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Glenanne gang

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Glenanne gang
Participant in The Troubles
Fields near Glenanne - geograph.org.uk - 1564620
Fields near the farm where the gang was based (Ballylane townland, near Glenanne, County Armagh)
Active 1972–1980
Ideology Ulster loyalism
Leaders John Weir
Billy McCaughey
Billy Hanna
Robin Jackson
Harris Boyle
Headquarters Glenanne,
County Armagh,
Northern Ireland
Area of
operations		 Mainly County Armagh and east County Tyrone
Strength Over 40 known members
Part of Ulster Volunteer Force
Opponents Irish republicans and Irish nationalists

The Glenanne gang or Glenanne group was a secret informal alliance of Northern Irish loyalist extremists who carried out shooting and bombing attacks against the Irish Catholic and Irish nationalist community in the 1970s, during the Troubles.[1] Most of its attacks took place in the area of County Armagh and mid-Ulster referred to as the "murder triangle" by journalist Joe Tiernan.[2] It also launched some attacks elsewhere in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland.[3] The gang included British soldiers from the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), police officers from the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), and members of the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the illegal Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).[4][5] Former members have alleged it was commanded by British Military Intelligence and RUC Special Branch.[5][6]

An independent inquiry, the 2006 Cassel Report, said that the group was responsible for at least 76 murders and there is evidence that British soldiers and RUC officers were involved in 74 of those.[7] The Pat Finucane Centre has attributed 87 killings to the Glenanne gang.[8][9] Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings, the Miami Showband killings, and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings.[5] Glenanne gang member and RUC officer John Weir affirmed the group's involvement in these and many other attacks. Weir claimed his superiors knew he was working with loyalist militants but allowed it to continue.[10] The Cassel Report also said that some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish.[7] Weir's sworn (3 February 1999) affidavit was published in the 2003 Barron Report. These were the findings of an official investigation into the Dublin and Monaghan bombings, commissioned by Irish Supreme Court Justice Henry Barron.[11] Weir was a member of the RUC's Special Patrol Group (SPG), a specialised police unit tasked with counter-terrorism in Northern Ireland.

The name "Glenanne gang" has been used since 2003 and is derived from the farm at Glenanne (near Markethill, County Armagh) that was used as the gang's arms dump and bomb-making site.[12]

Political situation in Northern Ireland[]

Main article: The Troubles

By the mid-1970s the violent ethno-political conflict known as the Troubles had radically transformed the daily lives of people in Northern Ireland; after five years of turbulent civil unrest, the bombings and shootings showed no signs of abating. The armed campaign waged by the IRA had escalated with bombings in England and increased attacks on the security forces in Northern Ireland. The British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in County Armagh bore the brunt of IRA violence and the local Protestants felt their community to be under attack. Rogue members of the RUC Special Patrol Group (SPG) believed that the situation was rapidly deteriorating and that the IRA were actually 'winning the war'. As early as the end of 1973, it was suggested that drastic measures had to be taken to defeat the organisation.[13] The Special Patrol Group was a specialised police unit tasked with counter-terrorism in Northern Ireland.

On 10 February 1975, the Provisional IRA and British government entered into a truce and restarted negotiations. The IRA agreed to halt attacks on the British security forces, and the security forces mostly ended its raids and searches.[14] However, there were dissenters on both sides. Some Provisionals wanted no part of the truce, while British commanders resented being told to stop their operations against the IRA just when—they claimed—they had the Provisionals on the run.[14] There was a rise in sectarian killings during the truce, which 'officially' lasted until February 1976. Loyalists, fearing they were about to be forsaken by the British government and forced into a united Ireland,[15] increased their attacks on the Irish Catholic and nationalist community. Loyalist fears were partially grounded in fact as MI6 officer Michael Oatley had engaged in negotiations with a member of the IRA Army Council during which "structures of disengagement" from Ireland were discussed. This had meant a possible withdrawal of British troops from Northern Ireland.[16] Loyalists killed 120 Catholics in 1975, the vast majority civilians.[17] They hoped to force the IRA to retaliate and thus hasten an end to the truce.[17]

Formation of the Glenanne gang[]

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The Glenanne gang comprised the Ulster Volunteer Force's Mid-Ulster Brigade, led by Robin "the Jackal" Jackson

It was during this exceptionally violent period that a group of loyalists extremists formed a loose alliance that was belatedly in 2003 given the name "Glenanne gang". The gang, which contained over 40 known members, included soldiers of the British Army's Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), rogue elements of the RUC, the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the illegal paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and some Ulster Defence Association (UDA) members.[4][5] Former Glennane gang members have alleged it was commanded by British Military Intelligence and/or RUC Special Branch.[5][6]

This group began to carry out shooting and bombing attacks directed against the Irish Catholic and Irish nationalist population as a means of retaliation for the IRA's intensified military campaign. Most of these attacks took place in the area of County Armagh and Mid-Ulster referred to as the "murder triangle" by journalist Joe Tiernan.[2] It also launched attacks elsewhere in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland.[3]

The name "Glenanne gang" is derived from the farm at Glenanne (near Markethill, County Armagh) that was used as the gang's arm dump and bomb-making site.[12]

Alleged members[]

The following people, among others, have been implicated by Justice Barron and Professor Douglass Cassel in their respective reports as having been members of the Glenanne gang:

Key figures[]

  • John Oliver Weir (b. 1950, County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland) — an officer in the RUC's Special Patrol Group (an "anti-terrorist" unit) and former UVF volunteer. Weir was the son of a gamekeeper and was brought up on an estate near Castleblaney. He attended a Protestant boarding school in Dublin.[18] After joining the RUC in 1970 he worked at Strandtown RUC station in Belfast. In 1972, he was transferred to Armagh where he was recruited by the SPG on 1 August 1973. Following the Provisional IRA killing of two members of the security forces in 1974 and 1975, he was sent for his own safety to the SPG unit in Castlereagh, Belfast. On an unspecified date between January 1975 and September 1976, he joined the Glenanne gang.[19] Weir then spent six weeks at the Lisanelly Army base in Omagh; in 1976 he was promoted to the rank of sergeant and transferred to the Newry RUC station. He claimed to have been directly involved in the bomb attack at Tully's Bar in Belleek, the attempted bombing of Renaghan's Bar in Clontibret, and to have visited the Glenanne farm regularly during the autumn of 1976. In November 1977, he was sent to Newtownhamilton RUC station. In 1980, he left the RUC upon his conviction for the 1977 killing of Catholic civilian, William Strathearn, a chemist. He was released from prison in 1992. During and after his imprisonment he made a number of allegations incriminating his former associates in the Glenanne gang. His 1999 sworn affidavit was published in the 2003 Barron Report on the Dublin and Monaghan bombings.[20]
  • William "Billy" McCaughey (died 2006) — a UVF volunteer and Armagh RUC SPG officer. He was a former member of the Ulster Special Constabulary. McCaughey was implicated by his colleague Weir in many Glenanne gang attacks such as the O'Dowd shootings, the assault on the Rock Bar, and he admitted to having kidnapped a Roman Catholic priest. McCaughey was convicted along with Weir for the Strathearn killing and sentenced to 16 years imprisonment. McCaughey received a seven-year sentence for wounding Michael McGrath during the attack on the Rock Bar and also sentenced in relation to causing the explosion and possession charges. He was also sentenced to three years' imprisonment for the kidnapping of Fr Murphy.[21]
  • Billy Hanna (c.1929 – 27 July 1975, Lurgan, County Armagh) — founder of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade and its commander until July 1975; he had also served as a sergeant in the C Company, 11th Battalion UDR before being dismissed for providing intelligence to the UVF.[22] He was the gang's staff instructor. Colin Wallace maintained that he organised the Dublin bombings in May 1974.[23] Journalist Joe Tiernan alleged that he was a Military Intelligence agent. He was the person who had approached the Glenanne farm's owner for permission to use the property as an arms dump and bomb-making site. Hanna was shot dead outside his home in Lurgan in July 1975.[24]
  • Robin "The Jackal" Jackson (27 September 1948, Donaghmore, County Tyrone – 30 May 1998, Donaghcloney, County Down) — commander of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade from July 1975 to the early 1990s and an alleged RUC Special Branch agent with ties to Military Intelligence.[5] He assumed leadership of the brigade upon the shooting death of Hanna, for which he was said by Tiernan to have been responsible.[25] John Weir has implicated Robin Jackson in a number of the gang's killings,[26] and has named him as having been a "key figure" in the gang.[27] The Pat Finucane Centre has attributed over 100 killings to Jackson, including the Dublin bombings[n 1] and Miami Showband killings.[5] He was only convicted once (in 1981), for possession of a .22 pistol, a .38 revolver, a magazine, 13 rounds of ammunition, and hoods;[28][29] however, he was released after having served two years of a seven-year sentence. Jackson's fingerprints were found on a home-made silencer attached to a Luger pistol (serial number U 4) retrieved at Ted Sinclair's farm in 1976.[30] Jackson's name appeared on the Garda suspects list for the Dublin and Monaghan bombings.[28] Jackson was named in court as one of the killers of William Strathern by Weir and McCaughey. The court was told by an RUC officer that Jackson and Kerr were not before the court as part of "operational strategy".[31]
  • Robert McConnell — a UVF volunteer and 2nd Battalion UDR corporal. The Barron Report lists him as one of the suspects in the Dublin bombings. He had alleged links to RUC Special Branch and Military Intelligence; and it was claimed he was controlled before and after the bombings by Robert Nairac.[32] McConnell was named by both Shields and McClure as being involved in the Donnelly's Bar killings. Weir states he took part in the John Francis Green shooting along with Robin Jackson and Harris Boyle.[33] He was also named by Weir as the leading gunman in the Reavey family shootings.[34] McConnell was killed by the IRA on 5 April 1976.[35]
  • Laurence McClure — a UVF volunteer and RUC SPG officer, having joined the Armagh SPG in May 1975. He was a close neighbour of James Mitchell and owned a repair garage adjacent to the farm. McClure was named by Weir as having taken part in several sectarian attacks including those at Donnelly's Bar and Rock Bar, the latter for which he was convicted and received a two-year sentence, suspended for three years. Weir alleges that McClure had helped assemble the bombs used in Dublin.[36] McClure admitted being a getaway driver for those involved in the Donnelly's Bar bombing and to have waited in the car with Lily Shields; the two acting as a "courting couple".[37] McClure was charged with withholding information in relation to the Donnelly's Bar attack. The trial judge and Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) entered a nolle proseque against the charge.[21]
  • James Mitchell (1920 – May 2008) — an RUC reserve officer and the owner of the Glenanne farm. He joined the RUC reserve in September 1974 and was stationed at Markethill. He left the force on 1 July 1977 for "personal reasons".[38] Weir named him as a UVF member who regularly participated in paramilitary activities.[39] Weir claimed that Mitchell admitted being involved in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and went on to claim that he had seen Mitchell mixing home-made ammonium-nitrate-and-fuel-oil explosive in the farmyard on one occasion.[40] He was convicted for possession of weapons found on his land after an RUC raid in December 1978. In an RUC interview on 9 August 2000, he staunchly denied Weir's allegations and referred to him as "a damned liar and convicted murderer".[41] Mitchell died, aged 88, in May 2008 at Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry.
  • Robert John "R.J". Kerr (c.1943 – 7 November 1997) — UDA commander. He was charged with having weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances in 1972; later found guilty of 10 March 1973 armed robbery. Kerr was sentenced in 1974 in relation to the intimidation and assaulting of two men in 1973 and received 18 months in jail. Kerr was named as one of the killers of William Strathearn by Weir and McCaughey. The court was told by an RUC officer that Jackson and Kerr were not before the court as part of "police strategy".[28] He died in a mysterious explosion, his body having been found in the vicinity of a burnt-out boat that was being towed on a trailer on the main Newry to Warrenpoint Road.
  • Harris Boyle (1953, Portadown – 31 July 1975, Buskhill, County Down) — UDR soldier and UVF volunteer. Boyle was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman. He was charged with having weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances in 1972. Boyle was killed when a bomb he had placed on the Miami Showband bus exploded prematurely.[42] He was also implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings,[43] and the killing of John Francis Green.[44] According to submissions received by Mr Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb was assembled at his home on Festival Road in Portadown's Killycomain estate.[45]
  • Wesley Somerville (from Moygashel, County Tyrone – died 31 July 1975, Buskhill, County Down) — UDR soldier and a lieutenant in the UVF. He was a textile worker. He was killed when a bomb he had placed on the Miami Showband bus exploded prematurely.[42] Wesley Somerville was also charged along with two others for kidnapping two bread deliverymen. The kidnapping charge was also connected to a bomb attack at Mourne Crescent in Dungannon.[46] Weir names him as having been involved in the Monaghan bombing.[47]
  • Gary Armstrong — RUC Sergeant, given a two-year suspended sentence in relation to the kidnap of Fr. Murphy. Armstrong was named by Judge Barron as one of the group of RUC members who carried out the gun and bomb attack on Rock Bar.[21]
  • Joseph Stewart Young — UVF volunteer from Portadown. His name appears on the Garda suspects list for the Dublin and Monaghan bombings. John Weir claims that Young had been part of the unit that carried out the Monaghan bombing.[47] When questioned, Young denied the allegation.[48] He was also suspected of involvement in the attack on Donnelly's bar.[49]

Other members[]

  • Captain John Irwin — UDR intelligence officer. Weir declares in his affidavit that Irwin provided the explosives for the Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and delivered them to Mitchell's farm where they were then assembled.[50]
  • Thomas Raymond Crozier (born 1951, Lurgan, County Armagh) — Lance-Corporal in the C Company, 11th Battalion UDR, and UVF volunteer, he worked as a painting contractor. He was convicted in October 1976 in relation to the Miami Showband killings.[51] He was also arrested in 1975 along with Samuel Fulton Neil and Robin Jackson in possession of four shotguns.[46]
  • James Roderick McDowell (from Lurgan, County Armagh) — Sergeant in the C Company, 11th Battalion UDR,[42] and UVF volunteer, he was an optical worker; convicted in October 1976 in relation to Miami Showband killings.[51]
  • John James Somerville (from Moygashel, County Tyrone) — Former UDR soldier; brother of Wesley (see above); worked as a lorry-helper; convicted on 9 November 1981 in relation to the Miami Showband killings.[51] Somerville was also charged along with two others with kidnapping two bread deliverymen. The kidnapping charge was also connected to a bomb attack at Mourne Crescent in Dungannon. He was also convicted of an armed robbery on a CIE bus in Aughnacloy and causing approximately £12,000 worth of damage to the bus.[46] He is named by Weir as having been involved in the Monaghan bombing.[47]
  • Sarah Elizabeth "Lily" Shields — Mitchell's housekeeper. She was named by Weir as having provided the getaway car for those who attacked McArdle's Bar and Donnelly's Bar.[52] Charges were later brought against her for withholding information regarding the latter attack. However, the trial judge and DPP brought a nolle prosequi against the charge in April 1981.[53]
  • Norman Greenlee — UDR soldier and UVF volunteer. The Star pistol (serial number 344164) used in a number of Glenanne gang attacks was found at Greenlee's farm in Richhill, County Armagh in 1979. A large number of other weapons and ammunition was also found. He subsequently received a seven-year sentence for possessing the weapons and a concurrent four-year sentence for UVF membership.[51]
  • George Moore – found guilty of the attempted killing of Patrick Turley, assault and possession of a gun and ammunition.[51]
  • Gordon Liggett — Ulster Defence Association (UDA) commander. He was found guilty of causing grievous and actual bodily harm to Patrick Turley; as well as armed robbery and possession of a gun and ammunition.[35]
  • William Ashton Wright — UDR soldier. He was charged with having weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances in 1972. He was later found guilty of armed robbery, which had taken place on 10 March 1973. Wright was sentenced in 1974 in relation to the intimidation and assaulting of two men in 1973 and received a six-month suspended sentence.[51]
  • George Hyde — charged in connection with the attempted murder of Patrick Turley; he was later found beaten to death in prison.[51]
  • Edward "Ted" Sinclair (from Dungannon, County Tyrone) — He was convicted of possession of a Luger pistol (serial number U 4), a .38 ACP pistol, home made machine guns, gelignite and ammunition in 1976. Released in 1979. Arrested in 1980 and charged with possession of a .45 revolver and ammunition. However, charges were withdrawn by the DPP. Sinclair was also charged with the 1976 killings of Peter and Jane McKearney (a married couple mistakenly believed to be the parents of an IRA volunteer with the same surname, Margaret McKearney, although there was no relation).[54] In 1982 (the following year), these charges were also dropped by the DPP.[35]
  • Garnet James Busby — convicted of the killings of Peter and Jane McKearney (see above). He was also convicted of the killings of Andrew Small, James McCaughey, Joseph Kelly and Patrick Barnard at the Hillcrest Bar in Dungannon. He planted the bomb at O'Neill's Bar in Dungannon. During his trial an RUC inspector told the court that the same UVF gang was responsible for the attack on the Miami Showband.[35]
  • William Parr — convicted of Denis Mullen's killing.[35]
  • Billy Corrigan — named as taking part in Denis Mullen's killing during the trial of William Parr. Corrigan was killed by the IRA in 1976.[35]
  • Henry Garfield Liggett — convicted of the killing of Patrick McNeice.[35]
  • Dorothy Mullan — convicted of driving the car to the site of Patrick McNeice's killing.[35]
  • Garfield Gerard Beattie — convicted in of the killings of Denis Mullan, Jim McLoughlin and Patrick McNeice. He was also convicted of the attempted killings of other patrons in the Eagle Bar in Charlemont, County Armagh.[35]
  • David Henry Kane — convicted of the killing of Jim McLoughlin and the attempted killings of the other patrons inside the Eagle Bar.[55]
  • Joey Lutton — convicted of the killing of Jim McLoughlin at the Eagle Bar.[35]
  • Samuel Fulton Neill (died 25 January 1976) — brother-in-law of Robin Jackson, arrested in 1975 alongside Jackson and Thomas Crozier in possession of four shotguns. He was fatally shot five times in the head after leaving a Portadown pub, allegedly by Jackson, for having passed on information to the police about the people involved in the Miami Showband attack.[46][56]
  • Trevor Barnard — charged along with two others with the kidnapping of two bread deliverymen. The kidnapping charge was also linked to a bomb attack at Mourne Crescent in Dungannon.[46]
  • Laurence Tate — UDR soldier. He was convicted along with two others of the bombing of an empty bungalow near Dungannon. He was also convicted of the bombing of Killen's Bar in Dungannon. He was arrested as part of the Miami Showband investigation.[46]
  • Harold Henry McKay — convicted along with two others of the bombing of an empty bungalow near Dungannon. Also convicted of the bombing of Killen's Bar in Dungannon. He was arrested as part of the Miami Showband investigation.[46]
  • John Nimmons — convicted along with two others of the bombing of an empty bungalow near Dungannon. Also convicted of the bombing of Killen’s Bar in Dungannon. He was arrested as part of the Miami Showband investigation.[46]
  • William Thomas Leonard — UDR soldier convicted of the killings of James and Gertrude Devlin, a married couple. He was also convicted of the bombing of Killen's Bar in Dungannon, and of an armed robbery on a CIE bus in Aughnacloy which caused approximately £12,000 worth of damage to the bus.[46]
  • Sammy McCoo — named by McClure and Shields as being involved in the attack on Donnelly’s bar. McCoo’s name later appeared on the Garda suspects list for the Dublin and Monaghan bombings.[57]
  • Ian Mitchell — RUC officer, received a two-year sentence, suspended for three years in relation to the attack on the Rock Bar. Ian Mitchell was one of the investigating officers into the killings of Betty McDonald and Gerald McGleenan the Step Inn, Keady, County Armagh.[57]
  • David Wilson — RUC officer, received a one-year sentence, suspended for two years in relation to the attack on the Rock Bar.[57]
  • Alexander McCaughey — father of Billy McCaughey, given a one-year suspended sentence in relation to the kidnapping of Fr. Murphy.[21]

The gang has also been linked to Military Intelligence Liaison officer Captain Robert Nairac who worked for 14th Intelligence Company (The Det).[5] On The Hidden Hand programme made by Yorkshire Television in 1993, it was claimed that Robin Jackson was controlled by Nairac and 14th Intelligence.[58] In May 1977, Nairac was kidnapped by the IRA in Dromintee and taken across the border into the Republic of Ireland where he was shot dead by Liam Townson in Ravensdale Woods, County Louth.[59]

Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, lifted the proscription against the UVF on 4 April 1974,[60] but it was made illegal once again on 3 October 1975; therefore, during the period between April 1974 and October 1975, membership of the UVF was not a crime. The largest loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) was also legal.[61]

Attacks attributed to the Glenanne gang[]

In 2004, the Pat Finucane Centre asked Professor Douglas Cassel (formerly of Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago) to convene an international inquiry to investigate alleged collusion by members of the British security forces in sectarian killings in Northern Ireland committed during the mid-1970s. The Glenanne gang's involvement in the killings was to be investigated in particular.[62] The panel interviewed victims and their relatives, as well as four members of the security forces. About 25 attacks are believed by the Pat Finucane Centre to have been the work of the Glenanne gang. The four members of the security forces were: RUC SPG officers John Weir and Billy McCaughey; psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace and MI6 operative Captain Fred Holroyd. They all implicated the Glenanne gang in the attacks. In seven out of eight cases, ballistic tests corroborated Weir's claims linking the killings to weapons carried by the security forces. The interviews revealed many similarities in the way the attacks were carried out, while various documents (including the Barron Report) established a chain of ballistic history linking weapons and killings to the gang. Justice Barron commented in reference to the Glenanne gang:

"This joining of RUC and UDR members with members of Loyalist paramilitary organisations is emphasised by the use of the same or connected guns by intermingled groups of these organisations."[63]

As a result, the Pat Finucane Centre has linked the following attacks to the Glenanne gang:[5][8][64]

1972 and 1973[65][66]

  • 4 October 1972: Killing of Catholic civilian Patrick Connolly. He was killed and his mother and brother were injured when a grenade was thrown through the window of their house in Portadown, County Armagh.[67] The family were Catholics living in a mixed area of the town.[68] The grenade was of a type manufactured in the United Kingdom "for use by the British Armed Forces".[67] According to reliable loyalist sources UVF members were responsible.[68]
  • 20 February 1973: An armed robbery on a CIE bus in Aughnacloy, which caused approximately £12,000 worth of damage to the bus.
  • 10 March 1973: Attempted murder of Patrick Turley in Portadown.
  • 10 March 1973: Armed robbery, for which Glenanne gang members were later jailed.
  • 24 March 1973: Shooting incident on at 219 Redlion Road near Loughgall, County Armagh.
  • 24 May 1973: Bombing of Killen's Bar in Dungannon, County Tyrone. UDR soldiers Laurence Tate and William Thomas Leonard were convicted, along with two others.
  • 13 June 1973: Shooting incident at the Argory, County Armagh.
  • 4 August 1973: Attempted killing of members of the McAliskey family at their home in Coalisland, County Tyrone.
  • 5 August 1973: Killing of Catholic civilians Francis and Bernadette Mullan. They were shot dead by two gunmen at their farmhouse in Broughadoey, near Moy, County Tyrone. Their two-year-old son was also wounded by gunfire. The "Ulster Freedom Fighters" claimed responsibility but it is believed UVF members were responsible.[69]
  • 16 August 1973: Bomb attack on O'Neill's bar, Dungannon.
  • 28 October 1973: Killing of Catholic civilian Francis McCaughey. He was wounded by a booby-trap bomb at a farm in Carnteel, near Aughnacloy, County Tyrone. He died on 8 November. The "Ulster Freedom Fighters" claimed responsibility but it is believed UVF members were responsible.[70] His brother-in-law, Owen Boyle, was later shot dead by the Glenanne gang.[67]
  • 29 October 1973: Killing of Catholic civilian Patrick Campbell. He was shot dead by a gunman who arrived at the door of his house in Banbridge, County Down. The "Ulster Freedom Fighters" claimed responsibility but it later emerged that UVF members had been responsible.[71] Although Robin Jackson was arrested and Campbell's widow picked him out as the killer at an identity parade, murder charges against him were soon afterwards dropped.[67]

1974[72]

  • 17 January 1974: Gun attack on Boyle's Bar in Cappagh, County Tyrone. Two gunmen entered the pub and opened fire indiscriminately on the customers. Catholic civilian Daniel Hughes was killed and three others wounded.[73][74]
  • 19 February 1974: Bomb attack on Traynor's Bar at Aghinlig, between Blackwatertown and Charlemont, County Armagh. Catholic civilian Patrick Molloy and Protestant civilian John Wylie were killed. Two other civilians were wounded. In 1981 a serving UDR soldier, a former UDR soldier and a former UVF member were convicted of the murders.[74]
  • 7 May 1974: Killing of Catholic civilians James and Gertrude Devlin, who were shot dead near their home at Congo Road, near Dungannon, County Tyrone. They were driving home with their 17-year-old daughter. As they neared their house, a man in British military uniform stopped the car and opened-fire on them. James and Gertrude were killed outright and their daughter was wounded.[75] UDR soldier William Thomas Leonard was convicted for the killings. His UDR status was withheld from the courts by the police.[76]
  • 17 May 1974: Dublin and Monaghan bombings, in which 33 civilians were killed (see below).
  • 3 September 1974: Shooting of T.J. Chambers in Mountnorris, County Armagh.
  • 3 September 1974: Shooting incident. The 9 mm Luger pistol used in the incident was the same often used in other Glenanne gang attacks including the murders of the Reavey brothers.
  • 27 October 1974: Killing of Catholic civilian Anthony Duffy. His body was found at the back of a farmhouse at Mullantine, near Portadown, County Armagh. He had been beaten, strangled and then shot by UVF members after taking a lift from Lurgan to Portadown, together with a friend who managed to escape.[77]
  • 20 November 1974: Gun attack on Falls Bar at Aughamullen, near Clonoe, County Tyrone. Catholic civilian Patrick Falls was killed and another wounded. UDR soldier James Somerville was convicted for the attack.[78]
  • 29 November 1974: Attacks in Newry and Crossmaglen, County Armagh. A bomb exploded in a hallway of Hughes Bar in Newry, injuring many people. Catholic civilian John Mallon died of his injuries on 15 December. At the inquest an RUC witness said the pub was used by all sections of the community and had no links with any organization.[79] Another bomb exploded in the hallway of McArdle's Bar in Crossmaglen, injuring six. Catholic civilian Thomas McNamee died from his injuries almost a year later, on 14 November 1975.[80] According to reliable loyalist sources, UVF members were responsible for both attacks.[81]
  • 8 December 1974: Shooting incident at Dundalk Road, Newtownhamilton, County Armagh.

1975[82]

  • 10 January 1975: Killing of IRA volunteer John Francis Green, who was found shot dead at a farmhouse in Tullynageer near Castleblayney, County Monaghan. In his statement, Weir claims that the gunmen were Robin Jackson, Robert McConnell, and Harris Boyle.[33]
  • 10 February 1975: Gun attack on Hayden's Bar in Gortavale, near Rock, County Tyrone. A gunman entered the pub and opened fire indiscriminately on the customers. Catholic civilians Arthur Mulholland and Eugene Doyle were killed while four others were wounded.[83]
  • 1 April 1975: Killing of Catholic civilian Dorothy Trainor. She and her husband were shot by at least two gunmen as they walked through a park near Garvaghy Road, Portadown. Two of her sons were later killed by loyalists.[84] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[85]
  • 3 April 1975: Killing of Catholic civilian Martin McVeigh. He was shot dead near his home at Ballyoran Park, off the Garvaghy Road in Portadown, as he cycled home from work.[86] Robin Jackson was later arrested in possession of the murder weapon, but the RUC did not question or charge him with the murder.[76] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[85]
  • 11 April 1974: Killing of Catholic civilian Owen Boyle. Gunmen shot him through the window of his house in Glencull, near Aughnacloy, County Tyrone. He died on 22 April 1975.[87] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[88]
  • 21 April 1975: Killing of Catholic civilians Marion Bowen (who was eight months pregnant), and her brothers Seamus McKenna and Michael McKenna. They were killed by a booby-trap bomb left in Bowen's house at Killyliss, near Granville, County Tyrone. Seamus and Michael were renovating the house, which had been unoccupied for almost a year. The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[89][90]
  • 27 April 1975: Gun attack on a social club in Bleary, County Down. Gunmen burst into the Catholic-frequented darts club and opened fire indiscriminately. Catholic civilians Joseph Toman, John Feeney and Brendan O'Hara were killed while others were wounded.[91] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[89]
  • 7 May 1975: Gun and bomb attack on the Glenside Bar (Tully's Bar), Belleeks, County Armagh.
  • 24 May 1975: Bomb attack on the home of the Grew family in Moy, County Tyrone. Much of the house was destroyed and six children were injured. In 1981 a serving UDR soldier, a former UDR soldier and a former UVF member were convicted of partaking in the attack.[89]
  • 31 July 1975: Miami Showband killings at Buskhill, County Down (see below)
  • 1 August 1975: Gun attack on a minibus near Gilford, County Down. The minibus had been travelling from Banbridge to Bleary with nine people on board; all were Catholics and most had been returning from a regular bingo session.[68] Like the Miami Showband attack, gunmen in British Army uniforms stopped the minibus at a fake military checkpoint.[92] They then opened fire, wounding seven people.[68] Catholic civilian Joseph Toland was killed outright and another Catholic civilian, James Marks, died of his wounds in January 1976.[68] According to reliable loyalist sources, UVF members were responsible.[68]
  • 2 August 1975: Shooting at Fane Valley Park, Altnamachin, County Armagh.
  • 22 August 1975: Gun and bomb attack on McGleenan's Bar in Armagh. A masked gunman burst into the crowded pub and opened fire while another planted a bomb. It exploded as they ran to a getaway car, causing the building to collapse. Catholic civilians John McGleenan, Patrick Hughes and Thomas Morris were killed while many others were injured. According to reliable loyalist sources, UVF members were responsible.[93]
  • 24 August 1975: Killing of Catholic civilians Colm McCartney and Sean Farmer, who were found shot dead at Altnamachin, near Newtownhamilton, County Armagh. They were driving home from a Gaelic football match in Dublin when they were apparently stopped at a fake military checkpoint by men in British Army uniform. They were found shot dead a short distance away.[93] Earlier that night, three RUC officers in an unmarked car had been stopped at the same checkpoint but had been allowed through. However, the officers suspected that the checkpoint had been fake. After receiving radio confirmation that there were no authorized checkpoints in the area that night, they reported the incident and requested help from the British Army to investigate it, but no action was taken. The HET said the original police investigation "barely existed", describing the police's failure to interview eyewitnessesas as "inexplicable".[76] Weir claims that an RUC officer confessed to partaking in the attack, alongside a UDR soldier and UVF members.[94] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.
  • 1 September 1975: Killing of SDLP member Denis Mullen. He was shot dead by two gunmen who called at the door of his home in Collegeland, County Armagh.[95]
  • 4 September 1975: Gun and bomb attack on McCann's Bar in Ballyhegan, County Armagh. Catholic civilian Margaret Hale died of her wounds on 22 September.
  • 23 October 1975: Killing of Catholic civilians Peter and Jane McKearney. They were shot dead by gunmen who arrived at the door of their house in Listamlat, near Moy, County Tyrone.[96] The gunmen may have mistaken the couple for the parents of an IRA member with the same surname—Margaret McKearney—but they were not related.[54] Margaret McKearney was wanted by Scotland Yard and the UVF had threatened to "eliminate" her.[96] A contemporary newspaper article reported that "Army issue ammunition" was used.[97] Among the first on the scene were neighbours Charles and Teresa Fox, who were both later killed by the UVF in 1992.[96]
  • 19 December 1975: Attacks in Dundalk and Silverbridge. At 6:20pm, a car bomb exploded outside Kay's Tavern in Dundalk, on the Southern side of the border. Catholic civilians Hugh Watters and Jack Rooney were killed and more than twenty others were injured.[98] Three hours later, gunmen attacked Donnelly's Bar and filling station in Silverbridge, less than ten miles away on the Northern side of the border. They fired at people outside the building, then fired on the customers and threw a bomb inside. Two Catholic civilians (Patrick and Michael Donnelly) and an English civilian (Trevor Brecknell, married to a local woman) were killed. The "Red Hand Commando" claimed both attacks and it is believed they were co-ordinated. It is believed the Siverbridge attack was carried out by the Glenanne gang while the Dundalk bombing was carried out by other members of the Mid Ulster UVF, probably with some help from Belfast UVF members.[98] RUC officer Laurence McClure admitted involvement in the Silverbridge attack. UDR Corporal Robert McConnell was also involved, according to John Weir and Lily Shields. Credible evidence from the RUC officer who led the investigation indicates that police believed they knew who the killers were and that the killers included RUC and UDR officers.[98] The RUC refused the Irish police access to a key witness in the Dundalk bombing.[76]
Vallely's Bar - geograph.org

Vallely's pub in Ardress

  • 26 December 1975: Bomb attack on Vallelly's Bar, Ardress, County Armagh. Catholic civilian Seamus Mallon was killed.

1976[99]

  • 4 January 1976: Reavey and O'Dowd killings. At about 6pm, gunmen broke into the Reavey family home in Whitecross, County Armagh. They shot brothers John, Brian and Anthony Reavey. John and Brian were killed outright while Anthony died of a brain hemorrhage less than a month later. Twenty minutes after the shooting, gunmen broke into the O'Dowd family home in Ballydougan, about twenty miles away. They shot dead Joseph O'Dowd and his nephews Barry and Declan O'Dowd. All three were members of the SDLP. Barney O'Dowd was wounded by gunfire. RUC officer Billy McConnell admitted taking part in the Reavey killings and accused RUC reserve officer James Mitchell of being involved too. According to Weir, UDR Corporal Robert McConnell was the lead gunman in the Reavey killings and Robin Jackson was the lead gunman in the O'Dowd killings. The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility for the two co-ordinated attacks.[85]
  • 7 March 1976: Car bomb attack on the Three Star Inn, Castleblayney, County Monaghan. Catholic civilian Patrick Mohan was killed. According to Weir, the attack was carried-out by RUC officer Laurence McClure and UDR soldier Robert McConnell, using explosives provided by UDR Captain John Irwin and stored beforehand at James Mitchell's farmhouse.[100]
  • 8 March 1976: Bomb and gun attack on Tully's Bar in Belleeks, County Armagh. RUC officer John Weir admitted helping to plan the attack and accused RUC Reserve officer James Mitchell of being the mastermind.
  • 17 March 1976: Car bomb attack on Hillcrest Bar in Dungannon on Saint Patrick's Day. Four Catholic civilians – Joseph Kelly, Andrew Small and 13-year-olds Patrick Bernard and James McCaughey – were killed and twelve injured.[101]
  • 15 May 1976: Attacks in Charlemont, County Armagh. Gunmen detonated a bomb in the hallway of Clancy’s Bar, killing three Catholic civilians (Felix Clancy, Sean O'Hagan and Robert McCullough) and injuring many others. They then shot into the nearby Eagle Bar, killing Catholic civilian Frederick McLaughlin and wounding several others. Locals claimed that the UDR had been patrolling the village for a number of nights beforehand, but were absent the night of the attacks. UDR soldier Joey Lutton was later convicted of partaking in both attacks.[102] His status as a member of the security forces was withheld from the courts by the police.[76]
  • 5 June 1976: Attack on the Rock Bar near Keady, County Armagh. Gunmen arrived at the pub and shot Catholic civilian Michael McGrath in the street outside. They then fired at customers through the windows and threw a nail bomb inside, but it only partially exploded.[103] The HET said that the RUC investigation is "cursory, ineffective and even fails to interview the only witness, who survived being shot down".[104] RUC officers William McCaughey, Laurence McClure and Ian Mitchell confessed and were convicted for the attack, while RUC officer David Wilson was convicted for withholding knowledge that the attack was to take place. However, only McCaughey served time in prison.[105] According to the book Lethal Allies, the officers were wearing their police uniforms underneath boilersuits.[104]
  • 25 July 1976: Killing of Catholic civilian Patrick McNeice, who was shot dead at his home in Ardress, County Armagh.
  • 16 August 1976: Car bomb attack on the Step Inn, Keady, County Armagh. Catholic civilians Elizabeth McDonald and Gerard McGleenon were killed and others were injured. Ten days before the bombing, the RUC asked the Army to put Mitchell’s farmhouse under surveillance because they had intelligence that a bomb was being stored there. According to Weir, the bomb was to be detonated at Renaghan’s Bar across the border in Clontibret, County Monaghan. On 15 August, Weir scouted the route to the pub but was stopped by Gardaí, who told him they were mounting extra security due to a warning from the RUC. Weir told the rest of the gang and they decided to attack Keady instead. The Army surveillance operation was ended and the bomb attack went ahead. Weir, Mitchell and the others involved were not arrested by the RUC and were allowed to remain in the force.[76]

1977 onward[106]

  • 25 February 1977: Killing of Catholic RUC officer Joseph Campbell, who was shot dead outside the RUC base in Cushendall, County Antrim. Weir claims that the killers were alleged RUC Special Branch agent Robin Jackson, RUC officer William McCaughey, and R.J. Kerr.[107]
  • 19 April 1977: Killing of Catholic civilian William Strathearn, who was shot dead at his shop in Ahoghill, County Antrim. RUC SPG officers John Weir and Billy McCaughey were convicted for the killing.
  • 18 June 1978: Kidnapping of Father Hugh Murphy. This was in retaliation for the IRA's kidnapping and killing of an RUC officer the day before.[108] Murphy was eventually released unharmed after appeals from a number of Protestant ministers including Rev. Ian Paisley.[109] RUC Sergeant Gary Armstrong, RUC officer Billy McCaughey and his father Alexander McCaughey were convicted for the kidnapping.
  • 29 February 1980: Killing of Catholic civilian Brendan McLaughlin, who was killed in a drive-by-shooting on Clonard Street, Belfast.[110] He was killed with the same Sterling submachine gun used in Miami Showband, O'Dowd family and Devlin family killings.[111]

The Glenanne farm and the Dublin and Monaghan bombings[]

File:James Mitchell.jpg

James Mitchell, RUC reserve officer and owner of the Glenanne farm

It is claimed in the Barron Report that Billy Hanna had asked James Mitchell for permission to use his farm as a UVF arms dump and bomb-making site.[112] Information that Loyalist paramilitaries were regularly meeting at the farm appeared on Army Intelligence documents from late 1972.[113] According to submissions received by Mr Justice Barron, the Glenanne farm was used to build and store the bombs that exploded in Dublin and Monaghan. The report claims they were placed onto Robin Jackson's poultry lorry, driven across the border to a carpark, then activated by Hanna and transferred to three allocated cars. These cars exploded almost simultaneously in Dublin's city centre at about 5.30pm during evening rush hour, killing 26 civilians. Ninety minutes later a fourth car bomb exploded in Monaghan, killing another seven civilians.

Mitchell and his female housekeeper, Lily Shields both denied knowledge that the farm was used for illicit paramilitary activity. They also denied partaking in any UVF attacks.[114] In his sworn affidavit, John Weir affirms that the farmhouse was used as a base for UVF operations that included the Dublin and Monaghan bombings.[115] Weir also stated that on one occasion an RUC constable gave him two weapons to store at the Glenanne farm:

"He then offered me the two sub-machine guns because he knew about my connection to Loyalist paramilitaries. I accepted them and took them to Mitchell's farmhouse".[116]

In his affidavit, Weir recounted when in March 1976 he had gone to the farm where between eight to ten men dressed in camouflage had been parading in the farmyard. Inside he had discussed with Mitchell and others the details of a planned bombing and shooting attack against a nationalist pub, Tully's in Belleeks. Mitchell had shown him the floor plans of the pub's interior which he had drawn up highlighting the lack of escape routes for the pub's patrons. The plan was temporarily called off when it was discovered that the Army's Parachute Regiment was on patrol that evening in the area. Weir returned to Belfast the next day and the attack went ahead that evening, 8 March. There were no casualties, however, as Mitchell's floor plans had been inaccurate, and the customers had fled into the pub's living quarters for safety once the shooting had commenced outside, and the bomb only caused structural damage to the building.[117]

Mr. Justice Barron concluded in his report:

"It is likely that the farm of James Mitchell at Glenanne played a significant part in the preparation for the attacks [Dublin and Monaghan bombings]. It is also likely that members of the UDR and RUC either participated in, or were aware of those preparations."[118]

Miami Showband massacre[]

Site of the Miami Showband massacre

Site of the Miami Showband killings, in which the Glenanne gang was implicated

On 31 July 1975, four days after Hanna's shooting and Jackson's assumption of leadership of the Mid-Ulster brigade,[119] the Miami Showband's minibus was flagged-down outside Newry by armed UVF men wearing British Army uniforms at a bogus military checkpoint. Two UVF men (Harris Boyle and Wesley Somerville) loaded a time delay bomb on the minibus but it exploded prematurely and killed them.[120] The remaining UVF gunmen then opened fire on the bandmembers, killing three (Brian McCoy, Anthony Geraghty and Fran O'Toole) and wounding two (Stephen Travers and Des McAlea).[121] Two of the three men convicted of the killings and sentenced to life imprisonment were serving members of the UDR, and the third was a former member.[121][122] The Luger pistol used in the attack was found to have been the same one used to kill Provisional IRA member John Francis Green in January 1975 and was also used in the O'Dowd killings of January 1976.[33][121] The following May, the security forces found Jackson's fingerprints on a home-made silencer attached to a Luger. Although charged, Jackson avoided conviction.[123] A Sterling 9mm submachine gun was also used in the Miami Showband killings.[124] The 2003 Barron Report suggests that the guns were taken from the stockpile of weapons at the Glenanne farm.[125] The Luger pistol used in the Green, Miami Showband, and O'Dowd attacks was later destroyed by the RUC on 28 August 1978.[126]

Liaison officer Captain Robert Nairac has been linked to the Miami Showband killings and the killing of John Francis Green.[127] Miami Showband survivors Stephen Travers and Des McAlea both testified in court that a man with a "crisp, clipped English accent, and wearing a different uniform and beret" had been at the scene of the explosion and subsequent shootings.[127] Martin Dillon in The Dirty War, however, adamantly states that Nairac was not involved in either attack.[128] The Cassel Report concluded that there was "credible evidence that the principal perpetrator [of the Miami Showband attack] was a man who was not prosecuted – alleged RUC Special Branch agent Robin Jackson".[129] Although Jackson had been questioned by the RUC following the Showband attack, he was released without having been charged.[130]

Reavey and O'Dowd killings and the Kingsmill massacre[]

The co-ordinated sectarian shootings of the Reavey and O'Dowd families, allegedly perpetrated by the Glenanne gang and organised by Robin Jackson, provoked the South Armagh Republican Action Force to retaliate with a tit-fot-tat sectarian attack the following day. It stopped a minibus at Kingsmill and shot dead the ten Protestant passengers, after being taken out of their minibus which was transporting them home from their workplace in Glenanne.[131]

In 2001 an unidentified Glenanne gang-member (a former RUC man who had been sentenced to life imprisonment for his part in the gang's killings) revealed that the gang had planned to kill at least thirty Catholic schoolchildren as revenge for Kingsmill.[132][133] It drew up plans to attack St Lawrence O'Toole Primary School in the South Armagh village of Belleeks.[132][133] The plan was aborted at the last minute on orders of the UVF leadership; who ruled that it would be "morally unacceptable", would undermine support for the UVF, and could lead to civil war.[132][133] The gang-member who suggested the attack was a UDR soldier; he was later shot dead by the IRA. The UVF leadership allegedly suspected that he was working for Military Intelligence,[132][133] and that military intelligence were seeking to provoke a civil war.[134] In 2004, gang-member McCaughey spoke of the planned retaliation and said that the UVF leadership also feared the potential IRA response.[134]

Convictions[]

The Cassel Report states that convictions were obtained in only nine of the 25 cases it investigated and that several of those convictions are suspect as erroneous and incomplete.[135] A month before Nairac's killing, a Catholic chemist, William Strathearn, was gunned down at his home in Ahoghill, County Antrim. SPG officers Weir and McCaughey were charged and convicted for the killing. Weir named Jackson as having been the gunman but Jackson was never interrogated for "reasons of operational strategy".[136] The Special Patrol Group was disbanded in 1980 by the RUC after the convictions of Weir and McCaughey for the Strathearn killing.[137]

In December 1978 the authorities raided the Glenanne farm and found weapons and ammunition. This made it necessary for the gang to seek an alternative base of operations and arms dump.[138] James Mitchell was charged and convicted of storing weapons on his land.[139] Northern Ireland's Lord Chief Justice Robert Lowry presided over his trial on 30 June 1980.[140] The farm had been under RUC observation for several months before the raid.[141]

On 16 October 1979, Robin Jackson was arrested when he was found with a number of weapons and hoods. In January 1981 he was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for possession of guns and ammunition, but was then released in May 1983.[29] John Weir stated that the Glenanne gang usually did not use the name "UVF" whenever it claimed its attacks; instead it typically employed the cover names of Red Hand Commando, Red Hand Brigade or Protestant Action Force.[40]

See also[]


Notes[]

  1. ↑ Following the 1993 Yorkshire Television programme The Hidden Hand which implicated Jackson in the Dublin bombings but did not mention him by name, he was questioned. Jackson denied involvement in the three car bombings which left 26 people dead. [Ref: The Barron Report (2003), pp. 85, 119]

References[]

  1. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006). Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tiernan, Joe (2000). The Dublin Bombings and the Murder Triangle. Ireland: Mercier Press
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Seeing Red. John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Cassel Report (2006), pp. 8, 14, 21, 25, 51, 56, 58–65.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Collusion in the South Armagh/Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970s. [1]. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The Cassel Report (2006), pp. 6, 13
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 The Cassel Report (2006), p. 4
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 [2]
  9. ↑ Relatives of 'Glenanne gang' victims demand DPP meeting
  10. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006), p. 63
  11. ↑ The Barron Report (2003). Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Barron Report (2003). pp. 144, 145
  13. ↑ RUC men's secret war with the IRA". The Sunday Times. Liam Clarke. 7 March 1999
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Extracts from The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA by Kevin J. Kelley. Zed Books Ltd, 1988. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  15. ↑ Taylor, Peter (1999). Loyalists. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p.142
  16. ↑ Taylor, pp.142–143
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Taylor, Peter. Brits: The War Against the IRA. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001. p.182
  18. ↑ "RUC man's secret war with the IRA" by Liam Clarke, Sunday Times, 7 March 1999
  19. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 143
  20. ↑ Seeing Red, John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999. [3]. Retrieved 22 December 2010
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 The Cassel Report (2006), p. 115
  22. ↑ Potter p90
  23. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 174
  24. ↑ CAIN Web Service
  25. ↑ UVF Rules Out Jackal Link to Murder, Article from The People (London). 30 June 2002.[4]. Retrieved 14 December 2010
  26. ↑ Seeing Red, John Weir affadavit, 3 February 1999. Retrieved 15 December 2010
  27. ↑ John Weir: "I'm Lucky to Be Above the Ground". Article from Politico.ie by Frank Connolly. 16 November 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2011
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 The Cassel Report (2006), p. 114
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 The Barron Report (2003), p. 261
  30. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 260
  31. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 258
  32. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 136
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 The Barron Report (2003). p. 206
  34. ↑ "Seeing Red", John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 The Cassel Report (2006), p. 111
  36. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 235
  37. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 157
  38. ↑ Interim Report on the Report of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Bombing of Kay's Tavern, Dundalk, p. 93
  39. ↑ Seeing Red, John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 The Barron Report (2003), p. 145
  41. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 154
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Taylor, Peter (1999). Loyalists. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148
  43. ↑ Ireland's OWN: History: The 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings: the truth sold out for vested interests and dirty tricks, by Jack Harper. [5]. Retrieved 24 December 2010
  44. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 206
  45. ↑ "How Loyalists got the bombs to Dublin", by Donal O'Maolfabhail, The Post.ie, 19 January 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2011
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 The Cassel Report (2006), p. 112
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 The Barron Report (2003), p. 146
  48. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 124
  49. ↑ [6], p. 106
  50. ↑ Seeing Red, John Weir's affidavit, 3 February 1999; Retrieved 23 December 2010
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 The Cassel Report (2006), p.110
  52. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006), p. 73
  53. ↑ The Cassel Report, p. 111.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Excerpt from The IRA by Tim Pat Coogan, page 461, relating to McKearney mistaken identity
  55. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006), pp. 111–112
  56. ↑ McKittrick, David (1999). Lost Lives. UK: Mainstream. p. 619. Google Books. Retrieved 12 April 2011
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 The Cassel Report (2006), p. 113
  58. ↑ The Hidden Hand. Yorkshire Television. 1993
  59. ↑ The Sunday Times article "Man held over death of Robert Nairac whose bravery was admitted by IRA", 21 May 2008; Retrieved 10 January 2011
  60. ↑ Taylor, p.124
  61. ↑ Cain web service:Abstracts on Organisations. [7]. Retrieved 4 January 2011
  62. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006), p. 7
  63. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006), p. 64
  64. ↑ ROLMA – The Recovery of Living Memory Archive
  65. ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths: 1972 – Conflict Archive on the Internet.
  66. ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths: 1973 – Conflict Archive on the Internet
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Cassel Report (2006), p. 43
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 McKittrick, p.227
  69. ↑ McKittrick, pp.381-382
  70. ↑ McKittrick, p.400
  71. ↑ McKittrick, p.397
  72. ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths: 1974 – Conflict Archive on the Internet
  73. ↑ McKittrick, p.416
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Cassel Report (2006), p. 44
  75. ↑ McKittrick, p.444
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland - Main findings. Pat Finucane Centre.
  77. ↑ McKittrick, p.487
  78. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p.45
  79. ↑ McKittrick, p.506
  80. ↑ McKittrick, p.595
  81. ↑ McKittrick, pp.506, 595
  82. ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths: 1975 – Conflict Archive on the Internet
  83. ↑ McKittrick, p.517
  84. ↑ McKittrick, p.528
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 O'Hagan, Martin. "Loyalist-Military Link in North Armagh?". Fortnight, March 1984. pp.5-6
  86. ↑ McKittrick, p.529
  87. ↑ McKittrick, p.536
  88. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p.46
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Cassel Report (2006), p.47
  90. ↑ McKittrick, p.535
  91. ↑ McKittrick, p.537
  92. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p. 48
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 McKittrick, p.565
  94. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p. 49
  95. ↑ McKittrick, p.573
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 McKittrick, p.588-589
  97. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p. 50
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 Cassel Report (2006), p.51
  99. ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths: 1976 – Conflict Archive on the Internet
  100. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p.53
  101. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p. 53
  102. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), pp. 53–54
  103. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p. 54
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 ""RUC commanders covered up killings by rogue officers, inquiry files allege". The Guardian, 23 October 2013.
  105. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p.69
  106. ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths: 1977 – Conflict Archive on the Internet
  107. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p.55
  108. ↑ Chronology of the Conflict: 1978 – Conflict Archive on the Internet
  109. ↑ Beeson, Trevor (2002). Priests and Prelates: The Daily Telegraph Clerical Obituaries. London: Continuum Books. p. 93. Google Books. ISBN 0-8264-6337-1; Retrieved 9 January 2011
  110. ↑ Sutton Index of Deaths: 1980 – Conflict Archive on the Internet
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 The Cassel Report (2006)
  112. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 149
  113. ↑ The Barron Report (2003), p. 176
  114. ↑ The Barron Report
  115. ↑ Seeing Red, John Weir affidavit 3 February 1999 [8]. Retrieved 14 December 2010
  116. ↑ The Barron Report (2003). p. 147
  117. ↑ "Seeing Red", John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999.
  118. ↑ [9]
  119. ↑ UVF Rules Out Jackal Link to Murder article [10]. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  120. ↑ Taylor, Peter (1999). Loyalists. pp. 147–48
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 "The mystery of the Miami murders" by Tom McGurk. The Sunday Business Post. 31 July 2005. [11]. Retrieved 15-12-10
  122. ↑ The Cassel Report 2006, pp. 48, 52, 67, 110
  123. ↑ The Barron Report (2003). p. 260
  124. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006). pp.110–11
  125. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006), p. 65
  126. ↑ The Barron Report (2003): The murder of John Francis Green, p. 7
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Enigmatic SAS man linked to massacre. Article in The News Letter. 1 August 2005
  128. ↑ Dillon, Martin (1991). The Dirty War. London: Arrow Books. p. 221
  129. ↑ The Cassel Report (2006), p. 68
  130. ↑ Interim Report on the Report of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Bombing of Kay's Tavern, Dundalk pp. 158–59. Retrieved 5 January 2011
  131. ↑ "Blood in the Rain". Belfast Telegraph. 5 January 2006. Retrieved 15-01-11
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 "UVF gang planned to kill 30 children". The Irish News. 9 July 2007. http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/irish_news/arts2007/jul9_UVF_planned_kill_30_children.php. Retrieved 17 August 2010. 
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 133.3 "UVF planned Catholic school massacre". An Phoblacht. 12 July 2007. http://www.anphoblacht.com/news/detail/19837. Retrieved 17 August 2010. 
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 "Statement from the families of those murdered at Donnelly’s Bar, Silverbridge, outside Kay's Tavern, Dundalk and in the Reavey and O'Dowd homes" (9 July 2007) – Pat Finucane Centre
  135. ↑ Cassel Report, p. 12
  136. ↑ The Barron Report, p. 258
  137. ↑ British Military – The Troubles in Northern Ireland. Retrieved 7 January 2011
  138. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p. 61
  139. ↑ Cassel Report (2006), p. 69
  140. ↑ Joint Committee on Justice, Equality, Defence, and Women's Rights Sub-committee on the Barron Report 18 February 2004, p. 2. Retrieved 8 January 2011
  141. ↑ Seeing Red John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999

Bibliography[]

  • Tiernan, Joe (2000). The Dublin Bombings and the Murder Triangle. Ireland: Mercier Press. ISBN 10:1856353206
during the Troubles
Chiefs of Staff
Belfast Brigade members
  • Robert Bates
  • John Bingham
  • Frankie Curry
  • David Ervine
  • Billy Giles
  • Mark Haddock
  • Billy Hutchinson
  • Trevor King
  • Bobby McKee
  • Jackie Mahood
  • William "Frenchie" Marchant
  • Billy Mitchell
  • William Moore
  • John Murphy
  • Lenny Murphy
  • Clifford Peeples
  • Brian Robinson
  • George Seawright
  • Robert "Squeak" Seymour
  • William Smith
  • Billy Spence
  • Harry "Harmless" Stockman
  • James "Tonto" Watt
    • Mid-Ulster Brigade members
    Red Hand Commando members
  • Frankie Curry
  • Billy Elliot
  • John McKeague
  • Winston Churchill Rea
  • Wiliam Smith
  • Michael Stone
    • Units and groups
  • Glenanne gang
  • Shankill Butchers
  • Protestant Action Group
  • Young Citizen Volunteers
    • Actions
  • Battle of St Matthew's (1970)
  • McGurk's Bar bombing (1971)
  • Battle at Springmartin (1972)
  • Dublin bombings (1972-3)
  • Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974)
  • Miami Showband killings (1975)
  • Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976)
  • Chlorane Bar attack (1976)
  • Ramble Inn attack (1976)
  • Cappagh killings (1991)
  • Loughinisland massacre (1994)
  • Quinn brothers' killings (1998)
  • Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine killings (2000)
    • Prominent victims
  • Jim Hanna
  • John Francis Green
  • Billy Hanna
  • The Miami Showband
  • Maire Drumm
  • Larry Marley
  • Martin Doherty
  • Jackie Coulter
  • Tommy English
    • Related articles
  • Combined Loyalist Military Command
  • Loyalist feud
  • Loyalist Volunteer Force
  • Progressive Unionist Party
  • Tara
  • Ulster Army Council
  • Ulster Constitution Defence Committee
  • Ulster loyalism
  • Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee
  • Ulster Volunteers
  • Ulster Workers' Council strike
  • Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)
  • Volunteer Political Party
    • bold indicates Brigadiers and commanders
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