brigade supported by aircraft and landing craft. The ship's company included 9 Assault Squadron (9 ASRM) from 1 Assault Group Royal Marines whose primary role is as an Amphibious Assault Squadron. Secondary tasks include boarding parties, beach reconnaissance and providing amphibious knowledge to the ships Command. Besides these roles they have responsibilities within the ship which include firefighting, watchkeeping and security. 9 ASRM is divided into a HQ unit, Landing Craft Troop, Signals detachment, Vehicle Deck Party and Assault Supply Team.[19]
HMS Ocean was also capable of limited anti-submarine warfare activities, supporting afloat training and acting as a base facility for other embarked forces including counter-terrorism units.
The ship was capable of carrying four to six Apache AH1 helicopters operated by the Army Air Corps, as well as helicopters of the Royal Air Force, including the larger twin-rotor Chinook. Prior to their retirement, Ocean could transport up to fifteen fixed-wing Harrier[20] aircraft of Joint Force Harrier in the ferry role, but was unable to operate as a fixed-wing aircraft carrier because she lacked the ski jump that is needed to launch a fully loaded Harrier.[citation needed]
For the 2012 London Olympics, she carried an air arm of eight Army Air Corps and Fleet Air Arm Super Lynx helicopters, four from each service, to deploy special forces and conduct other missions in a security role.[21]
Four Landing Craft Vehicle and Personnel (LCVPs) were permanently embarked and manned by 9 Assault Squadron Royal Marines.[22]
Operational history[]
1998–2000[]
Weeks after being commissioned, Ocean was undertaking the warm water element of her first-of-class trials, when she was deployed on short notice to the coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua to provide humanitarian assistance in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch.[23] In early 1999, Ocean was scheduled to take part in an exercise in the Atlantic, but was diverted to the Mediterranean in readiness for possible deployment to Kosovo.[24]
During 2000, Ocean supported Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone, joining Illustrious in aiding the suppression of rebel activity with her own embarked force, and providing support facilities for the Spearhead battalion ashore.[25]
2001–2010[]
On 17 February 2002, whilst under command of Captain Adrian Johns, a unit of Royal Marines from Ocean accidentally landed on the San Felipe beach in the Spanish town of La Linea instead of Gibraltar, causing a minor diplomatic incident as various media outlets labelled the mistake as an "invasion".[26]
Ocean was part of a large Royal Navy task force deployed for Operation Telic, the UK contribution to the 2003 Iraq War, for which she was awarded a new battle honour "Al Faw 2003".[27] In the helicopter assault role she was accompanied by Ark Royal.
She was awarded the Freedom of the City of Sunderland on 26 July 2004.[28]
In the summer of 2006, under the command of Captain Christopher Clayton, the ship was deployed as part of the task force involved in the Aurora exercises on the eastern seaboard of the United States. Clayton was later succeeded by Captain Tony Johnstone-Burt.[citation needed]
In 2007, Ocean began her first long refit period. This was carried out by Devonport Management Limited at their Devonport Royal Dockyard facility and lasted around 12 months. Following this major period of maintenance and upgrading work, Ocean sailed from Plymouth on Wednesday 24 September 2008 to start sea trials.[29] As part of that upgrade, a PyTEC pyrolysising waste recycling unit was fitted.[30]
On 18 February 2009, Ocean sailed from Devonport as part of the Taurus 09 deployment. She was joined on this deployment by the landing platform dock Bulwark, as the flagship of the group, which included Type 23 Frigates Argyll and Somerset and four ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.[31] This exercise was filmed for the second series of the Channel 5 documentary Warship.
In June 2009, Ocean took part in exercise Bersama Shield with Somerset and RFA Wave Ruler off the Malay Peninsula.[32]
During the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Prime Minister Gordon Brown assigned Ocean and other units to rescue stranded travellers and army personnel across the English Channel in Operation Cunningham.[33]
In 2010, the ship was sent on a multi-purpose deployment. This started with exercise Auriga on the eastern coast of the USA.[34] She then moved to Brazil to conduct an exercise with the Brazilian marines; whilst there a defence co-operation agreement was signed on board.[35] She then crossed the Atlantic to Nigeria to participate in the "Nigeria at 50" presidential fleet review and provide training to the Nigerian navy as part of the African partnership programme.[36][37] She returned to Devonport in November.[38]
2011–2018[]
In April 2011, while under command of Captain Keith Blount, the ship took part in the COUGAR 11 deployment under the ultimate command of Commander Amphibious Task Group. During this deployment, she took part in Exercise Cypriot Lion.[39]
In May 2011, she was detached from CATG's COUGAR 11 deployment and sent with embarked Apaches to aid operations in Libya along with the attack helicopters aboard the French amphibious assault ship Tonnerre.[40][41][42] This was the first time that Apache helicopters were sent directly into action from a Royal Navy ship.[43] Her initial complement of three Apaches was bolstered by a fourth soon after,[44] and later a fifth.[45] The deployment included a large medical team, a sign of the ship's flexibility.[46]
On 4 May 2012, she moored at Greenwich to prepare for her role of providing logistics support, accommodation and a helicopter landing site during the London 2012 Olympic Games.[47] From 24 to 28 May 2012, she visited Sunderland, her affiliated port, and made other port calls[48] before returning to London on 13 July.[49] After Olympic duty, Ocean returned to her home port of HMNB Devonport for a scheduled period of maintenance.[50] The LPH role was provided by HMS Illustrious until 2014. On 22 July 2014, HMS Ocean took over the helicopter carrier role again, after her 15-month, £65 million refit, replacing HMS Illustrious, which then returned to her home port Portsmouth for the last time, being decommissioned on 28 August 2014. As part of the Response Force Task Group COUGAR 14 deployment, Ocean participated in exercises off Albania and France.[51][52]
In April 2015 Ocean took part in Exercise Joint Warrior 15-1 around the coast of Scotland,[53] with Wildcat helicopters landing on her for the first time.[54] She then stopped again in Sunderland where the ship's company exercised their right to the freedom of the city, with more than 300 officers and ratings parading through the city centre.[55]
Ocean became the Royal Navy Fleet Flagship in June 2015.[6][56] In December 2015, she returned to port after Exercise COUGAR 15, an amphibious warfare exercise in the Mediterranean with the French Navy.[57]
In September 2016, Ocean left Devonport for the inaugural Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime) (JEF(M)) Task Group deployment which is the successor to the annual Cougar deployments. The bulk of this deployment took place East of Suez and demonstrated the Uk's ongoing ability to deploy highly effective and combat capable maritime forces anywhere in the world.[58] The core task group included the LSD RFA Mount's Bay, MOD strategic Ro-Ro vessel MV Eddystone and HMS Bulwark. Elements of the Royal Marines lead Commando Unit, based around 42 Commando, were spread across the force. Frigates and Destroyers from the Royal Navy and French Navy joined throughout the deployment.[58] On the 60th anniversary of Op Musketeer, Ocean became the flagship of COMATG. This marked the end of the JEF(M) deployment. On 25 November, the ship rendezvoused with USS Dwight D Eisenhower. COMATG assumed command of the U.S. Task Force 50,[59] becoming Commander, Task Force 50 (CTF 50). Due to the U.S. Navy gap in carrier coverage in the Middle East, this was the first time a Royal Navy vessel had commanded the US formation responsible for maritime war fighting in the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Gulfs of Aden and Oman and the Indian Ocean. On 24th March Ocean returned to Devonport. During the deployment she steamed 23,000 miles, visited 11 countries, provided a platform for six British ambassadors and High Commissioners and was home to up to 1150 service personnel. At the end of August 2017, Ocean left Devonport for her final deployment, scheduled to take over as Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 flagship in the Mediterranean.[60] Before she could relieve HMS Duncan with SNMG2, Ocean was redeployed to assist in disaster relief efforts following Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean, and then the subsequent Hurricane Maria.[61]
Ocean was decommissioned on 27 March 2018 at HMNB Devonport, with Queen Elizabeth II attending the ceremony.[1]
Sale to Brazil[]
Brazil, seeking a replacement for their navy's outgoing flagship, NAe São Paulo, began discussions with the United Kingdom in 2017 to negotiate the purchase of Ocean, following her decommission from service in 2018. An agreement was struck and after being transferred to Brazil, ex-Ocean was commissioned as Atlântico in June 2018.
Affiliations[]
- Coldstream Guards
- No. 27 Squadron RAF
- No. 30 Squadron RAF
- 656 Squadron, Army Air Corps
- 657 Squadron, Army Air Corps
- Worshipful Company of Farriers
- City of Sunderland
- Bedford Modern School CCF
- Whitgift School
- The Britannia Association
- HMS Ocean Association
- Duke of York Military School
- Kings College Wimbledon CCF
- Training Ship King Alfred
- Merton Sea Cadet Corps- T.S. Trafalgar
- 11th Torbay Sea Scouts
- 6th Torbay Sea Scouts
See also[]
Notes and references[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "The Queen visits Plymouth for HMS Ocean's decommissioning ceremony". plymouthherald.co.uk. 27 March 2018. https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/queen-visits-plymouth-hms-oceans-1387703.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Brazil announces purchase of HMS Ocean for £84 million". ukdefencejournal.org.uk. 2 January 2018. https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/brazil-purchase-hms-ocean-84-million/.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Assault-Ships/HMS-Ocean.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 The Royal Navy Handbook. 2003. p. 92.
- ↑ Burgess, Matt. "A rare glimpse behind the scenes of UK warship HMS Ocean". https://www.wired.co.uk/article/warship-channel-4-hms-ocean-documentary.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "HMS Ocean to assume Fleet Flagship role". 27 May 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/may/27/150527-hms-ocean-to-assume-fleet-flagship-role.
- ↑ "Brazil’s new helicopter carrier set to arrive". janes.com. 24 August 2018. https://www.janes.com/article/82583/brazil-s-new-helicopter-carrier-set-to-arrive.(subscription required)
- ↑ Corfield, Gareth (3 January 2018). "Brazil says it has bagged Royal Navy flagship HMS Ocean for £84m". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/01/03/hms_ocean_sold_brazil/.
- ↑ "Corveta Classe Tamandaré e HMS Ocean para a Marinha do Brasil. (Corvette Class Tamandaré and HMS Ocean for the Brazilian Navy.)". marinha.mil.br. 24 December 2017. https://www.marinha.mil.br/sinopse/corveta-classe-tamandare-e-hms-ocean-para-marinha-do-brasil.
- ↑ Fairhill, David (14 February 1992). "£500 million to be spent on new assault vessels". p. 15.
- ↑ Evans, Michael (3 February 1993). "Spending axe falls on £170m carrier".
- ↑ White, David; Tighe, Chris (30 March 1993). "MoD revives £170m helicopter carrier plan". p. 15.
- ↑ Duce, Richard (12 May 1993). "Barrow ship order dismays Tyneside".
- ↑ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2013), "What Were the British Earnings and Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
- ↑ Tighe, Chris; Green, Daniel (30 June 1993). "VSEL subsidised Navy ship bid". p. 7.
- ↑ Green, Daniel (21 July 1993). "Strategy to win a sea battle: How a civilian shipyard helped VSEL cut costs and gain a Royal Navy order". Financial Times.
- ↑ "Cyberpioneer – Weapon – Ruling over the oceans (Dec 07)". http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/publications/cyberpioneer/weapon/2007/dec07_weapon.html.print.html.
- ↑ RN Publication 15/370
- ↑ "UK's first helicopter attack ship sets sail". BBC News. 30 September 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/183577.stm.
- ↑ Williams, Rob (4 May 2012). "Near miss as HMS Ocean squeezes through Thames Barrier". London. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/near-miss-as-hms-ocean-squeezes-through-thames-barrier-7715349.html.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean – 9 Assault Squadron". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/assault-ships/hms-ocean/ship-s-departments/9-assault-squadron-rm/.
- ↑ "UK Navy saves Nicaraguans". BBC News. 11 November 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/212149.stm.
- ↑ "UK Navy's biggest ship prepares for action". BBC News. 2 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/333584.stm.
- ↑ A Short History of the Royal Air Force: Chapter 6 – Return to Expeditionary Warfare. p. 307. http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21F8E7A_BD8A_55BA_43FA63F04FC5D6B4.pdf. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ↑ "Tell it to the marines... we've invaded the wrong country". 19 February 2002. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/feb/19/gibraltar.world.
- ↑ "Battle and Theatre Honours" House of Lords https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldhansrd/vo050609/text/50609-25.htm
- ↑ https://www.sunderland.gov.uk/media/19477/Freedom-Recipients/pdf/Freedom_Recipients.pdf?m=636425412147300000
- ↑ "Ocean back at sea after £30m refit". 24 September 2008. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/OceanBackAtSeaAfter30mRefit.htm.
- ↑ Palmer, Jason (5 October 2009). "Energy from waste powers US army". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8290130.stm.
- ↑ "TAURUS 09". 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090426122243/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-events/taurus-09/.
- ↑ "Task Force raises its shield". http://www.navynews.co.uk/news/445-task-force-raises-its-shield.aspx.[dead link]
- ↑ "European Countries Agree to Resume Air Traffic". Fox News Channel. 19 April 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/04/19/uk-deploys-royal-navy-warships/.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean Heads Across The Pond As Part of the Auriga Task Group". 10 June 2010. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/auriga/news/hms-ocean-heads-across-the-pond-as-part-of-the-auriga-task-group/*/changeNav/6568.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean departs Rio de Janeiro after successful diplomatic visit". 23 September 2010. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/assault-ships/hms-ocean/news/hms-ocean-departs-rio-de-janeiro-after-successful-diplomatic-visit.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean Engages in Capacity Building with the Nigerian Navy". http://www.naveur-navaf.navy.mil/artical_64.html.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean during the Nigerian Fleet Review". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/jackspeak/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/HMS-Ocean-during-the-Nigerian-Fleet-Review2.jpg.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean welcomed home after world wide deployment". 1 November 2010. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-ocean-welcomed-home-after-world-wide-deployment.
- ↑ "Cougar 11". http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/auriga/index.htm.
- ↑ "Apaches get ready to help protect Libyan civilians". 27 May 2011. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/ApachesGetReadyToHelpProtectLibyanCivilians.htm.
- ↑ "NATO Uses Attack Helicopters for First Time in Libya". Fox News Channel. 4 June 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/06/04/nato-uses-attack-helicopters-for-first-time-in-libya/?test=latestnews.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean returns home". 12 December 2011. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-ocean-returns-home.
- ↑ "Ocean and her gunships dispatched to Libya". http://www.navynews.co.uk/news/1213-ocean-and-her-gunships-dispatched-to-libya.aspx.
- ↑ McElroy, Damien; Kirkup, James; Harding, Thomas (23 May 2011). "Libya: British attack helicopters to be deployed". The Daily Telegraph. London. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8531704/British-attack-helicopters-to-Libya.html.
- ↑ "LIBYA: British Army details Apache's success". 8 July 2011. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/libya-british-army-details-apaches-success-359298/.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean's medical team supports Apache crews flying over Libya". 5 August 2011. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-oceans-medical-team-supports-apache-crews-flying-over-libya.
- ↑ "Military support to 2012 Olympic Games announced". 15 December 2011. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/MilitarySupportTo2012OlympicGamesAnnounced.htm.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean visits her affiliated city of Sunderland this weekend". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/May/23/120523-Ocean-visits-Sunderland.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean in London for Olympics". BBC News. 13 July 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18838595.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/sitecore/content/home/the-fleet/ships/assault-ships/hms-ocean.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean joins the French in Exercise Gabion". 19 September 2014. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/september/19/140919-ocean-france.
- ↑ "Royal Marines launch final assualt [sic] on exercise Albanian Lion". 17 September 2014. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/september/17/140917-rm-launch-final-assualt-on-exercise-albanian-lion.
- ↑ "845 NAS on exercise Joint Warrior 15-1". Royal Navy. 15 May 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/may/15/150515-845-nas-on-exercise-joint-warrior-151.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean conducts first-time operations of Wildcat helicopter". 29 May 2015. http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newshms-ocean-conducts-first-time-operations-of-wildcat-helicopter-4588871.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean due into Sunderland for Freedom of the City and open to visitors". 30 April 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/april/30/150430-ocean-sails-into-sunderland-and-open-to-visitors.
- ↑ Daly, Patrick (19 March 2015). "The Queen in Plymouth – live coverage of Her Majesty's visit". http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/queen-plymouth-live-coverage-majesty-s-visit/story-26203323-detail/story.html.
- ↑ "HMS Ocean returns home from Cougar deployment". Royal Navy. 11 December 2015. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/december/11/151211-ocean-returns-home.
- ↑ https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2016/november/26/161126-royal-navy-leads-us-task-force-50
- ↑ "Closing sail". The Daily Telegraph. London. 30 August 2017.
- ↑ "Update from Priti Patel on the UK's response to Hurricane Irma". gvo.uk. 8 September 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/update-from-priti-patel-on-the-uks-response-to-hurricane-irma.
External links[]
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