Office of the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff[1] | |
---|---|
Ensign of the Royal Navy | |
Ministry of Defence | |
Abbreviation | 1SL/CNS |
Member of |
Defence Council Admiralty Board |
Reports to | Chief of the Defence Staff |
Nominator | Secretary of State for Defence |
Appointer |
Prime Minister Subject to formal approval by the Queen-in-Council |
Term length | Not fixed (typically 3–4 years) |
Formation |
Senior Naval Lord (1689–1771) First Naval Lord (1771–1904) First Sea Lord (from 1904) |
First holder | Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fisher |
Deputy |
Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (1941–1946) Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff |
Website | Official Website |
The First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff (1SL/CNS)[2][3] is the professional head of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy and the whole Naval Service. Originally the title was the Senior Naval Lord to the Board of Admiralty when the post was created in 1689.[4] The office holder was then re-styled First Naval Lord from 1771.[5] The concept of a professional "First Naval Lord" was introduced in 1805[6] and the title of the First Naval Lord was changed to "First Sea Lord" on the appointment of Sir John Fisher in 1904. From 1923 onward, the First Sea Lord was a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee; he now sits on the Defence Council and the Admiralty Board.[7]
The current First Sea Lord is Admiral Tony Radakin (appointed in June 2019).[8] Since 2012 the flagship of the First Sea Lord has been Horatio, Lord Nelson's ship of the line, HMS Victory.[9]
History[]
Lords Admiral were appointed from the 15th century; they were later styled Lords High Admiral until the 18th century, and Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty from the 17th century, as the governors of the English and later of the British Royal Navy. From 1683 to 1684, there were seven paid Commissioners and one supernumerary Commissioner who served without salary. The number varied between five and seven Commissioners through the 18th century. The standing of all the Commissioners was in theory the same, although the First Commissioner or First Lord exercised an ascendancy over his colleagues from an early date.[10]
The generally recognized office of Senior Naval Lord to the Board of Admiralty was established on 8 March 1689,[4]with the first incumbent being Admiral Arthur Herbert; he was also First Lord of the Admiralty. On the 20 January 1690 Admiral Herbert was succeeded by Admiral Sir John Chicheley[4]under First Lord of Admiralty Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke.[10]
On 22 May 1702 the Board of Admiralty ceased control of Naval Affairs and was replaced by the Lord Admiral's Council.[4]The previous office of Senior Naval Lord was replaced by a Senior Member to the Lords Admiral Council; he was usually a serving naval officer of Admiral rank and was the Chief Naval Adviser to the Lord Admiral. This lasted until 8 November 1709 when the Board of Admiralty resumed control of Naval Affairs and the post of Senior Naval Lord was resumed.[10]
On 2 February 1771 the office of Senior Naval Lord was renamed to First Naval Lord.[5] The first post holder was Vice-Admiral Augustus Hervey; he first served under First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. In 1805, for the first time, specific functions were assigned to each of the 'Naval' Lords, who were described as 'Professional' Lords, leaving to the 'Civil' Lords the routine business of signing documents.[10] On the 2 May 1827[11] the Board of Admiralty once again ceased control of Naval Affairs and was replaced by a Lord High Admirals Council: this lasted until 1828.[10]
The title of the First Naval Lord was changed to First Sea Lord on the appointment of Sir Jackie Fisher in 1904.[12] In 1917, the First Sea Lord was re-styled First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff.[13] From 1923 onward, the First Sea Lord was a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee and from 1923 to 1959, in rotation with the representatives of the other services (the Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Chief of the Air Staff), he would serve as the chairman of that committee and head of all British armed forces.[a] The title was retained when the Board of Admiralty was abolished in 1964 and the Board's functions were integrated into the Ministry of Defence.[14]
Under the current organisation, the First Sea Lord sits on the Defence Council,[3] the Admiralty Board[3] and the Navy Board.[15]
[]
Rank | Name | Image | Term of office | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Admiral | Arthur Herbert | 8 March 1689 | 20 January 1690 | [4] | |
Admiral | Sir John Chicheley | 20 January 1690 | 5 June 1690 | [4] | |
Admiral | Edward Russell | 5 June 1690 | 23 January 1691 | [4] | |
Captain | Henry Priestman | 23 January 1691 | 2 May 1694 | [4] | |
Admiral | Earl of Orford | 2 May 1694 | 31 May 1699 | [4] | |
Admiral | Sir George Rooke | 31 May 1699 | 26 January 1702 | [4] | |
Admiral | Sir John Leake | 8 November 1709 | 4 October 1710 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir George Byng | 4 October 1710 | 30 September 1712 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir John Leake | 30 September 1712 | 14 October 1714 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir George Byng | 14 October 1714 | 16 April 1717 | [16] | |
Admiral | Matthew Aylmer | 16 April 1717 | 19 March 1718 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir George Byng | 19 March 1718 | 30 September 1721 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir John Jennings | 30 September 1721 | 1 June 1727 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir John Norris | 1 June 1727 | 13 May 1730 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir Charles Wager | 13 May 1730 | 23 June 1733 | [16] | |
Admiral | Lord Archibald Hamilton | 23 June 1733 | 13 March 1738 | [16] | |
Admiral | Lord Harry Powlett | 13 March 1738 | 19 March 1742 | [16] | |
Admiral | Lord Archibald Hamilton | 19 March 1742 | 25 March 1746 | [16] | |
Admiral | Lord Vere Beauclerk | 25 March 1746 | 18 November 1749 | [16] | |
Admiral | Lord Anson | 18 November 1749 | 22 June 1751 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir William Rowley | 22 June 1751 | 17 November 1756 | [16] | |
Vice Admiral | The Honourable Edward Boscawen | 17 November 1756 | 6 April 1757 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir William Rowley | 6 April 1757 | 2 July 1757 | [16] | |
Admiral | The Honourable Edward Boscawen | 2 July 1757 | 19 March 1761 | [16] | |
Admiral | The Honourable John Forbes | 19 March 1761 | 20 April 1763 | [16] | |
Admiral | Earl Howe | 20 April 1763 | 31 July 1765 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir Charles Saunders | 31 July 1765 | 15 September 1766 | [16] | |
Rear Admiral | The Honourable Augustus Keppel | 15 September 1766 | 11 December 1766 | [16] | |
Rear Admiral | Sir Peircy Brett | 11 December 1766 | 28 February 1770 | [16] | |
Admiral | Sir Francis Holburne | 28 February 1770 | 2 February 1771 | [16] |
[]
Rank | Name | Image | Term of office | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vice Admiral | Augustus Hervey | 2 February 1771 | 12 April 1775 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Hugh Palliser | 12 April 1775 | 23 September 1779 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Robert Man | 23 September 1779 | 22 September 1780 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | George Darby | 22 September 1780 | 1 April 1782 | [5] | |
Admiral | Sir Robert Harland | 1 April 1782 | 30 January 1783 | [5] | |
Admiral | Hugh Pigot | 30 January 1783 | 31 December 1783 | [5] | |
Rear Admiral | John Leveson-Gower | 31 December 1783 | 12 August 1789 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Lord Hood | 12 August 1789 | 7 March 1795 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Charles Middleton | 7 March 1795 | 20 November 1795 | [5] | |
Rear Admiral | James Gambier | 20 November 1795 | 19 February 1801 | [5] | |
Rear Admiral | Sir Thomas Troubridge | 19 February 1801 | 15 May 1804 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | James Gambier | 15 May 1804 | 10 February 1806 | [5] | |
Rear Admiral | John Markham | 10 February 1806 | 6 April 1807 | [5] | |
Admiral | James Gambier | 6 April 1807 | 9 May 1808 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Richard Bickerton | 9 May 1808 | 25 March 1812 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | William Domett | 25 March 1812 | 23 October 1813 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Joseph Yorke | 23 October 1813 | 24 May 1816 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Graham Moore | 24 May 1816 | 13 March 1820 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir William Johnstone Hope | 13 March 1820 | 2 May 1827 | [5] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir George Cockburn | 19 September 1828 | 25 November 1830 | [10] | |
Rear Admiral | Sir Thomas Hardy | 25 November 1830 | 1 August 1834 | [10] | |
Rear Admiral | The Hon. Sir George Dundas | 1 August 1834 | 1 November 1834 | [10] | |
Rear Admiral | Sir Charles Adam | 1 November 1834 | 23 December 1834 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir George Cockburn | 23 December 1834 | 25 April 1835 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Charles Adam | 25 April 1835 | 8 September 1841 | [10] | |
Admiral | Sir George Cockburn | 8 September 1841 | 13 July 1846 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir William Parker | 13 July 1846 | 24 July 1846 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Charles Adam | 24 July 1846 | 20 July 1847 | [10] | |
Rear Admiral | Sir James Dundas | File:Deansdundas.JPG | 20 July 1847 | 13 February 1852 | [10] |
Rear Admiral | The Hon. Maurice Fitzhardinge Berkeley | 13 February 1852 | 2 March 1852 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | Hyde Parker | 2 March 1852 | 26 May 1854 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | The Hon. Maurice Fitzhardinge Berkeley | 26 May 1854 | 24 November 1857 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | The Hon. Sir Richard Saunders Dundas | 24 November 1857 | 8 March 1858 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir William Martin | 8 March 1858 | 28 June 1859 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | The Hon. Sir Richard Saunders Dundas | 28 June 1859 | 15 June 1861 | [10] | |
Admiral | The Hon. Sir Frederick Grey | 15 June 1861 | 13 July 1866 | [10] | |
Vice Admiral | Sir Alexander Milne | 13 July 1866 | 18 December 1868 | [10] | |
Admiral | Sir Sydney Dacres | 18 December 1868 | 27 November 1872 | [10] | |
Admiral | Sir Alexander Milne | 27 November 1872 | 7 September 1876 | [17] | |
Admiral | Sir Hastings Yelverton | 7 September 1876 | 5 November 1877 | [17] | |
Admiral | Sir George Wellesley | 5 November 1877 | 12 August 1879 | [17] | |
Admiral | Sir Astley Cooper Key | 12 August 1879 | 1 July 1885 | [17] | |
Admiral | Sir Arthur Hood | 1 July 1885 | 15 February 1886 | [17] | |
Admiral | Lord John Hay | 15 February 1886 | 9 August 1886 | [17] | |
Admiral | Sir Arthur Hood | 9 August 1886 | 24 October 1889 | [17] | |
Admiral | Sir Richard Hamilton | 24 October 1889 | 28 September 1891 | [17] | |
Admiral | Sir Anthony Hoskins | 28 September 1891 | 1 November 1893 | [17] | |
Admiral of the Fleet | Sir Frederick Richards | 1 November 1893 | 19 August 1899 | [17] | |
Admiral of the Fleet | Lord Walter Kerr | 19 August 1899 | 21 October 1904 | [18] |
First Sea Lords, 1904–present[]
№ | First Sea Lord | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fisher (1841–1920) | 21 October 1904 | 25 January 1910 | 5 years, 96 days | [19] | |
2 | Sir Arthur Wilson (1842–1921) | Admiral of the Fleet 25 January 1910 | 5 December 1911 | 1 year, 314 days | [20] | |
3 | Admiral Sir Francis Bridgeman (1848–1929) | 5 December 1911 | 9 December 1912 | 1 year, 4 days | [21] | |
4 | Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854–1921) | Admiral 9 December 1912 | 30 October 1914 | 1 year, 325 days | [22] | |
(1) | Sir John Fisher (1841–1920) | Admiral of the Fleet 30 October 1914 | 15 May 1915 | 197 days | [23] | |
5 | Sir Henry Jackson (1855–1929) | Admiral 15 May 1915 | 30 November 1916 | 1 year, 199 days | [24] | |
6 | Sir John Jellicoe (1859–1935) | Admiral of the Fleet 30 November 1916 | 10 January 1918 | 1 year, 41 days | [25] | |
7 | Sir Rosslyn Wemyss (1864–1933) | Admiral of the Fleet 10 January 1918 | 1 November 1919 | 1 year, 295 days | [26] | |
8 | The Earl Beatty (1871–1936) | Admiral of the Fleet 1 November 1919 | 30 July 1927 | 7 years, 271 days | [27] | |
9 | Sir Charles Madden (1862–1935) | Admiral of the Fleet 30 July 1927 | 30 July 1930 | 3 years, 0 days | [28] | |
10 | Sir Frederick Field (1871–1945) | Admiral of the Fleet 30 July 1930 | 21 January 1933 | 2 years, 175 days | [29] | |
11 | The Lord Chatfield (1873–1967) | Admiral of the Fleet 21 January 1933 | 7 September 1938 | 5 years, 229 days | [30] | |
12 | Sir Roger Backhouse (1878–1939) | Admiral of the Fleet 7 September 1938 | 12 June 1939 | 278 days | [31] | |
13 | Sir Dudley Pound (1877–1943) | Admiral of the Fleet 12 June 1939 | 15 October 1943 | 4 years, 125 days | [32] | |
14 | The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope (1883–1963) | Admiral of the Fleet 15 October 1943 | 24 May 1946 | 2 years, 221 days | [33] | |
15 | Sir John Cunningham (1885–1962) | Admiral of the Fleet 24 May 1946 | 29 September 1948 | 2 years, 128 days | [34] | |
16 | The Lord Fraser of North Cape (1888–1981) | Admiral of the Fleet 29 September 1948 | 20 December 1951 | 3 years, 82 days | [35] | |
17 | Sir Rhoderick McGrigor (1893–1959) | Admiral of the Fleet 20 December 1951 | 18 April 1955 | 3 years, 119 days | [36] | |
18 | The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979) | Admiral of the Fleet 18 April 1955 | 19 October 1959 | 4 years, 184 days | [37] | |
19 | Sir Charles Lambe (1900–1960) | Admiral of the Fleet 19 October 1959 | 23 May 1960 | 217 days | [38] | |
20 | Sir Caspar John (1903–1984) | Admiral of the Fleet 23 May 1960 | 7 August 1963 | 3 years, 76 days | [39] | |
21 | Sir David Luce (1906–1971) | Admiral 7 August 1963 | 15 March 1966 | 2 years, 220 days | [40] | |
22 | Sir Varyl Begg (1908–1995) | Admiral of the Fleet 15 March 1966 | 12 August 1968 | 2 years, 150 days | [41] | |
23 | Sir Michael Le Fanu (1913–1970) | Admiral of the Fleet 12 August 1968 | 3 July 1970 | 1 year, 325 days | [42] | |
24 | Sir Peter Hill-Norton (1915–2004) | Admiral of the Fleet 3 July 1970 | 9 April 1971 | 280 days | [43] | |
25 | Sir Michael Pollock (1916–2006) | Admiral of the Fleet 9 April 1971 | 1 March 1974 | 2 years, 326 days | [44] | |
26 | Sir Edward Ashmore (1919–2016) | Admiral of the Fleet 1 March 1974 | 9 February 1977 | 2 years, 345 days | [45] | |
27 | Sir Terence Lewin (1920–1999) | Admiral of the Fleet 1 March 1977 | 6 July 1979 | 2 years, 127 days | [46] | |
28 | Sir Henry Leach (1923–2011) | Admiral of the Fleet 6 July 1979 | 1 December 1982 | 3 years, 148 days | [47] | |
29 | Sir John Fieldhouse (1928–1992) | Admiral of the Fleet 1 December 1982 | 2 August 1985 | 2 years, 244 days | [48] | |
30 | Sir William Staveley (1928–1997) | Admiral of the Fleet 2 August 1985 | May 1989 | 3 years, 8 months | [49] | |
31 | Sir Julian Oswald (1933–2011) | Admiral of the Fleet May 1989 | March 1993 | 3 years, 10 months | [50] | |
32 | Sir Benjamin Bathurst (born 1936) | Admiral of the Fleet March 1993 | 10 July 1995 | 2 years, 4 months | [51] | |
33 | Sir Jock Slater (born 1938) | Admiral 10 July 1995 | October 1998 | 3 years, 2 months | [52] | |
34 | Sir Michael Boyce (born 1943) | Admiral October 1998 | January 2001 | 2 years, 3 months | [52] | |
35 | Sir Nigel Essenhigh (born 1944) | Admiral January 2001 | September 2002 | 1 year, 8 months | [53] | |
36 | Sir Alan West (born 1948) | Admiral September 2002 | 6 February 2006 | 3 years, 5 months | [52] | |
37 | Sir Jonathon Band (born 1950) | Admiral 6 February 2006 | 21 July 2009 | 3 years, 165 days | [52] | |
38 | Sir Mark Stanhope (born 1952) | Admiral 21 July 2009 | 9 April 2013 | 3 years, 262 days | [52] | |
39 | Sir George Zambellas (born 1958) | Admiral 9 April 2013 | 8 April 2016 | 2 years, 365 days | [54] | |
40 | Sir Philip Jones (born 1960) | Admiral 8 April 2016 | 19 June 2019 | 3 years, 72 days | [55] | |
41 | Tony Radakin (born 1965) | Admiral 19 June 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 75 days | [8][56] |
Fictional First Sea Lords[]
In John Buchan's novel, The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), the First Sea Lord is named as Lord Alloa, an impostor whom Richard Hannay recognizes at a meeting as a spy and recent pursuer of his. Hannay describes Lord Alloa as recognizable from news pictures for his "beard cut like a spade, the firm fighting mouth, the blunt square nose, and the keen blue eyes...the man, they say, that made the New British Navy".[57] The real First Sea Lord at the time the story is set (early summer 1914) was Prince Louis of Battenberg, coincidentally also bearded.
See also[]
- Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)
- Second Sea Lord
- Third Sea Lord
- Fourth Sea Lord
- Fifth Sea Lord
Notes[]
a. ^ In 1955, it was decided to create a new post, Chief of the Defence Staff, who would be chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee.[58]
Citations[]
- ↑ Archives Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, The National. "Admiralty: Office of the First Sea Lord, later First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff: Correspondence and Papers". The National Archives. UK. http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1914. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ↑ Organisation: How the Royal Navy is Managed Ministry of Defence
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Rodger 1979, p. 34.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 Rodger 1979, p. 69.
- ↑ Thomas 1988, p. 31.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (19 June 2019). "Royal Navy appoints new First Sea Lord" (in en). https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2019/june/19/190619-royal-navy-appoints-new-first-sea-lord. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
- ↑ HMS Victory handed to First Sea Lord in Portsmouth, BBC News, 10 October 2012, accessed 8 October 2016
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 Sainty 1975, pp. 18-31.
- ↑ Rodger 1979, p. 91.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 81.
- ↑ Friedman 2015, p. 21.
- ↑ Ministry of Defence Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (2012-12-10). "History of the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Defence website". Mod.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49053/history_of_mod.pdf. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "MOD Royal Navy". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/senior-naval-staff/first-sea-lord/navy-board. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 Rodger, p. 51-52
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "The Commissioners ("Lords") of the Admiralty 1828 - 1895". W Loney RN. http://www.pdavis.nl/Admiralty.htm. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 144.
- ↑ Mackay 1973, p. 315.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 268.
- ↑ "Admiral Sir Francis Bridgeman" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.) Oxford University Press Digital object identifier:10.1093/ref:odnb/32062 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Kerr 1934, p. 238.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 83.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 127.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 130.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 252.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 26.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 164.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 75.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 42.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 21.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 217.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 60.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 63.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 90.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 162.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 189.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 150.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 139.
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Sir David Luce". Unit Histories. http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersL2.html. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 29.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 155.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 115.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 214.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 16.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 158.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 152.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 78.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 235.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 204.
- ↑ Heathcote 2002, p. 23.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 Who's Who 2010, A & C Black, 2010, ISBN 978-1-408-11414-8
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Sir Nigel Essenhigh". University of Exeter. http://www.exeter.ac.uk/strategy/about/advisoryboard/nigelessenhigh/. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (9 April 2013). "Admiral Zambellas new First Sea Lord". Inside Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/admiral-zambellas-new-first-sea-lord. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (8 April 2016). "Admiral Sir Philip Jones takes over as First Sea Lord". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2016/april/08/160408-new-first-sea-lord. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (3 December 2018). "A 'generation of innovators' has been appointed to run the military in a shake-up of the top ranks of the Army, Navy and RAF" (in en). The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/03/generation-innovators-has-appointed-run-military-shake-up-top/. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ↑ Buchan 1999, Ch. 8.
- ↑ Defence Administrative Responsibilities Hansard, 25 October 1955
Sources[]
- Buchan, John (1999). The Thirty-nine Steps. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283931-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=u3t0VzbbzGMC.
- Friedman, N. (2015). The British Battleship 1906-1946. Seaforth. https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ts5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21.
- Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 - 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
- Kerr, Mark (1934). Prince Louis of Battenberg: Admiral of the Fleet. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
- Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973). Fisher of Kilverstone. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198224099.
- Rodger, N.A.M. (1979). The Admiralty. Offices of State. Lavenham: T. Dalton Ltd. ISBN 0900963948.
- Sainty, J.C., ed (1975). Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660-1870, Office-Holders in Modern Britain. Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660-1870. http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=16652.
- Thomas, David A (1988). A companion to the Royal Navy. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-54572-7.
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The original article can be found at First Sea Lord and the edit history here.