Fort George, Highland

For other uses, see Fort George (disambiguation).

Fort George
Gaelic:Dùn Deòrsa
Inverness
Fort George from the Air.
[[file:Template:Location map Scotland Inverness|250px|Fort George is located in Template:Location map Scotland Inverness]]<div style="position: absolute; top: %; left: %; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; ">Fort George Location within Invernesshire
Coordinates	57°35′02″N 4°04′13″W
Type	Georgian Star Fort
Height	Up to 12 metres (39 ft)
Site information
Owner	Ministry of Defence
Operator	British Army
Site history
Built	1748-1757
Built for	War Office
In use	1757-Present
Materials	Sandstone
Events	Built after the Jacobite rising

Fort George (Gaelic: Dùn Deòrsa or An Gearastan, the latter meaning literally "the garrison"), is a large 18th-century fortress near Ardersier, to the north-east of Inverness in the Highland council area of Scotland. It was built to pacify the Scottish Highlands in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745, replacing a Fort George in Inverness constructed after the 1715 Jacobite rising to control the area. The current fortress has never been attacked and has remained in continuous use as a garrison.

The fortification is based on a star design; it remains virtually unaltered and nowadays is open to visitors with exhibits and facsimiles showing the fort's use at different periods, while still serving as army barracks. Originally the depot of the Seaforth Highlanders and later of the Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons), it was more recently home to the Royal Irish Regiment, and as of 2007, the new garrison of the Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland.

The first Fort George

The first Fort George was built in 1727 in Inverness; it was a large fortress capable of housing 400 troops on a hill beside the River Ness, on the site of (and incorporating portions of) the medieval castle which had been rebuilt as a citadel by Oliver Cromwell but later abandoned. The first commanding officer of the original Fort George was Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, Colonel of the 42nd Royal Highlanders (Black Watch) and chief of the Highland Clan Munro.

During the 1745 rising the fort was seized by the Jacobites, who had it blown up in 1746 to prevent the Hanoverians from using it as a base. In 1747 Colonel William Skinner, the King's Military Engineer for North Britain, let a contract to rebuild the fortress, but Inverness Council made a claim for compensation for the loss of part of its harbour and an alternative site was found.

Siting and construction

The site chosen was a level spit of land at Ardersier, about 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Inverness, which forms a promontory jutting into the Moray Firth and controls the sea approach to Inverness. With its own harbour below the walls, the fort could be supplied by sea in the event of a siege. Work began in 1748, with Colonel Skinner in charge, and the Adam brothers, John, Robert and later James, acting as contractors, overseeing around 1,000 soldiers who provided labour and defended the site against attack. By 1757 the main defences were in place, and Fort George was finally completed in 1769. The original budget was £92,673 19s 1d, but the final cost was more than £200,000, a vast figure at the time. There were no more Jacobite rebellions for the fort to control, and it became a base for the Highland regiments recruited from the clans in the same way as the Black Watch.

Fortifications

The fortifications form an example of defence in depth. The main walls are stone faced, in plan faceted and angled with projecting bastions and redoubts so that every wall face is covered by fire from guns sited on top of other walls. The walls are many yards wide and grassed over, on top of barrel vaulted casemates which form underground bunkers designed to protect the entire garrison from artillery fire. The approach to the fortress from the landward side is across a wide area of loose shingle, unsuitable for siting heavy guns, so that besieging artillery is kept out of range. Sloping grassy banks designed to absorb artillery shells all but hide the fort from view. The entrance is reached via a ravelin, a free standing defensive structure incorporating a guardhouse and completely exposed to fire from the main fort, then by a raised wooden walkway, complete with drawbridge, bridging across a wide ditch set between heavily defended bastions. The ditch forms a wide killing ground openly exposed to gunfire from these walls.

Visitor access

The barracks are still in use as a military establishment, but much of the site is open to the public (entrance charge).

Historic Scotland use part of one of the barracks to display reconstructions of life in the early days of the fort, and the Grand Magazine displays the Seafield Collection of Arms as well as forming a stage for actors recreating the lives and stories of soldiers in the 18th century.

Highlanders' Museum (Queen's Own Highlanders Collection)

The former Lieutenant Governors’ House is home to the Highlanders' Museum, the official regimental museum of the Queen's Own Highlanders and Lovat Scouts. The exhibits include uniforms, weapons, medals, World War I memorial plaques known as “death pennies”, photographs, paintings, memorabilia and regimental regalia. Displays include the history of the regiments, their links to the clans, the Highland charge, Sergeant Alexander Edwards and other notable regimental members, and the regiments' activities in different conflicts.

The regimental Chapel is also open to visitors, and features many regimental colours and memorials.

Gallery

A ravelin defends the main entrance to the fort.

A dry moat separates the outer earthworks from the fort.

Ramps were used for rapid access to the ramparts.

Bartizan turrets guard the scarp (dry moat) for defence in depth.

The sole surviving example of a MK1 RML 64 pounder 64 cwt gun is housed at the fort.

The interior of a bartizan with firing step.

The fort's barracks and parade ground.

The inner gateway that connects the chapel with the fort's barracks.

The 18th-century chapel's interior has a two-tiered arcade on three sides supported by Roman Doric columns.

A 13-inch smooth bore mortar could fire - at a fixed angle of 45 degrees - a shell weighing 200 lb (91 kg) up to 2,900 yd (2,700 m) using 9 lb (4.1 kg) of black powder.

Further reading

• Grove, Doreen (August 1986). "Floreat Fort George". pp. 2–9. 
• Duffy, Christopher (1985). The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660-1789. Siege Warfare, Volume II. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 318. ISBN 0-7100-9648-8. 

External links

• Fort George, Highland – site information from Historic Scotland

• Fort George museum
• Highlander's Museum - official site
• Archival material relating to Fort George, Highland listed at the UK National Archives