Military Wiki
Eurofighter Typhoon
RAF Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon F2 Lofting-1
An RAF Typhoon flying through the Mach Loop
Role Multirole fighter
National origin Multi-national
Manufacturer Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH
First flight 27 March 1994[1]
Introduction 4 August 2003
Status In service
Primary users Royal Air Force
German Air Force
Italian Air Force
Spanish Air Force
See Operators below for others
Produced 1994–present
Number built 623[2][3]
Unit cost
€90 million (system cost Tranche 3A)[4]
£125m (including development + production costs)[5]
Developed from British Aerospace EAP
Variants Eurofighter Typhoon variants

The Eurofighter Typhoon is a twin-engine, canard–delta wing, multirole fighter.[6][7] The Typhoon was designed originally as an air superiority fighter[8] and is manufactured by a consortium of Airbus, BAE Systems and Leonardo that conducts the majority of the project through a joint holding company, Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH formed in 1986. NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency manages the project and is the prime customer.[9]

The aircraft's development effectively began in 1983 with the Future European Fighter Aircraft programme, a multinational collaboration among the UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Disagreements over design authority and operational requirements led France to leave the consortium to develop the Dassault Rafale independently. A technology demonstration aircraft, the British Aerospace EAP, first took flight on 6 August 1986; the first prototype of the finalised Eurofighter made its first flight on 27 March 1994. The aircraft's name, Typhoon, was adopted in September 1998; the first production contracts were also signed that year.

Political issues in the partner nations significantly protracted the Typhoon's development; the sudden end of the Cold War reduced European demand for fighter aircraft, and debate existed over the aircraft's cost and work share. The Typhoon entered operational service in 2003; it has entered service with the air forces of Austria, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain and Saudi Arabia. The air forces of Oman, Kuwait and Qatar are export customers, bringing the procurement total to 599 aircraft as of 2016.

The Eurofighter Typhoon is a highly agile aircraft, designed to be a supremely effective dogfighter in combat.[10] Later production aircraft have been increasingly better equipped to undertake air-to-surface strike missions and to be compatible with an increasing number of different armaments and equipment, including Storm Shadow and the RAF's Brimstone. The Typhoon had its combat debut during the 2011 military intervention in Libya with the UK's Royal Air Force and the Italian Air Force, performing aerial reconnaissance and ground-strike missions. The type has also taken primary responsibility for air-defence duties for the majority of customer nations.

Development[]

Origins[]

File:Eurofighter logo.svg

Official Eurofighter logo

The UK had identified a requirement for a new fighter as early as 1971. The AST 403 specification, issued by the Air staff in 1972, led to the P.96 conventional "tailed" design presented in the late 1970s. While the design would have met the Air Staff's requirements, the UK air industry had reservations, as it appeared to be very similar to the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, which was then well advanced in its development. The P.96 design had little potential for growth, and when it entered production, it would secure few exports in a market in which the Hornet would be well established.[11] However, the simultaneous West German requirement for a new fighter had led by 1979 to the development of the TKF-90 concept.[12][13] This was a cranked delta wing design with forward close-coupled-canard controls and artificial stability. Although the British Aerospace designers rejected some of its advanced features such as engine vectoring nozzles and vented trailing edge controls,[14] a form of boundary layer control, they agreed with the overall configuration.

In 1979, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and British Aerospace (BAe) presented a formal proposal to their respective governments for the ECF, the European Collaborative Fighter[15] or European Combat Fighter.[13] In October 1979 Dassault joined the ECF team for a tri-national study, which became known as the European Combat Aircraft.[15] It was at this stage of development the Eurofighter name was first attached to the aircraft.[16] The development of different national prototypes continued. France produced the ACX. The UK produced two designs; the P.106[N 1] was a single-engined "lightweight" fighter, superficially resembling the JAS 39 Gripen, the P.110 was a twin-engined fighter. The RAF rejected the P.106 concept on the grounds it had "half the effectiveness of the two-engined aircraft at two-thirds of the cost".[11] West Germany continued to refine the TKF-90 concept.[13] The ECA project collapsed in 1981 for several reasons, including differing requirements, Dassault's insistence on "design leadership" and the British preference for a new version of the RB199 to power the aircraft versus the French preference for the new Snecma M88.[16]

British Aerospace EAP at the Farnborough Air Show, 1986

British Aerospace EAP (for "Experimental Aircraft Programme") at the Farnborough Air Show, 1986

Consequently, the Panavia partners (MBB, BAe and Aeritalia) launched the Agile Combat Aircraft (ACA) programme in April 1982.[18] The ACA was very similar to the BAe P.110, having a cranked delta wing, canards and a twin tail. One major external difference was the replacement of the side-mounted engine intakes with a chin intake. The ACA was to be powered by a modified version of the RB199. The German and Italian governments withdrew funding, and the UK Ministry of Defence agreed to fund 50% of the cost with the remaining 50% to be provided by industry. MBB and Aeritalia signed up with the aim of producing two aircraft, one at Warton and one by MBB. In May 1983, BAe announced a contract with the MoD for the development and production of an ACA demonstrator, the Experimental Aircraft Programme.[18][19]

In 1983 Italy, Germany, France, the UK and Spain launched the "Future European Fighter Aircraft" (FEFA) programme. The aircraft was to have short take off and landing (STOL) and beyond visual range (BVR) capabilities. In 1984, France reiterated its requirement for a carrier-capable version and demanded a leading role. Italy, West Germany and the UK opted out and established a new EFA programme.[13] In Turin on 2 August 1985, West Germany, the UK and Italy agreed to go ahead with the Eurofighter; and confirmed France, along with Spain, had chosen not to proceed as a member of the project.[20] Despite pressure from France, Spain rejoined the Eurofighter project in early September 1985.[21] France officially withdrew from the project to pursue its own ACX project, which was to become the Dassault Rafale.

Eurojet EJ200 for Eurofighter Typhoon PAS 2013 01 free

EJ200 engine on display at Paris Air Show 2013

By 1986, the programme's cost had reached £180 million.[22] When the EAP programme had started, the cost was supposed to be equally shared by government and industry, but the West German and Italian governments wavered on the agreement and the three main industrial partners had to provide £100 million to keep the programme from ending. In April 1986, the BAe EAP was rolled out at BAe Warton, by this time also partially funded by MBB, BAe and Aeritalia.[22] The EAP first flew on 6 August 1986.[23] The Eurofighter bears a strong resemblance to the EAP. Design work continued over the next five years using data from the EAP. Initial requirements were: UK: 250 aircraft, Germany: 250, Italy: 165 and Spain: 100. The share of the production work was divided among the countries in proportion to their projected procurement – DASA (33%), British Aerospace (33%), Aeritalia (21%), and Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) (13%).

The Munich-based Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH was established in 1986 to manage development of the project[24] and EuroJet Turbo GmbH, the alliance of Rolls-Royce, MTU Aero Engines, FiatAvio (now Avio) and ITP for development of the EJ200. The aircraft was known as Eurofighter EFA from the late 1980s until it was renamed EF 2000 in 1992.[25]

By 1990, the selection of the aircraft's radar had become a major stumbling-block. The UK, Italy and Spain supported the Ferranti Defence Systems-led ECR-90, while Germany preferred the APG-65-based MSD2000 (a collaboration between Hughes, AEG and GEC-Marconi). An agreement was reached after UK Defence Secretary Tom King assured his West German counterpart Gerhard Stoltenberg that the British government would approve the project and allow the GEC subsidiary Marconi Electronic Systems to acquire Ferranti Defence Systems from its parent, the Ferranti Group, which was in financial and legal difficulties. GEC thus withdrew its support for the MSD2000.[26]

Delays[]

The financial burdens placed on Germany by reunification caused Helmut Kohl to make an election promise to cancel the Eurofighter. In early to mid-1991 German Defence Minister Volker Rühe sought to withdraw Germany from the project in favour of using Eurofighter technology in a cheaper, lighter plane. Because of the amount of money already spent on development, the number of jobs dependent on the project, and the binding commitments on each partner government, Helmut Kohl was unable to withdraw; "Rühe's predecessors had locked themselves into the project by a punitive penalty system of their own devising."[27]

Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 MOD 45160576

RAF Typhoon FGR4 shows off its delta wing

In 1995 concerns over workshare appeared. Since the formation of Eurofighter the workshare split had been agreed at 33/33/21/13 (United Kingdom/Germany/Italy/Spain) based on the number of units being ordered by each contributing nation, all the nations then reduced their orders. The UK cut its orders from 250 to 232, Germany from 250 to 140, Italy from 165 to 121 and Spain from 100 to 87.[27] According to these order levels the workshare split should have been 39/24/22/15 UK/Germany/Italy/Spain, however Germany was unwilling to give up such a large amount of work.[27] In January 1996, after much negotiation between German and UK partners, a compromise was reached whereby Germany would purchase another 40 aircraft.[27] The workshare split was 43% for EADS MAS in Germany and Spain; 37.5% BAE Systems in the UK; and 19.5% for Alenia in Italy.[28]

The next major milestone came at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1996.[citation needed] The UK announced the funding for the construction phase of the project. In November 1996 Spain confirmed its order but Germany delayed its decision. After much diplomatic activity between Germany and the UK, an interim funding arrangement of DM100 million (€51 million) was contributed by the German government in July 1997 to continue flight trials. Further negotiations finally resulted in Germany's approval to purchase the Eurofighter in October 1997.[citation needed]

Testing[]

Typhoon f2 zj910 canard arp

Close up view of an RAF Typhoon F2, showing the deflected canard control surface immediately below the pilot.

The maiden flight of the Eurofighter prototype took place in Bavaria on 27 March 1994, flown by DASA chief test pilot Peter Weger.[1] On 9 December 2004, Eurofighter Typhoon IPA4 began three months of Cold Environmental Trials (CET) at the Vidsel Air Base in Sweden, the purpose of which was to verify the operational behaviour of the aircraft and its systems in temperatures between −25 and 31 °C.[29] The maiden flight of Instrumented Production Aircraft 7 (IPA7), the first fully equipped Tranche 2 aircraft, took place from EADS' Manching airfield on 16 January 2008.[30]

Procurement, production and costs[]

The first production contract was signed on 30 January 1998 between Eurofighter GmbH, Eurojet and NETMA.[31] The procurement totals were as follows: the UK 232, Germany 180, Italy 121, and Spain 87. Production was again allotted according to procurement: British Aerospace (37.42%), DASA (29.03%), Aeritalia (19.52%), and CASA (14.03%).

On 2 September 1998, a naming ceremony was held at Farnborough, United Kingdom. This saw the Typhoon name formally adopted, initially for export aircraft only. The name continues the storm theme started by the Panavia Tornado. This was reportedly resisted by Germany, perhaps because the Hawker Typhoon was a fighter-bomber aircraft used by the RAF during the Second World War to attack German targets.[32] The name "Spitfire II" (after the famous British Second World War fighter, the Supermarine Spitfire) had also been considered and rejected for the same reason early in the development programme. In September 1998, contracts were signed for production of 148 Tranche 1 aircraft and procurement of long lead-time items for Tranche 2 aircraft.[33] In March 2008, the final aircraft out of Tranche 1 was delivered to the German Air Force, with all successive deliveries being at the Tranche 2 standard.[34] On 21 October 2008, the first two of 91 Tranche 2 aircraft, ordered four years before, were delivered to RAF Coningsby.[35]

German eurofighter

A German Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon during takeoff

In October 2008, the Eurofighter nations were considering splitting the 236-fighter Tranche 3 into two parts.[36] In June 2009, RAF Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy suggested that the RAF fleet could be 123 jets, instead of the 232 previously planned.[37] In spite of this reduction in required aircraft, on 14 May 2009 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown confirmed the UK would move ahead with the third batch purchase. A contract for the first part, Tranche 3A, was signed at the end of July 2009 for 112 aircraft split across the four partner nations, including 40 aircraft for the UK, 31 for Germany, 21 for Italy and 20 for Spain.[38][39] These 40 aircraft were said to have fully covered the UK's obligations in the project by Air Commodore Chris Bushell, because of cost overruns in the project.[40]

The Eurofighter Typhoon is unique in modern combat aircraft in that there are four separate assembly lines. Each partner company assembles its own national aircraft, but builds the same parts for all aircraft (including exports); Premium AEROTEC (main centre fuselage[41]), EADS CASA (right wing, leading edge slats), BAE Systems (front fuselage (including foreplanes), canopy, dorsal spine, tail fin, inboard flaperons, rear fuselage section) and Leonardo (left wing, outboard flaperons, rear fuselage sections).

Production is divided into three tranches (see table below). Tranches are a production/funding distinction, and do not imply an incremental increase in capability with each tranche. Tranche 3 are based on late Tranche 2 aircraft with improvements added. Tranche 3 was split into A and B parts.[39] Tranches were further divided up into production standard/capability blocks and funding/procurement batches, though these did not coincide, and are not the same thing; e.g., the Eurofighter designated FGR4 by the RAF is a Tranche 1, block 5. Batch 1 covered block 1, but batch 2 covered blocks 2, 2B and 5. On 25 May 2011 the 100th production aircraft, ZK315, rolled off the production line at Warton.[42]

Expected production summary
Tranche Flag of Austria Austria Flag of Germany Germany Flag of Italy Italy Flag of Kuwait Kuwait Flag of Oman Oman Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Flag of Spain Spain Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom Flag of Qatar Qatar Total
Tranche 1 15[N 2] 33 28 0 0 0 19 53 0 148
Tranche 2[43] 0 79 47 0 0 48 34 67[N 3] 0 275
Tranche 3A[39] 0 31 21 28 12 24 20 40 24 200
Total 15 143 96 28 12 72 73 160 24 623

In 1988, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Armed Forces told the UK House of Commons that the European Fighter Aircraft would "be a major project, costing the United Kingdom about £7 billion".[45] It was soon apparent a more realistic estimate was £13 billion,[46] made up of £3.3 billion development costs[47] plus £30 million per aircraft.[48] By 1997 the estimated cost was £17 billion; by 2003, £20 billion, and the in-service date (2003, defined as the date of delivery of the first aircraft to the RAF) was 54 months late.[49][50] After 2003, the Ministry of Defence refused to release updated cost-estimates on the grounds of 'commercial sensitivity'.[51] However, in 2011, the National Audit Office estimated the UK's "assessment, development, production and upgrade costs eventually hit £22.9 billion"[52] and total programme costs would reach £37 billion.[53]

By 2007, Germany estimated the system cost (aircraft and training, plus spare parts) at €120 million[Clarification needed] and said it was in perpetual increase.[54] On 17 June 2009, Germany ordered 31 aircraft of Tranche 3A for €2,800 million, leading to a system cost of €90 million per aircraft.[4] The UK's Committee of Public Accounts reported that the mismanagement of the project had helped increase the cost of each aircraft by seventy five percent. Defence Secretary Liam Fox responded that "I am determined that in the future such projects are properly run from the outset, and I have announced reforms to reduce equipment delays and cost overruns."[55] The Spanish MoD put the cost of their Typhoon project up to December 2010 at €11.718 billion, up from an original €9.255 billion and implying a system cost for their 73 aircraft of €160 million.[56]

On 11 September 2008, the combined flying time of the five customer Air Forces and the industrial Flight Test programme saw the aircraft pass the 50,000 flight hours milestone.[57] On 31 March 2009, a Eurofighter Typhoon fired an AMRAAM whilst having its radar in passive mode for the first time; the necessary target data for the missile was acquired by the radar of a second Eurofighter Typhoon and transmitted using the Multi Functional Information Distribution System (MIDS).[58] In January 2011, the entire Typhoon fleet had passed the 100,000 flying hours mark.[59] In September 2013, the worldwide Eurofighter fleet achieved over 200,000 flight hours. As of July 2016, a total of 599 orders had been received with 478 delivered.[60]

In July 2016, the 10-year Typhoon Total Availability Enterprise (TyTAN) support deal between the RAF and industry partners BAE Systems and Leonardo was announced that aims to reduce the Typhoon's per-hour operating cost by 30–40%.[61] This should equate to a saving of at least £550 million ($712 million), which "will be recycled into the programme", according to BAE Systems Military Air & Information managing director Chris Boardman, with the eventually result in the Typhoon having a per-hour operating cost "equivalent to a F-16".[62]

Upgrades[]

In 2000, the UK selected the MBDA Meteor as the long range air-to-air missile armament for her Typhoons with an in-service date (ISD) of December 2011.[63] In December 2002, France, Germany, Spain and Sweden joined the British in a $1.9bn contract for Meteor on Typhoon, the Dassault Rafale and the Saab Gripen.[63] The protracted contract negotiations pushed the ISD to August 2012,[63] and it was further put back by Eurofighter's failure to make trials aircraft available to the Meteor partners.[64] Meteor is now in production and first deliveries to the RAF were scheduled for Q4 2012[65] but full clearance on Typhoon was not planned until mid-2016.[66] While the Meteor may have been delivered, it will not enter service before 2017. In 2014 the "second element of the Phase 1 Enhancements package known as 'P1Eb'" was announced, allowing "Typhoon to realise both its air-to-air and air-to-ground capability to full effect".[67]

Budgetary pressures being encountered by the four original partner nations have limited upgrades[68] None of the partner nations have confirmed an order for Tranche 3Bs, which would have been "optimized for future higher-tempo air-to-air and strike operations", and Germany has cut its own orders short to avoid the model.[69] Furthermore, the four original partner nations have proved reluctant to collectively fund enhancements that extend the aircraft’s air-to-ground capability, such as integration of the MBDA Storm Shadow cruise missile.[70]

However the United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force has an enhancement programme that aims to integrate the MBDA Storm Shadow cruise missile, the MBDA Brimstone air-to-surface missile and the Meteor Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile into its Eurofighter Typhoon force.[71][72][73] This programme is known as Project Centurion and has set a target of December 2018 to seamlessly integrate the weapons and capability of the Panavia Tornado GR4 before the Tornados go out of service in 2019.[74][75][76] In October 2016, BAE systems confirmed that the first phase of Project Centurion's package of enhancements had entered the operational evaluation stage.[77][78] In April 2017, BAE Systems announced six successful firings by the Typhoon in 2016, including a simultaneous firing of two Meteor missiles. Training with Meteor is now due to take place with the UK Royal Air Force later in 2017.[79]

Tranche 3 aircraft ESM/ECM enhancements have been focused on improving radiating jamming power with antenna modifications, while EuroDASS is reported to offer a range of new capabilities, including the addition of a digital receiver, extending band coverage to low frequencies (VHF/) and introducing an interferometric receiver with extremely precise geolocation functionalities. On the jamming side, EuroDASS is looking to low-band[80] (VHF/) jamming, more capable antennae, new ECM techniques, while protection against missile, is to be enhanced through a new passive MWS in addition to the active devices already on board the aircraft. The latest support for self-protection will however originate from the new aesa radar which is to replace the Captor system, providing in a spiralled programme with passive, active and cyberwarfare RF capabilities.

Selex ES has developed a self-contained expendable Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM) jammer for fast jet aircraft known as the BriteCloud, which was expected to be available on the market by mid-2014. It will provide an off-board capability to decoy RF guided missile seekers and fire control radars, producing large miss distance and angle break lock, thanks to self-contained coherent technique generation processing and high-power batteries that allow at least ten seconds of life after firing activation, in addition to rapid-response capabilities. Dispensed in the initial format from standard 55 mm flare cartridge to equip at least three main platforms (Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab Gripen and Panavia Tornado).[81][82]

Nozzle of EJ200 afterburning turbofan (5)

EJ200 TVN Prototype

Eurojet is attempting to find funding to test a thrust vectoring nozzle (TVN) on a flight demonstrator.[83] Additionally, the RAF has sought to develop conformal fuel tanks (CFT) for their Typhoons to free up underwing space for weapons, and all Tranche 3 aircraft are fitted to accept these tanks.[84][85][N 4] On 22 April 2014, BAE systems announced a new round of wind tunnel tests to assess the aerodynamic characteristics of conformal fuel tanks (CFTs). The CFTs, which can be fitted to any Tranche 2/3 aircraft, can carry 1,500 litres each to increase the Typhoon's combat radius by a factor of 25% to 1,500 n miles (2,778 km).[86]

BAE Systems has completed development of its Striker II Helmet-Mounted Display that builds on the capabilities of the original Striker Helmet-Mounted Display, which is already in service on the Typhoon.[87] Striker II features a new display with more colour and can transition between day and night seamlessly eliminating the need for separate night vision googles. In addition, the helmet can monitor the pilot’s exact head position so it always knows exactly what information to display.[88] The system is compatible with ANR, a 3-D audio threats system and 3-D communications; these are available as customer options.[89]

In 2015, BAE Systems was awarded a £1.7 million contract to study the feasibility of a common weapon launcher that could be capable of carrying multiple weapons and weapon types on a single pylon.[90]

Also in 2015, Airbus flight tested a package of aerodynamic upgrades for the Eurofighter known as the Aerodynamic Modification Kit (AMK) that included fuselage strakes and leading-edge root extensions which increases wing lift by 25% resulting in an increased turn rate, tighter turning radius, and improved nose-pointing ability at low speed with angle of attack values around 45% greater than on the standard aircraft and roll rates up to 100% higher.[91]

EurofighterLEX2

AMK Leading Edge Root Extension

Eurofighter's Laurie Hilditch said these improvements should increase subsonic turn rate by 15% and give the Eurofighter the sort of "knife-fight in a phone box" turning capability enjoyed by rivals such as Boeing’s F/A-18E/F or the Lockheed Martin F-16, without sacrificing the transonic and supersonic high-energy agility inherent to its delta wing-canard configuration.[92] Eurofighter Project Pilot Germany Raffaele Beltrame said: “The handling qualities appeared to be markedly improved, providing more manoeuvrability, agility and precision while performing tasks representative of in-service operations. And it is extremely interesting to consider the potential benefits in the air-to-surface configuration thanks to the increased variety and flexibility of stores that can be carried.[93]

In April 2016, Finmeccanica (Leonardo from 2017) demonstrated the air-to-ground capabilities of its Mode 5 Reverse-Identification Friend-Foe (IFF) system integrated on an Italian Air Force Tranche 1 Eurofighter Typhoon.[94] This demonstration shows that it is possible to give pilots the ability to distinguish between friendly and enemy platforms in a simple, low-impact fashion using the aircraft’s existing transponder.[95] Finmeccanica says NATO is considering the system as a short- to mid-term solution for air-to-surface identification of friendly forces and thus avoid collateral damages due to friendly fire during close air support operations.[96]

On April 24, 2018, Airbus announced its offer to replace Germany’s Panavia Tornado fleet, proposing the integration of new weaponry, performance enhancements and additional capabilities to the Eurofighter Typhoon.[97][98][99] Included in the offer is the integration of additional weaponry and capability building on the Phased Enhancement program that is currently integrating the MBDA Brimstone air-to-ground missile, the Storm Shadow cruise missile, and the Meteor long-range air-to-air missile. The Airbus offer is similar to that being performed as part of Project Centurion for the UK Royal Air Force, transferring the weapons and capabilities from the Tornado over to the Typhoon. Integration of air-to-ground weapons already has begun on German Typhoons as part of Project Odin. Among the weapons being offered for integration as part of the Tornado replacement program are the Kongsberg Joint Strike Missile for the anti-ship mission and the Taurus cruise missile. Taurus already has undergone a partial integration because of its similar size, shape and weight to the Storm Shadow. Airbus also is proposing adding the ability to perform destruction and suppression of enemy air defense missions using emitter detection systems that are yet to be integrated onto the aircraft, as well as the Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM).[100] That mission currently is performed by the ECR version of the Tornado in German service. The consortium is keen to make use of the engine’s growth potential to boost thrust by around 15% as well as improve fuel efficiency and range. This will be combined with a new design and enlarged 1,800-litre fuel tank.[100] The aircraft currently is fitted with 1,000-liter fuel tanks. Other modifications will include the Aerodynamic Modification Kit, test flown in 2014, to improve maneuverability and handling, particularly with heavy weapon loads. Eurofighter says they also are comfortable with delivering integration of the U.S. B61 nuclear weapon onto the aircraft, a process that requires U.S. certification. Paltzo said he was confident the U.S. government would not use the certification requirements of the weapon as “leverage” to force Germany towards a U.S. platform such as the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.

Design[]

Airframe overview[]

Typhoon flight demonstration

The Typhoon is a highly agile aircraft at both supersonic and low speeds, achieved through having an intentionally relaxed stability design. It has a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire control system providing artificial stability, as manual operation alone could not compensate for the inherent instability. The fly-by-wire system is described as "carefree", and prevents the pilot from exceeding the permitted manoeuvre envelope. Roll control is primarily achieved by use of the wing elevons. Pitch control is by operation of the foreplanes and elevons, the yaw control is by rudder.[101] Control surfaces are moved through two independent hydraulic systems, which also supply various other items, such as the canopy, brakes and undercarriage; powered by a 4,000 psi engine-driven gearbox.[102] Engines are fed by a chin double intake ramp situated below a splitter plate.

The Typhoon features lightweight construction (82% composites consisting of 70% carbon fibre composite materials and 12% glass fibre reinforced composites)[103] with an estimated lifespan of 6,000 flying hours.[104] The permitted lifespan, as opposed to the estimated lifespan, was 3,000 hours.

Radar signature reduction features[]

Although not designated a stealth fighter,[105][106] measures were taken to reduce the Typhoon's radar cross section (RCS), especially from the frontal aspect.[107][108] An example of these measures is that the Typhoon has jet inlets that conceal the front of the jet engine (a strong radar target) from radar. Many important potential radar targets, such as the wing, canard and fin leading edges, are highly swept, so will reflect radar energy well away from the front sector.[109] Some external weapons are mounted semi-recessed into the aircraft, partially shielding these missiles from incoming radar waves.[107] In addition radar-absorbent materials (RAM), developed primarily by EADS/DASA, coat many of the most significant reflectors, such as the wing leading edges, the intake edges and interior, the rudder surrounds, and strakes.[107][110]

The manufacturers have carried out tests on the early Eurofighter prototypes to optimise the low observability characteristics of the aircraft from the early 1990s. Testing at BAE's Warton facility on the DA4 prototype measured the RCS of the aircraft and investigated the effects of a variety of RAM coatings and composites.[111] Another measure to reduce the likelihood of discovery is the use of passive sensors, which minimises the radiation of treacherous electronic emissions. While canards generally have poor stealth characteristics,[112] the flight control system is designed to maintain the elevon trim and canards at an angle at which they have the smallest RCS.[113][114]

Cockpit[]

File:Cockpit of RAF Typhoon Fighter MOD 45152531.jpg

MHDDs and pedestal panel with centre stick in the Typhoon cockpit

The Typhoon features a glass cockpit without any conventional instruments. It incorporates three full colour multi-function head-down displays (MHDDs) (the formats on which are manipulated by means of softkeys, XY cursor, and voice (Direct Voice Input or DVI) command), a wide angle head-up display (HUD) with forward-looking infrared (FLIR), a voice and hands-on throttle and stick (Voice+HOTAS), a Helmet Mounted Symbology System (HMSS), a Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS), a manual data-entry facility (MDEF) located on the left glareshield and a fully integrated aircraft warning system with a dedicated warnings panel (DWP). Reversionary flying instruments, lit by LEDs, are located under a hinged right glareshield.[115] Access to the cockpit is normally via either a telescopic integral ladder or an external version. The integral ladder is stowed in the port side of the fuselage, below the cockpit.[116]

User needs were given a high priority in the cockpit's design; both layout and functionality was created through feedback and assessments from military pilots and a specialist testing facility.[117] The aircraft is controlled by means of a centre stick (or control stick) and left hand throttles, designed on a Hand on Throttle and Stick (HOTAS) principle to lower pilot workloads.[118] Emergency escape is provided by a Martin-Baker Mk.16A ejection seat, with the canopy being jettisoned by two rocket motors.[119] The HMSS was delayed by years but should have been operational by late 2011.[120] Standard g-force protection is provided by the full-cover anti-g trousers (FCAGTs).[121] a specially developed g suit providing sustained protection up to 9 g. German Air Force and Austrian Air Force pilots wear a hydrostatic g-suit called Libelle (dragonfly) Multi G Plus instead,[122][123][124] which also provides protection to the arms, theoretically giving more complete g tolerance.

In the event of pilot disorientation, the Flight Control System allows for rapid and automatic recovery by the simple press of a button. On selection of this cockpit control the FCS takes full control of the engines and flying controls, and automatically stabilises the aircraft in a wings level, gentle climbing attitude at 300 knots, until the pilot is ready to retake control.[125] The aircraft also has an Automatic Low-Speed Recovery system (ALSR) which prevents it from departing from controlled flight at very low speeds and high angle of attack. The FCS system is able to detect a developing low-speed situation and to raise an audible and visual low-speed cockpit warning. This gives the pilot sufficient time to react and to recover the aircraft manually. If the pilot does not react, however, or if the warning is ignored, the ALSR takes control of the aircraft, selects maximum dry power for the engines and returns the aircraft to a safe flight condition. Depending on the attitude, the FCS employs an ALSR "push", "pull" or "knife-over" manoeuvre.[126]

The Typhoon Direct Voice Input (DVI) system uses a speech recognition module (SRM), developed by Smiths Aerospace (now GE Aviation Systems) and Computing Devices (now General Dynamics UK). It was the first production DVI system used in a military cockpit. DVI provides the pilot with an additional natural mode of command and control over approximately 26 non-critical cockpit functions, to reduce pilot workload, improve aircraft safety, and expand mission capabilities. An important step in the development of the DVI occurred in 1987 when Texas Instruments completed the TMS-320-C30, a digital signal-processor, enabling reductions in the size and system complexity required. The project was given the go-ahead in July 1997, with development and pilot assessment carried out on the Eurofighter Active Cockpit Simulator at BAE Systems Warton.[127]

The DVI system is speaker-dependent, requiring each pilot to create a template. It is not used for safety-critical or weapon-critical tasks, such as weapon release or lowering of the undercarriage, but is used for a wide range of cockpit functions.[128][129] Voice commands are confirmed by visual or aural feedback, and serves to reduce pilot workload. All functions are also achievable by means of a conventional button-press or soft-key selections; functions include display management, communications, and management of various systems.[130] EADS Defence and Security in Spain has worked on a new non-template DVI module to allow for continuous speech recognition, speaker voice recognition with common databases (e.g. British English, American English, etc.) and other improvements.[130]

Avionics[]

DASS by numbers

Praetorian DASS
1. Laser warners
2. Flare launchers (IR decoys)
3. Chaff dispensers
4. Missile warners
5. Wingtip pods for ESCM
6. Towed decoy

Navigation is via both GPS and an inertial navigation system. The Typhoon can use Instrument Landing System (ILS) for landing in poor weather. The aircraft also features an enhanced ground proximity warning system (GPWS) based on the TERPROM Terrain Referenced Navigation (TRN) system used by the Panavia Tornado.[131] The Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS) provides a Link 16 data link.[132]

The aircraft employs a sophisticated and highly integrated Defensive Aids Sub-System named Praetorian[133] (formerly called EuroDASS).[134] Praetorian monitors and responds automatically to air and surface threats, provides an all-round prioritised assessment, and can respond to multiple threats simultaneously. Threat detection methods include a Radar warning receiver (RWR), a missile warning system (MWS) and a laser warning receiver (LWR, only on UK Typhoons). Protective countermeasures consist of chaff, flares, an electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite and a towed radar decoy (TRD).[135] The ESM-ECM and MWS consists of 16 AESA antenna array assemblies and 10 radomes.[136][137]

Eurofighter sensor fusion

Eurofighter sensor fusion

Traditionally each sensor in an aircraft is treated as a discrete source of information; however this can result in conflicting data and limits the scope for the automation of systems, hence increasing pilot workload. To overcome this, the Typhoon employs what are now known as sensor fusion techniques. In the Typhoon fusion of all data sources is achieved through the Attack and Identification System, or AIS. The AIS combines data from the major on-board sensors along with any information obtained from off-board platforms such as AWACS, ASTOR, and Eurofighter own Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS). Additionally the AIS integrates all the other major offensive and defensive systems such as the DASS, Navigation, ACS and Communications. The AIS physically comprises two essentially separate units: the Attack Computer (AC) and the Navigation Computer (NC), linked via the STANAG 3910 databus to the other major systems such as the ACS, ECR-90/CAPTOR, PIRATE, etc. Both the AC and NC are identical in design, being a modular unit based on Motorola 68020 CPUs with 68882 Maths co-processors, as well as several custom RISC-based processors utilised to accelerate floating point and matrix operations.[138]

By having a single source of information, pilot workload should be reduced by removing the possibility of conflicting data and the need for cross-checking, improving situational awareness and increasing systems automation. In practice the AIS should allow the Eurofighter to identify targets at distances in excess of 150 nmi and acquire and auto-prioritise them at over 100 nmi. In addition the AIS offers the ability to automatically control emissions from the aircraft, so called EMCON (from EMissions CONtrol). This should aid in limiting the detectability of the Typhoon by opposing aircraft further reducing pilot workload.[139]

In 2017 a RAF Eurofighter Typhoon demonstrated interoperability with the F-35B using its Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL) in a two-week trial known as Babel Fish III, in the Mojave Desert. This was achieved by translating the MADL messages into Link 16 format, thus allowing a F-35 in stealth mode to communicate directly with the Typhoon.[140]

Radar and sensors[]

ILA Berlin 2012 PD 193-2

CAPTOR-E Demonstrator

CAPTOR radar[]

The Eurofighter operates automatic Emission Controls (EMCON) to reduce the Electro-Magnetic emissions of the current CAPTOR mechanically scanned Radar.[107] The Captor-M has three working channels, one intended for classification of jammer and for jamming suppression.[141] A succession of radar software upgrades have enhanced the air-to-air capability of the Captor-M radar.[66] These upgrades have included the R2P programme (initially UK only, and known as T2P when 'ported' to the Tranche 2 aircraft)[142] which is being followed by R2Q/T2Q. R2P was applied to eight German Typhoons deployed on Red Flag Alaska in 2012.

The CAPTOR-E is an active electronically scanned array derivative of the original CAPTOR radar, also known as CAESAR (from CAPTOR Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar) being developed by the EuroRADAR Consortium, led by Selex ES. The German BW-Plan 2009 indicated that Germany intended to equip/retrofit their Eurofighters with the AESA Captor-E from 2012,[143] but the contract award has been delayed until at least mid 2014.[84]

Synthetic Aperture Radar is expected to be fielded as part of the AESA radar upgrade which will give the Eurofighter an all-weather ground attack capability.[144] The conversion to AESA will also give the Eurofighter a low probability of intercept radar with much better jam resistance.[145][146] These include an innovative design with a gimbal to meet RAF requirements for a wider scan field than a fixed AESA.[147] The coverage of a fixed AESA is limited to 120° in azimuth and elevation.[148] A senior EADS radar expert has claimed that Captor-E is capable of detecting an F-35 from roughly 59 km away.[149]

In May 2007, Eurofighter Development Aircraft 5 made the first flight with the CAPTOR-E demonstrator system,[150][151] Tranche 2 aircraft use the non-AESA mechanically scanned Captor-M which incorporates weight and space provisions for possible upgrade to CAESAR (AESA) standard in the future.[152][153] In June 2013, Chris Bushell of Selex ES warned that the failure of European nations to invest in an AESA radar was putting export orders at risk.[154] In November BAE responded that work on an AESA radar continued, to protect exports.[155] On 22 June 2011, it was announced that the partner nations had agreed to fund development of the Captor-E radar, with entry into service planned for 2015.[156] The British are pursuing an independent Technology Demonstrator Programme called Bright Adder, which will give the Typhoon an Electronic Attack mode among other things.[157] Bright Adder is based on Qinetiq's ARTS radar demonstrator for the Tornado GR4 and could evolve into an alternative to the main E-Scan project should E-Scan falter.[157]

The first flight of a Eurofighter equipped with a "mass model" of the Captor-E occurred in late February 2014, with flight tests of the actual radar beginning in July of that year.[158] Tranche 3 Typhoons have the mechanical, electrical and cooling enhancements needed to operate the radar.[159] At the 2014 Farnborough Airshow the UK MOD announced that it had awarded BAE Systems a £72 million ($124 million) contract to conduct national-specific testing on a prototype AESA system. On 19 November 2014 the contract to upgrade to the Captor-E was signed at the offices of EuroRadar lead Selex ES in Edinburgh, in a deal worth €1bn.[160] Availability of the radar, for Tranche 2 and 3A aircraft, was anticipated by 2016–17,[161] but there are no orders for the radar system from the partner nations.[162][163] However, Kuwait became the launch customer for the Captor-E active electronically scanned array radar in April 2016.[164]

IRST[]

The Passive Infra-Red Airborne Track Equipment (PIRATE) system is an infrared search and track (IRST) system mounted on the port side of the fuselage, forward of the windscreen. Selex ES is the lead contractor which, along with Thales Optronics (system technical authority) and Tecnobit of Spain, make up the EUROFIRST consortium responsible for the system's design and development. Eurofighters starting with Tranche 1 block 5 have the PIRATE. The first Eurofighter Typhoon with PIRATE-IRST was delivered to the Italian Aeronautica Militare in August 2007.[165] More advanced targeting capabilities can be provided with the addition of a targeting pod such as the LITENING pod.[166]

Aeronautica Militare Typhoon IRST (27476944291)

PIRATE IRST

PIRATE operates in two IR bands, 3–5 and 8–11 micrometres. When used with the radar in an air-to-air role, it functions as an infrared search and track system, providing passive target detection and tracking. In an air-to-surface role, it performs target identification and acquisition. By supercooling the sensor, the system can detect even small variations in temperature at a long range. Although no definitive ranges have been released, an upper limit of 80 nmi has been hinted at; a more typical figure would be 30 to 50 nmi.[167] It also provides a navigation and landing aid. PIRATE is linked to the pilot’s helmet-mounted display.[168] It allows the detection of both hot exhaust plumes of jet engines and surface heating caused by friction; processing techniques further enhance the output, giving a near-high resolution image of targets. The output can be directed to any of the Multi-function Head Down Displays, and can also be overlaid on both the Helmet Mounted Sight and Head Up Display.

The IIR sensor has a stabilised mount so that it can maintain a target within its field of view. Up to 200 targets can be simultaneously tracked using one of several different modes; Multiple Target Track (MTT), Single Target Track (STT), Single Target Track Ident (STTI), Sector Acquisition and Slaved Acquisition. In MTT mode the system will scan a designated volume space looking for potential targets. In STT mode PIRATE will provide high precision tracking of a single designated target. An addition to this mode, STT Ident allows for visual identification of the target, the resolution being superior to CAPTOR's. Both Sector and Slave Acquisition demonstrate the level of sensor fusion present in the Typhoon. When in Sector Acquisition mode PIRATE will scan a volume of space under direction of another onboard sensor such as CAPTOR. In Slave Acquisition, off-board sensors are used with PIRATE being commanded by data obtained from an AWACS or other source. When a target is found in either of these modes, PIRATE will automatically designate it and switch to STT.

Once a target has been tracked and identified, PIRATE can be used to cue an appropriately equipped short range missile, i.e. a missile with a high off-boresight tracking capability such as ASRAAM. Additionally the data can be used to augment that of CAPTOR or off-board sensor information via the AIS. This should enable the Typhoon to overcome severe ECM environments and still engage its targets.[139] PIRATE also has a passive ranging capability[169] although the system remains limited when providing passive firing solutions, as it does not have a laser rangefinder.

Engines[]

The Eurofighter Typhoon is fitted with two Eurojet EJ200 engines, each capable of providing up to 60 kN (13,500 lbf) of dry thrust and >90 kN (20,230 lbf) with afterburners. The EJ200 engine combines the leading technologies from each of the four European companies, using advanced digital control and health monitoring; wide chord aerofoils and single crystal turbine blades; and a convergent / divergent exhaust nozzle to give excellent thrust-to-weight ratio, multimission capability, supercruise performance, low fuel consumption, low cost of ownership, modular construction and significant growth potential.[170][171][172]

The Typhoon is capable of supersonic cruise without using afterburners (referred to as supercruise). Air Forces Monthly gives a maximum supercruise speed of Mach 1.1 for the RAF FGR4 multirole version,[173] however in a Singaporean evaluation, a Typhoon managed to supercruise at Mach 1.21 on a hot day with a combat load.[174] The Eurofighter Company states that the Typhoon can supercruise at Mach 1.5.[175] As with the F-22, the Eurofighter can launch weapons while under supercruise to extend their ranges via this "running start".[176]

In 2007, the EJ200 engine has accumulated 50,000 Engine Flying Hours in service with the four Nation Air Forces (Germany, UK, Spain and Italy).[177]

In addition to the potential for increases in thrust of up to 30%, the EJ200 engine has the potential to be fitted with Thrust Vectoring Nozzles (TVN), that the Eurofighter and Eurojet consortium have been actively developing and testing, primarily for export, but also for future upgrades of the fleet. TVN could reduce fuel burn on a typical Typhoon mission by up to 5%, as well as increase available thrust in supercruise by up to 7% and take-off thrust by 2%.[178]

Clemens Linden, Eurojet TURBO GmbH CEO, speaking at the 2018 Farnborough International Air Show, said "15 per cent more thrust would allow pilots to operate with a heavily loaded aircraft in the battlespace with the same performance levels as they have today. The technology insertion also provides more persistence — giving aircraft longer range or longer loitering time. To achieve more thrust we would increase the airflow and pressure ratios of the high and low pressure compressors and run higher temperatures in the turbines by using the latest generation single crystal turbine blade materials. And with higher aerodynamic efficiencies we can achieve a lower fuel burn. A third area of improvement would be the engine exhaust nozzle which would be upgraded with the installation of a 2-parametric version allowing independent and optimized adjustment of the throat and exit area at all flight conditions, providing fuel burn advantages. The technologies for the different components are at a Technology Readiness Level of between 7 and 9. The nozzle has been at ITP in Spain on a test bed for 400 hours."[179][180]

Performance[]

Typhoon 1

A Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon T1

The Typhoon's combat performance, compared to the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II fighters and the French Dassault Rafale, has been the subject of much discussion.[181] In March 2005, United States Air Force Chief of Staff General John P. Jumper, then the only person to have flown both the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Raptor, talked to Air Force Print News about these two aircraft. He said,

The Eurofighter is both agile and sophisticated, but is still difficult to compare to the F/A-22 Raptor. They are different kinds of airplanes to start with; it's like asking us to compare a NASCAR car with a Formula One car. They are both exciting in different ways, but they are designed for different levels of performance. …The Eurofighter is certainly, as far as smoothness of controls and the ability to pull (and sustain high G forces), very impressive. That is what it was designed to do, especially the version I flew, with the avionics, the color moving map displays, etc. – all absolutely top notch. The maneuverability of the airplane in close-in combat was also very impressive. The F/A-22 performs in much the same way as the Eurofighter. But it has additional capabilities that allow it to perform the [U.S.] Air Force's unique missions.[182][183]

Eurofighter-NellisAFB-2008

RAF Typhoon FGR4 at Nellis AFB

In the 2005 Singapore evaluation, the Typhoon won all three combat tests, including one in which a single Typhoon defeated three RSAF F-16s, and reliably completed all planned flight tests.[184] In July 2009, Former Chief of Air Staff for the Royal Air Force, Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy, said that "The Eurofighter Typhoon is an excellent aircraft. It will be the backbone of the Royal Air Force along with the JSF".[185]

In July 2007, Indian Air Force Su-30MKI fighters participated in the Indra-Dhanush exercise with the Royal Air Force's Typhoon. This was the first time that the two fighters had taken part in such an exercise.[186][187] The IAF did not allow their pilots to use the MKI's radar during the exercise to protect the highly classified Russian N011M Bars.[188] The IAF pilots were impressed by the Typhoon's agility.[189]

In 2015, Indian Air Force Su-30MKIs participated in the Indra-Dhanush exercise with Royal Air Force Typhoons.[190] At the end of this exercise, the IAF claimed they had "beaten" the RAF 12-0, however this was viewed as wildly inaccurate and, according to the Independent, "clearly designed for a domestic audience",[191] a position also supported by the UK Ministry of Defence and Royal Air Force making these statements respectively: "As you would expect, advanced military capabilities are rarely operated to the limits of their potential, especially when exercising against other nations’ aircraft. This exercise was no exception for the Typhoon Force", and "Our analysis does not match what has been reported, RAF pilots and the Typhoon performed well throughout the exercise with and against the Indian Air Force. Both forces learnt a great deal from the exercise and the RAF look forward to the next opportunity to train alongside the IAF." When asked about the results of the 4 vs 4 and 8 vs 8 engagements the Indian Air Force spokesman refused to comment saying only 'losses were to be expected' and blaming ground controllers.[192][192]

Armament[]

Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 4 (5969145285)

A Typhoon as seen from below, displaying several air-to-ground munitions and two external drop tanks

The Typhoon is a multi-role fighter with maturing air-to-ground capabilities. The initial absence of air-to-ground capability is believed to have been a factor in the type's rejection from Singapore's fighter competition in 2005. At the time it was claimed that Singapore was concerned about the delivery timescale and the ability of the Eurofighter partner nations to fund the required capability packages.[193] Tranche 1 aircraft could drop laser-guided bombs in conjunction with third-party designators but the anticipated deployment of Typhoon to Afghanistan meant that the UK required self-contained bombing capabilities before the other partners.[N 5] On 20 July 2006, a £73m deal was signed for Change Proposal 193 (CP193) to give an "austere" air-to-surface capability using GBU-16 Paveway II[195] and Rafael/Ultra Electronics Litening III laser designator[196] for the RAF Tranche 1 Block 5 aircraft.[197] Aircraft with this upgrade were designated Typhoon FGR4 by the RAF.

Eurofighter hardpoints

Eurofighter hardpoints

Similar capability was added to Tranche 2 aircraft on the main development pathway as part of the Phase 1 Enhancements. P1Ea (SRP10) entered service in 2013 Q1 and added the use of Paveway IV, EGBU16 and the cannon against surface targets.[66] P1Eb (SRP12) added full integration with GPS bombs such as GBU-10 Paveway II, GBU-16 Paveway II, Paveway IV and a new real-time operating system that allows multiple targets to be attacked in a single run.[66] This new system will form the basis for future weapons integration by individual countries under the Phase 2 Enhancements. The Storm Shadow and KEPD 350 (Taurus) cruise missiles, together with the Meteor Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air missile flight trials have been successfully completed by January 2016.[198] The Storm Shadow and Meteor firings are part of the Phase 2 Enhancement (P2E) programme which will introduce a range of new and improved long range attack capabilities to Typhoon. Operational testing and evaluation of those capabilities is currently ongoing with the Royal Air Force ahead of entry into service in 2018. In addition to Meteor and Storm Shadow, the first live firing of MBDA’s Brimstone air-to-surface missile, part of the Phase 3 Enhancements (P3E) programme, was successfully completed in July 2017.[199]

German aircraft can carry 4 GBU-48 1000 lb bombs.[200]

An anti-shipping capability is required by 2017, and such a capability is also important for potential export customers such as India;[201] Eurofighter is studying integrating the Boeing Harpoon or MBDA Marte or Sea Brimstone missiles onto the Typhoon for a maritime attack capability.[202][203] The Typhoon can accommodate two RBS-15 or three Marte-ERP under each wing but neither has been integrated yet.[201][204]

In addition to the missile armament options, the Typhoon also carries a specially developed variant of the Mauser BK-27 27mm cannon armament that was developed originally for the Panavia Tornado. This is a single-barrel, electrically fired, gas-operated revolver cannon with a new linkless feed system, capable of firing up to 1700 rounds per minute. There was a proposal on cost grounds in 1999 to limit this gun-armament fit to the first 53 batch-1 aircraft destined for the RAF, only on the basis that the guns would be used as ballast and not used operationally,[205] but this decision was reversed in 2006.[206]

Operational history[]

Germany and Spain[]

31+07 German Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon EF2000 ILA Berlin 2016 04

EF2000 of the German Air Force.

On 4 August 2003, Germany accepted the first series production Eurofighter (GT003).[207] Also that year, Spain took delivery of its first series production aircraft.[208]

A Spanish Air Force Typhoon, on a training exercise near Otepää in Estonia, released an AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missile by mistake on 7 August 2018.[209][210] There were no human casualties, but the ten-day search operation for missile remains was unsuccessful and the unknown status of the missile (self-destructed in air or landing unexploded) left a hazardous situation for the public.[210][211] The pilot was disciplined for negligence, but received only the minimum penalty in the light of mitigating circumstances.[212]

Italy[]

On 16 December 2005, the Typhoon reached initial operational capability (IOC) with the Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare). Its Typhoons were put into service as air defence fighters at the Grosseto Air Base, and immediately assigned to Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) at the same base.[213]

On 17 July 2009, Italian Air Force Typhoons were deployed to protect Albania's airspace.[214]

On 29 March 2011, Italian Air Force Eurofighter Typhoons began flying combat air patrol missions in support of NATO's Operation Unified Protector in Libya.[215]

In 2015 Italian Air Force Typhoons were deployed for about eight months in Siaulai base in northern Lithuania during the Baltic Frontier mission.[216]

United Kingdom[]

RAF Tyhoon Russian Intercept

A Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) Typhoon F2 from Number XI Squadron at RAF Coningsby pictured escorting a Russian Tupolev Tu-95 aircraft over the North Atlantic Ocean.

Eurofighter typhoon 2

British Typhoon at Farnborough 2010

On 9 August 2007, the UK's Ministry of Defence reported that No. 11 Squadron RAF of the RAF, which stood up as a Typhoon squadron on 29 March 2007, had taken delivery of its first two multi-role Typhoons.[217] Two of 11 Squadron's Typhoons were sent to intercept a Russian Tupolev Tu-95 approaching British airspace on 17 August 2007.[218] The RAF Typhoons were declared combat ready in the air-to-ground role by 1 July 2008.[219] The RAF Typhoons were projected to be ready to deploy for operations by mid-2008.[217]

In September 2009, four RAF Typhoons were deployed to RAF Mount Pleasant replacing the Tornado F3s defending the Falkland Islands. The government of Argentina "is understood to have made a formal protest".[citation needed]

In March 2011, the UK deployed Typhoons, alongside Panavia Tornados, to enforce a no-fly zone in Libya.[220] On 20 March, 10 Typhoons from RAF Coningsby and RAF Leuchars arrived at the Gioia del Colle airbase in southern Italy.[221] On 21 March, RAF Typhoons flew their first-ever combat mission while patrolling the no-fly zone.[222] On 29 March, it was revealed that the RAF was short of pilots to fly the required number of sorties over Libya and were having to divert personnel from Typhoon training to meet the shortfall.[223]

On 12 April 2011, a mixed pair of RAF Typhoon and Tornado GR4[224] dropped precision-guided bombs on ground vehicles operated by Gaddafi forces that were parked in an abandoned tank park.[225] Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton, revealed during the Royal Aeronautical Society's Aerospace 2011 conference in London that each aircraft dropped one GBU-16 Paveway II 454 kg (1,000 lb) laser-guided bomb which struck "very successfully and very accurately". The event represented "a significant milestone in the delivery of multi-role Typhoon."[226] Target designation was provided by the Tornados with their Litening III targeting pods due to the lack of Typhoon pilots trained in air-to-ground missions.[227]

The National Audit Office observed in 2011 that the distribution of the Eurofighter's parts supply and repairs over several countries has led to parts shortages, long timescales for repairs, and the cannibalisation of some aircraft to keep others flying.[228] The UK's then Defence Secretary Liam Fox admitted on 14 April 2011 that Britain's Eurofighter Typhoon jets were grounded in 2010 due to shortage of spare parts. The RAF has been "cannibalising" aircraft for spare parts in a bid to keep the maximum number of Typhoons operational on any given day. The Ministry of Defence had warned the problems were likely to continue until 2015.[229]

In July 2012, UK Defence Secretary Philip Hammond suggested that a follow-on buy of F-35A aircraft would be determined by the Strategic Defence and Security Review in 2015, with the aim of replacing UK's Typhoons around 2030.[230] The UK is to decide what mix of manned and unmanned aircraft will replace its Eurofighters sometime between 2015 and 2020.[231]

It was announced in December 2013 that No. 2 Squadron will be the fifth Typhoon Squadron to convert from the Panavia Tornado and reform at RAF Lossiemouth from 1 April 2015.[232]

By July 2014, a dozen RAF Tranche 2 Typhoons had been upgraded with Phase 1 Enhancement (P1E) capability to enable them to use the Paveway IV guided bomb; the Tranche 1 version had used the GBU-12 Paveway II in combat over Libya, but the Paveway IV can be set to explode above or beneath a target and to hit at a set angle. The British are aiming to upgrade their Typhoons to be able to carry the Storm Shadow cruise missile and Brimstone air-to-ground missile by 2018 to ensure they have manned aircraft configured with strike capabilities with trained crews by the time the Tornado GR4 is retired the following year; the Defence Ministry is funding research for a common launcher system that could also drop the Selective Precision Effects at Range (Spear) III networked precision-guided weapon from the Typhoon, which is already planned for the F-35. RAF Tranche 1 Typhoons are too structurally and technically different from later models so the British have decided that, beginning in 2015 or 2016, the older models will be switched out for Tranche 2 and 3 versions, a process that will remove the Tranche 1 aircraft from service around 2020 to be stripped for parts to support newer versions.[233]

On 1 July 2015 it was reported that Typhoons from No. 2 Squadron were training with Type 45 destroyers in an Air-Maritime Integration (AMI) role, conceding that the service had recently neglected the role following the decommission of the RAF Nimrod Maritime Patrol Aircraft.[234][235]

In the 2015 Strategic Defense and Security Review (SDSR), it was decided to retain some of the Tranche 1 aircraft to increase the number of front-line squadrons from five to seven and to boost the out-of-service date from 2030 to 2040 as well as implementing the Captor-E AESA radar in later tranches.[236][237][238] It was announced that Typhoons would be deployed to Malta as security for the 2015 CHOGM.[239]

Due to the limited ground attack capabilities of the RAF Typhoons in the campaign against ISIL, the UK has delayed the retirement of one squadron of Tornados and is attempting to bring forward the deployment of Brimstone missiles on the Eurofighters to 2017.[240]

On 3 December 2015 six Typhoon FGR4s deployed to RAF Akrotiri to support operations against ISIL. The following evening the Typhoons, accompanied by Tornados, attacked targets in Syria.[241]

In October 2016 four Royal Air Force Typhoon fighter aircraft from RAF II (AC) Squadron, supported by a Voyager aerial tanker and a C-17, deployed to Misawa Air Base in Japan for the first bilateral exercises with non-US forces hosted by the JASDF.[242][243][244][245][246]

Austria[]

Eurofighter Typhoon AUT

Austrian Air Force Typhoon in flight

On 2 July 2002 the Austrian government announced its decision to buy the Typhoon as its new air defence aircraft, it having beaten the General Dynamics F-16 and the Saab JAS 39 Gripen in competition.[247] The purchase of 18 Typhoons was agreed on 1 July 2003, and included training, logistics, maintenance and a simulator. On 26 June 2007 Austrian Minister for Defense Norbert Darabos announced a reduction to 15 aircraft.[248] The first aircraft was delivered on 12 July 2007 and formally entered service in the Austrian Air Force.[249] A 2008 report by the Austrian government oversight office, the Rechnungshof, calculated that instead of getting 18 Tranche 2 jets at a price of €109 million each, as stipulated by the original contract, the revised deal agreed by Minister Darabos meant that Austria was paying an increased unit price of €114 million for 15 partially used, Tranche 1 jets.[250]

Austrian prosecutors are investigating allegations that up to €100 million was made available to lobbyists to influence the original purchase decision in favour of the Eurofighter.[251] By October 2013, all Typhoons in service with Austria had been upgraded to the latest Tranche 1 standard.[252] In 2014, due to defense budget restrictions, there were only 12 pilots available to fly the 15 aircraft in Austria's Air Force.[253][254] In February 2017, Austrian Defense Minister Hans Peter Doskozil accused Airbus of fraudulent intent following a probe that allegedly unveiled corruption linked to the order of Typhoon jets.[255]

In July 2017, the Austria Defense Ministry announced that it would be replacing all of its Typhoon aircraft by 2020. The ministry said that continued use of its Typhoons over their 30-year life–span would cost about €5 billion with the bulk being for maintenance. It estimated that buying a new fleet of 15 single–seat and 3 twin–seat fighters would save €2 billion over that period. Austria plans to explore a government-to-government sale or lease agreement to avoid a lengthy and costly tender process with a manufacturer. Possible replacements include the Saab Gripen and the F-16.[256]

Saudi Arabia[]

Saudi Arabia - Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon

Saudi Arabian Typhoon, 2009

On 18 August 2006 it was announced that Saudi Arabia had agreed to purchase 72 Typhoons.[257] In December 2006 it was reported in The Guardian that Saudi Arabia had threatened to buy French Rafales because of a UK Serious Fraud Office investigation into the Al Yamamah ("the dove") defence deals which commenced in the 1980s.[258]

On 14 December 2006, Britain's attorney general, Lord Goldsmith, ordered that the Serious Fraud Office discontinue its investigation into the BAE Systems' alleged bribery to senior Saudi officials in the al-Yamamah contracts, citing "the need to safeguard national and international security".[259] The Times raised the possibility that RAF production aircraft would be diverted as early Saudi Arabian aircraft, with the RAF forced to wait for its full complement of aircraft.[260] This arrangement would mirror the diversion of RAF Tornados to the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF). The Times also reported that such an arrangement would make the UK purchase of its Tranche 3 commitments more likely.[260] On 17 September 2007, Saudi Arabia confirmed it had signed a GB£4.43 billion contract for 72 aircraft.[261] 24 aircraft would be at the Tranche 2 build standard, previously destined for the UK RAF, the first being delivered in 2008. The remaining 48 aircraft were to be assembled in Saudi Arabia and delivered from 2011,[168] but following contract renegotiations in 2011 it was agreed that all 72 aircraft would be assembled by BAE Systems in the UK, with the last 24 aircraft being built to Tranche 3 capability.[262] Saudi Arabia was reported to be considering an order of 24 additional jets.[263] Later reports revised that number to as high as 60[264] or 72,[265] but this may have been superseded by Saudi Arabia's decision in August 2010 to purchase 84 new F-15SAs.[266]

On 29 September 2008 the United States Department of State approved the Typhoon sale, required because of a certain technology governed by the ITAR process which was incorporated into the MIDS of the Eurofighter.[267][268][269][270]

On 22 October 2008, the first Typhoon in the colours of the Royal Saudi Air Force flew for the first time at BAE Systems' Warton Aerodrome, marking the start of the test flight programme for RSAF aircraft.[271] Following the official handover of the first Typhoon to the Royal Saudi Air Force on 11 June 2009, the delivery ferry flight took place on 23 June 2009. Since 2010, BAE Systems has been training Saudi Arabian personnel at their factory in Warton, in preparation for setting up an assembly plant in Saudi Arabia.[272]

By 2011, 24 Tranche 2 Eurofighter Typhoons had been delivered to Saudi Arabia, consisting of 18 single-seat and 6 two-seat aircraft. After that, BAE and Riyadh entered into discussions over configurations and price of the rest of the 72-plane order. Deliveries resumed in early 2013, with the discussions still going on, with four trainers and two more single-seat Typhoons.[273] On 19 February 2014, BAE announced that the Saudis had agreed to a price increase.[274] BAE Systems announced that the last of the original 72 Typhoons had been delivered to Saudi Arabia in June 2017 .[275]

Saudi Arabia's UK-supplied Eurofighter Typhoons are playing a central role in the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen.[276]

In February 2015, Saudi Typhoons attacked ISIS targets over Syria using Paveway IV bombs for the first time.[277]

In October 2016, it was reported that BAE Systems was in talks with Saudi Arabia about an order for another 48 aircraft.[278] On 9 March 2018, a memorandum of intent for the additional 48 Typhoons was signed during Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's visit to the United Kingdom.[279]

Oman[]

During the 2008 Farnborough Airshow it was announced that Oman was in an "advanced stage" of discussions towards purchasing Typhoons as a replacement for its SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft.[280][281] Through 2010 Oman remained interested in ordering Typhoons.[282] though the Saab JAS 39 Gripen was also being considered.[283] In the interim Oman ordered 12 additional F-16s in December 2011.[284] On 21 December 2012, the Royal Air Force of Oman became the Typhoon's seventh customer when BAE Systems and Oman announced an order for 12 Typhoons to enter service in 2017.[285] The first of the Typhoons (plus Hawk Mk 166) ordered by Oman were, according to a BAE Systems' press release, "formally presented to the customer" on 15 May 2017. The presentation included a flypast by a Royal Air Force of Oman Typhoon.[286][287]

Kuwait[]

In June 2015, it was reported that Kuwait was in talks with the Italian Air Force and Alenia Aermacchi about the potential purchase of up to 28 Eurofighter Typhoons for two squadrons. On 11 September 2015, Eurofighter confirmed that an agreement had been reached to supply Kuwait with 28 aircraft.[288][289] On 1 March 2016, the Kuwaiti National Assembly approved the procurement of 22 single-seat and six twin-seat Typhoons, which will be assembled at Caselle, Italy.[290] On 5 April 2016, Kuwait signed a contract with Leonardo valued at €7.957 billion (US $9.062 billion) for the supply of the 28 aircraft, all to third tranche standard. The Kuwaiti aircraft will be the first Typhoons to receive the Captor-E active electronically scanned array radar, with two instrumented production aircraft from the UK and Germany currently undergoing ground-based integration trials. The Typhoons will be fitted with Leonardo's Praetorian defensive aids suite and PIRATE infrared search and track system. The contract involves the production of aircraft in Italy and covers logistics, operational support and the training of flight crews and ground personnel. It also encompasses infrastructure work at the Ali Al Salem Air Base, where the Typhoons will be based. Aircraft deliveries will begin in 2020.[291][292][293][294][295]

Qatar[]

From January 2011 the Qatar Air Force evaluated the Typhoon, alongside the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, the Dassault Rafale, and the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, to replace its then inventory of Dassault Mirage 2000-5s. By June 2014 Dassault claimed it was close to signing a contract with Qatar for 72 Rafales.[296] On 30 April 2015 Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani announced to President François Hollande that Qatar would order 24 Rafales.[297][298][299]

On 17 September 2017 the UK government announced that Qatar had signed a Statement of Intent to procure 24 Eurofighter Typhoons.[300][301][302][303] On 28 November, Chris Boardman, managing director of BAE Systems Military Air and Information business, told the British Parliament’s Defence Select Committee that negotiations between the UK and Qatar, for the purchase of Typhoon fighters (and Hawk jet trainers) were complete, and the two sides were looking for a suitable date to sign the deal.[304][305][306] On 10 December a deal for Qatar to buy 24 jets, including a support and training package from BAE, with deliveries due to start in 2022, was announced in Doha by Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson and his Qatari counterpart, Khalid bin Mohammed al Attiyah.[307]

In September 2018, Qatar made the first payment for the procurement of 24 Eurofighter Typhoons and 9 BAE Hawk aircraft to BAE Systems, making the contract effective according to BAE.[308]

Potential exports[]

A Typhoon F2 fighter ignites its afterburners whilst taking off from RAF Coningsby MOD 45147957

A Typhoon F2 fighter jet from 29 Squadron RAF ignites its afterburners whilst taking off from RAF Coningsby.

The partner companies have divided the world into regions with BAE selling Typhoons to the Middle East, Alenia Aermacchi pitching to Turkey, and EADS offering to Latin America, India and South Korea.[309][310][311][312] Senior vice-president of Eurofighter sales Peter Maute has said that the Eurofighter could provide a complementary capability to stealth fighters.[313]

Bahrain[]

On 8 August 2013, BAE officials commented that the Royal Bahraini Air Force was considering buying the Eurofighter Typhoon. The Eurofighter Typhoon is being considered along with the JAS 39 Gripen, Dassault Rafale, and F-35 Lightning II for Bahrain's future fighter needs.[314]

Belgium[]

In July 2014, the Eurofighter Typhoon was noted to be one of the contenders to replace Belgium's fleet of ageing F-16A/B MLU's by 2023 as part of the "air combat capability successor program". The requirement stands for 40 aircraft. Other contenders include the SAAB Gripen-E/F, Dassault Rafale, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and F-35A Lightning II. A decision was expected by 2016 and contracts signed by 2018.[315] In 2017, Saab and Boeing withdrew from competition.[citation needed]

The opposition in the federal parliament of Belgium stated that a decision was already made in favour of the American F-35 and that the competition was a cover-up. The opposition concluded that the requirements for the new aircraft were set up such a way that "only the F-35 could possibly meet the requirements". A supposedly leaked document from the Belgian military stated that for Belgium to remain in a strong position in NATO, the aircraft should have a launch capability for the B61 nuclear bombs supposedly stored at the Kleine Brogel Air Base in Belgium. Coalition parties have denied the allegations. They say a decision will be made in 2018 and that parliament could still vote against the selected aircraft.[316]

On 19 April 2017, Boeing pulled out of the competition, stating there "is no level playing field".[317] On 10 July 2017, Saab too announced they would no longer contend for the order, stating that the operational support expected by the Belgian government would be a violation of Swedish neutrality.[318] On 7 September 2017 only Eurofighter and Lockheed-Martin filed an official response to a request for government proposal. Dassault did not respond, alleging the Belgian request deliberately favoured the F-35, and the French government instead proposed a long-term partnership for the development of a new fighter aircraft. Whether Dassault is still in the running was still unknown as of October 2017.[319]

Bulgaria[]

In January 2015, it was revealed that the Eurofighter Typhoon is one of the contenders for Bulgaria's MiG-29 replacement program. This would consist of eight second hand Eurofighters from ex-Italian service, and is in competition with offers for sixteen surplus F-16s from the United States, an unknown number of surplus F-16s from Belgium, or sixteen surplus Saab Gripen C/Ds from Sweden.[320][321]

Canada[]

In December 2012, the Canadian government decided that F-35 costs were much higher than earlier anticipated and hence are looking at the Eurofighter as well as four other fighters to replace their ageing CF-18s.[322] In January 2014 it seemed unlikely that a decision on a replacement would be taken before the next federal election in October 2015.[323] This election occurred, and while Canada was leaning more towards US fighters like the F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet or back to the F-35,[324] as of June 2017 protectionist rhetoric by the US government (and a trade complaint by Boeing against Bombardier) has caused the Canadian government to stop discussions about acquiring the Super Hornet and look at other, potentially non-US options.[325]

Colombia[]

In December 2017, it was reported that Colombia may be interested in procuring a fighter wing's worth of second-hand, Tranche 2 standard Eurofighter Typhoons from Spain, equipped with the advanced Meteor missile.[326]

Finland[]

In October 2014, the Finnish broadcaster Yle announced that the Finnish Air Force was considering the replacement of its ageing F/A-18 Hornets (which entered service in 1995), thus raising the issue of whether the Eurofighter could be a potential successor.[327] In June 2015, a working group set up by the Finnish MoD proposed starting the so-called HX Fighter Program to replace the Air Force's current fleet of ageing F/A-18 Hornet, which would reach the end of their service life by the end of the 2020s. The group recognises five potential types: Boeing Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Lockheed Martin F-35 and Saab JAS Gripen.[328]

The request for information concerning the HX Fighter Program was sent in early 2016; the five responses were received in November 2016. A call for tender will be sent in spring 2018 and the buying decision is scheduled to take place in 2021.[329]

Germany[]

On 24 April 2018 Airbus and the Eurofighter consortium submitted a bid to replace Germany's 90 strong fleet of Panavia Tornado which are operated in the ground attack and electronic warfare role. The Typhoon submitted for the bid has its EJ200 engine's thrust uprated by 15% to increase range and payload capacity, as well as further development of the Captor-E radar's functionality.[98] Germany already operates 130 Typhoons in an air defence role.

Indonesia[]

Eurofighter and other fighter builders responded to a request for information issued by the Indonesian government in January 2015 for a fighter to replace the ageing F-5s currently in service with the Air Force.[330] Eurofighter is offering its latest version of the Typhoon, equipped with Captor-E AESA radar, for Indonesia’s F-5 replacement programme.[331]

Malaysia[]

In December 2009, BAE Systems announced plans to market the Typhoon to the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) to replace its ageing Mikoyan MiG-29Ns. According to the Regional Director-Business Development Dave Potter, the Typhoon's multi-role capabilities allow it to replace the MiG-29N.[332] Other contenders include Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale and JAS 39 Gripen NG.[333] In October 2016, Malaysia's Minister of Defence stated that the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon were the only competitors to replace its Mig-29s.[334] In 2017, it was announced that Malaysia had postponed its plan to purchase replacement multi-role combat aircraft in favour of improving its aerial reconnaissance capabilities.[335][336] In February 2018, BAE Systems offered UK government financing if it decided to purchase the Typhoon.[337][338]

Peru[]

On 4 February 2013, Spain announced a proposed sale of 18 Tranche 1 aircraft to the Peruvian Air Force, at a reported value of €45 million each. The intention was to transfer aircraft currently in Spanish service within a year of contract signature. Talks had been ongoing since November 2012 but the Typhoon is still in contention with the Saab Gripen NG and Sukhoi Su-30/35.[339]

Poland[]

Poland is planning to purchase 64 multirole combat aircraft from 2021 as part of the country's modernisation plans. The new fighters will replace the Polish Air Force's ageing fleet of Sukhoi Su-22M4 'Fitter-K' ground attack aircraft and Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A' fighter aircraft. Planned open tender procedure could include the F-35 Lightning II, JAS 39 Gripen E/F, the newest variants of Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale, and the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[340][341][342][343]

According to the announcement made by the Armament Inspectorate on 23 November 2017, Poland has initiated the procedure to acquire new fighter aircraft for the Polish Air Force.[344] On 22 December 2017, five entities have expressed their intention to participate in the potential procurement of new fighter aircraft, referred to as “Harpia” (Harpy eagle). Companies that expressed their interest in the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft portion of the initiative include: Saab AB with Gripen NG, Lockheed Martin with F-35, Boeing Company with F/A-18, Leonardo S.p.A. with Eurofighter Typhoon and Fights-On Logistics with second hand F-16s.[345]

Serbia[]

In 2010, the government of Serbia displayed open interest in the Eurofighter and competing products.[346] In June 2013, defence minister Aleksandar Vučić suggested that Serbia might purchase six MiG-29M/M2 instead.[347]

Vietnam[]

In June 2015 it was reported that Vietnam had been in discussions about the purchase of Eurofighter Typhoons to replace MiG-21s in their aircraft inventory. The talks were reported as ongoing but no decision was expected soon. Saab's Gripen E and Sukhoi's Su-57 were also involved in the discussions for Vietnam's next fighter requirement.[348]

Failed bids[]

Denmark[]

The Royal Danish Air Force is replacing its ageing fleet of F-16AM and F-16BMs. Besides Eurofighter Typhoon there were two other competitors—the Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornet and the F-35 Lightning II. Denmark is a level-3 partner in the Joint Strike Fighter programme, and has already invested US$200 million.

On 12 May 2016 the Danish minority government recommended that 27 F-35A fighters, instead of 34 Typhoons, should be procured.[349][350] On 9 June the Danish parliament selected the Joint Strike Fighter.[351]

Greece[]

In 1999, the Greek government agreed to acquire 20 Typhoons to replace its existing second-generation combat aircraft.[352] The purchase was put on hold due to budget constraints, largely driven by other development programmes and the need to cover the cost of the 2004 Summer Olympics. In June 2006 the government announced a €22 billion multi-year acquisition plan intended to provide the necessary budgetary framework to enable the purchase of a next-generation fighter over the next 10 years and the Typhoon was under consideration to fill this requirement.[353] In December 2011 it was announced that the Eurofighter consortium office in Greece was to close because Greece would not be in a position to order any new aircraft before 2018 or 2020.[354]

India[]

Eurofighter was one of the six aircraft competing for the Indian MRCA competition for 126 multi-role fighters. In April 2011, the Indian Air Force (IAF) shortlisted the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon for the US$10.4 billion contract.[355] On 31 January 2012, the IAF announced the Rafale as the preferred bidder in the competition.[356][357]

Japan[]

In March 2007, Jane's Information Group reported that the Typhoon was the favourite to win the contest for Japan's next-generation fighter requirement.[358] The other competitors then were the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle.[358] On 17 October 2007, Japanese Defence Minister Shigeru Ishiba confirmed that Japan may buy the Typhoon. Although the F-22 Raptor was in his words "exceptional", it was not "absolutely necessary for Japan", and the Typhoon was the best alternative.[359] The F-22 is currently unavailable for export per US law. During a visit to Japan in June 2009, Andy Latham of BAE pointed out that while F-22 exports were restricted to keep advanced military technology from falling into the wrong hands, selling the Typhoon would take a "no black box approach", that is that even licensed production and integration with Japanese equipment would not carry the risk of leakage of restricted military technology.[360] In July 2010, it was reported that the Japan Air Self-Defense Force favoured acquiring the F-35 ahead of the Typhoon and the F/A-18E/F to fulfill its F-X requirement due to its stealth characteristics, but the Defense Ministry was delaying its budget request to evaluate when the F-35 would be produced and delivered.[361] David Howell of the UK Foreign Office has suggested that Japan could partner with Britain in the continuing development of the Eurofighter.[362] On 20 December 2011, the Japanese Government announced its intention to purchase 42 F-35s. The purchase decision was influenced by the F-35's stealth characteristics, with the Defence Minister Yasuo Ichikawa saying, "There are changes in the security environment and the actions of various nations and we want to have a fighter that has the capacity to cope".[363]

Norway[]

Norway considered purchasing the Eurofighter,[364] but in 2012 signed the largest public procurement project in the country's history (worth $10bn) for the F-35A.[365]

Singapore[]

In 2005 the Eurofighter was a contender for Singapore's next generation fighter requirement competing with the Boeing F-15SG and the Dassault Rafale. The Eurofighter was eliminated from the competition in June 2005[366] and the F-15SG was selected in September 2005.[367]

South Korea[]

In 2002, the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) chose the F-15K Slam Eagle over the Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon and Sukhoi Su-35 for its 40 aircraft F-X Phase I fighter competition. During 2012–13, the Typhoon competed with the Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle and the F-35 for the ROKAF's F-X Phase III fighter competition. In August 2013 it was announced that the F-15SE was the only remaining candidate, however the award was cancelled and in November 2013, it was announced that the ROKAF will purchase 40 F-35A's.[368]

Switzerland[]

In February 2007, it was reported that Switzerland was considering the Eurofighter, the Rafale and the Saab JAS 39 Gripen to replace its Northrop F-5 Tiger IIs.[369] A one-month evaluation started in October 2008 at Emmen Airforce Base consisting of approximately 30 evaluation flights.[370] On 30 November 2011 the Swiss Federal Council announced that it was planning to buy 22 Gripen NGs due to its lower acquisition and maintenance costs.[371] A leaked Swiss Air Force evaluation report revealed that the Rafale won the competition on technical grounds and Dassault offered to lower the price for 18 Rafales.[372]

Turkey[]

Turkey was considering a purchase of Eurofighter, but in 2009 it decided to purchase a larger number of F-35s and it has subsequently stated that "Eurofighter is off Turkey's agenda".[373][374]

United Arab Emirates[]

In November 2012, the UK government announced the formation of a formal defence and industrial partnership with the United Arab Emirates, paving the way for potential Typhoon sales with BAE Systems.[375] On 19 December 2013 it was announced that UAE had decided not to proceed with the deal for the supply of defence and security services, including the supply of Typhoon aircraft.[376] Analysts estimated that the break-off was due to the producing nations' lack of commitment for radar upgrades.[377]

Variants[]

The Eurofighter is produced in single-seat and twin-seat variants. The twin-seat variant is not used operationally, but only for training, though it is combat capable. The aircraft has been manufactured in three major standards; seven Development Aircraft (DA), seven production standard Instrumented Production Aircraft (IPA) for further system development[378] and a continuing number of Series Production Aircraft. The production aircraft are now operational with the partner nation's air forces.

The Tranche 1 aircraft were produced from 2000 onwards. Aircraft capabilities are being increased incrementally, with each software upgrade resulting in a different standard, known as blocks.[379] With the introduction of the block 5 standard, the R2 retrofit programme began to bring all Tranche 1 aircraft to that standard.[379]

Operators[]

Eurofighter operators

Eurofighter Typhoon operators in blue with orders in cyan

Eurofighter Typhoon 02

Italian Eurofighter Typhoon

Spanish Eurofigther RIAT 2007 (cropped)

Spanish Eurofighter Typhoon

Typhoon f2 zj910 arp

RAF Typhoon F2

Eurofighter 98+03

German Eurofighter 98+03

Flag of Austria Austria
Flag of Germany Germany
Flag of Italy Italy
Flag of Kuwait Kuwait
Flag of Oman Oman
Flag of Qatar Qatar
Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
Flag of Spain Spain
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom

Accidents[]

By September 2017, there had been four fatal crashes in about 240,000 flight hours, flown by 406 aircraft, delivered to six different air forces.[396]

  • On 21 November 2002, the Spanish twin-seat Typhoon prototype DA-6 crashed due to a double engine flameout caused by surges of the two engines at 45,000 ft. The two crew members escaped unhurt and the aircraft crashed in a military test range near Toledo, some 70 miles (110 km) from its base at Getafe Air Base.[397][398]
  • On 23 April 2008, a Royal Air Force Typhoon FGR4 from 17 Squadron at RAF Coningsby, tail number ZJ943, made a wheels–up landing at the US Navy's NAWS China Lake, in the United States.[399] The aircraft was severely damaged and was returned to the UK on 27 October 2008. The pilot from 17 Squadron did not sustain any significant injury. It is thought the pilot may have forgotten to deploy the undercarriage or that for some reason he was not alerted to the fact that the undercarriage was not deployed.[400][401]
  • On 24 August 2010, a Spanish twin-seat Typhoon crashed at Spain's Morón Air Base moments after take-off for a routine training flight. It was being piloted by a Lieutenant Colonel of the Royal Saudi Arabian Air Force, who was killed, and a Spanish Air Force Major, who ejected safely.[402] Following this incident, the German Air Force grounded its 55 planes on 16 September 2010,[403][404] amidst concerns that after ejecting successfully the pilot had fallen to his death. In response to the crash's investigation, the RAF temporarily grounded all Typhoon training flights on 17 September 2010. Quick Reaction Alert duties were unaffected.[405] On 21 September, the RAF announced that the harness system had been sufficiently modified to enable routine flying from RAF Coningsby. The Austrian Air Force also said that all its aircraft had been cleared for flight.[406] On 24 August 2010, the ejection seat manufacturer Martin Baker commented: "... under certain conditions, the quick release fitting could be unlocked using the palm of the hands, rather than the thumb and fingers and that this posed a risk of inadvertent release", and added that a modification had been rapidly developed and approved "to eliminate this risk" and was being fitted to all Typhoon seats.[407]
  • On 9 June 2014, the Spanish Air Ministry announced that a Typhoon had crashed at Spain's Morón Air Base on landing after a routine training flight. The sole pilot, Captain Fernando Lluna Carrascosa of the Spanish Air Force, who had over 600 Eurofighter flying hours, died in the crash. The aircraft was one of the 46 aircraft of the Air Force's 111 and 113 squadrons. The cause of the accident was unclear.[396][408][409][410]
  • On 23 June 2014, a Typhoon of the German Air Force suffered a mid-air collision with a Learjet 35A, which crashed near Olsberg, Germany. The severely damaged Eurofighter made a safe landing at Nörvenich Air Base, while the Learjet crashed with the two onboard killed.[411][412]
  • On 1 September 2017, a Royal Air Force Typhoon overran the runway on landing at Pardubice Airport, Czech Republic, after diverting for bad weather.[413]
  • On 14 September 2017, a Royal Saudi Air Force aircraft crashed in Yemen's Abhyan province while carrying out a combat mission, killing its pilot. According to a Saudi Government press release, the aircraft crashed due to technical reasons and pilot Lt Col Muhanna Al-Baiz did not survive.[414]
  • On 24 September 2017, an Italian Air Force aircraft crashed into the sea during an airshow in Terracina, Lazio, Italy. The pilot Capt. Gabriele Orlandi did not eject and died in the accident.[415] The Italian Air Force said the jet completed a loop but then failed to get enough lift as it approached sea level and hit the water just a few hundred meters offshore. The body of the pilot was recovered soon after. An investigation was opened into the cause.[416]
  • On 12 October 2017, a Spanish Air Force Typhoon crashed near its base at Los Llanos Albacete, Spain, when returning from the military parade for the Spanish National Day. The pilot was reported to have died.[417]

Aircraft on display[]

Germany
  • The first development aircraft Eurofighter DA-1 can be seen at the Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim at Oberschleißheim Airport in the north of Munich. Its first flight took place in 1994 and it was handed over to the museum in 2008.[418]
United Kingdom
  • Eurofighter DA-2 Typhoon (serial number ZH588) is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum London. This aircraft is one of seven EF 2000 development aircraft built by the Eurofighter Partner Companies, and was used for flight testing. The aircraft was delivered by road on 22 January 2008. It is hanging in the Museum's Milestones of Flight Exhibition Hall.[419]
  • In 2009 Typhoon DA-4, serial number ZH590, went on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford after being given to the museum by the Ministry of Defence in 2008. It is exhibited as part of the museum's 'AirSpace' gallery, as an example of the development of aircraft technology.[420]

Specifications[]

Eurofighter Typhoon line drawing
Eurofighter triebwerk

EJ200 engine (foreground)

EJ200-Eurofighter-Turbine-apel

The aircraft's turbofan engine (front)

Irist expo mount

German ground crew mount an IRIS-T to a Eurofighter.

Data from RAF Typhoon data,[421] Air Forces Monthly,[173] Superfighters,[422] and Brassey's Modern Fighters[423]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 (operational aircraft) or 2 (training aircraft)
  • Length: 15.96 m (52.4 ft)
  • Wingspan: 10.95 m (35.9 ft)
  • Height: 5.28 m (17.3 ft)
  • Wing area: 51.2 m²[424] (551 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 11,000 kg[425][N 6] (24,000 lb)
  • Loaded weight: 16,000 kg[426][N 7] (35,270 lb)
  • Max. takeoff weight: 23,500 kg[424] (51,800 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Eurojet EJ200 afterburning turbofan
    • Dry thrust: 60 kN (13,500 lbf) each
    • Thrust with afterburner: >90 kN[425][427] (20,230 lbf) each
  • Fuel capacity: 5,000 kg (11,020 lb) internal[428][429]

Performance

  • Maximum speed:
    • At altitude: Mach 2 class[430] (2,495 km/h or 1,550 mph at 10,975m altitude)[431][432]
    • At sea level: Mach 1.25[423] (1,530 km/h or 950 mph)[433]
    • Supercruise: Mach 1.5[175]
  • Range: 2,900 km (1,800 mi)
  • Combat radius:
    (with 3 × external 1,000 l tanks)
    • Ground attack, lo-lo-lo: 601 km (325 nmi)
    • Ground attack, hi-lo-hi: 1,389 km (750 nmi)
    • Air defence with 3-hr combat air patrol: 185 km (100 nmi)
    • Air defence with 10-min. loiter: 1,389 km (750 nmi)[424][434]
  • Ferry range: >3,790 km(2,350 mi; with 3 × drop tanks)
  • Service ceiling: 19,812 m (65,000 ft[435][436])
  • Rate of climb: >318 m/s[437][N 8][438] (62,600 ft/min)
  • Wing loading: 312 kg/m²[424] (63.9 lb/ft²)
  • Thrust/weight: 1.15 (interceptor configuration)[424][439]
  • g-load limits: +9 g to −3 g[440]
  • Brakes-off to Take-off acceleration: <8 s
  • Brakes-off to supersonic acceleration: <30 s
  • Brakes-off to Mach 1.6 at 11,000 m (36,000 ft): <150 s[441][N 9]

Armament

Avionics

See also[]

References[]

Notes[]

  1. The P.106 was in actuality, the P.106B. The P.106A was a single-engined version of the original P.96.[17]
  2. The change in Austria's order from 6 Tranche 1 and 12 Tranche 2 aircraft to 15 Tranche 1 jets led to a reduction in Tranche 1 quantities for the four partner nations, with a commensurate increase in Tranche 2 numbers.
  3. 24 Saudi aircraft were taken from UK Tranche 2 production, and were to have been replaced at the end of Tranche 2, but will now be accounted against the UK's Tranche 3A total. This marks an effective reduction of 24 aircraft in the UK order total.[44]
  4. Quote: "The RAF Tranche 3 aircraft also are being prepared to use conformal fuel tanks, which are viewed as attractive once new weapons are fielded that would bar the use of external fuel tanks."
  5. This report has a lot of detail on the RAF austere air-to-ground programme CP193. Typhoon didn't deploy to Afghanistan in the end because the aircraft intended for Britain's first squadrons of multirole Typhoons were diverted to the Saudi order, but CP193 capabilities were used in Libya in 2011.[194]
  6. 16,000 kg for interceptor configuration per Jane's All the World's Aircraft minus 5,000kg internal fuel capacity per Eurofighter World.
  7. Max T–O weight is 23,500 kg maximum, 16,000 kg for interceptor configuration per Jane's All the World's Aircraft.[424]
  8. The Eurofighter's ability to climb is, according to Schirdewahn, "about 25 per cent better than that of the F-16 Fighting Falcon."
  9. Air superiority configuration.

Citations[]

  1. 1.0 1.1 "1994: Maiden flight for future fighter jet." BBC News, 27 February 1994. Retrieved: 19 March 2008.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 http://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/o&d/2018-03_MRS_GEN_Ord-Deliv_by_country.pdf
  3. "BAE Systems sheds 2,000 jobs in Britain". The Economist. 12 October 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21730208-defence-giant-poised-take-advantage-global-rise-military-spending-bae. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 "Haushaltsausschuss billigt Bundeswehrprojekte (in German." bmvg.de, 17 June 2009. Retrieved: 20 February 2011.
  5. "Management of the Typhoon Project." National Audit Office, United Kingdom, March 2011.
  6. "Benefits to Industry". eurofighter.com. http://www.eurofighter.com/media/press-office/facts-sheet-mediakit/benefits-to-industry.html. Retrieved 31 January 2012. 
  7. "Overview". eurofighter.com. http://www.eurofighter.com/eurofighter-typhoon/swing-role/air-superiority/overview1.html. Retrieved 31 January 2012. 
  8. "Fighter Focus: Eurofighter and Gripen". http://www.xairforces.net/newsd.asp?newsid=2557&newst=4. Retrieved 6 September 2017. 
  9. "Eurofighter and NETMA Strike Logistics Deal". Jane's International Defence Review. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Industry-2007/Eurofighter-and-NETMA-strike-logistics-deal.html. Retrieved 3 July 2011. 
  10. Janes Defence Weekly, Vol 52 Fighting Fit, page XL
  11. 11.0 11.1 Boot 1990, pp. 229–233.
  12. Buttler 2000, pp. 131–134.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Eurofighter Typhoon Multirole Fighter – History, Specs and Data." militaryfactory.com. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  14. "Unmanned jet becomes first aircraft in the world to fly without 'flaps'" Daily Mail (7 October 2010). Retrieved on 16 August 2013.
  15. 15.0 15.1 Buttler 1990, p. 134.
  16. 16.0 16.1 Butler 2000, p. 135.
  17. Boot 1990, pp. 79–82.
  18. 18.0 18.1 Buttler 2000, p. 137.
  19. Nicholls, Mark et al. Eurofighter. Key Publishing "on behalf of Eurofighter GmbH", 2003. Retrieved: 23 May 2008.
  20. Lewis, Paul. "3 European Countries Plan Jet Fighter Project." The New York Times, 3 August 1985, p. 31.
  21. "Eurofighter: Spain joins the club." The Economist, 17 September 1985, p. 68.
  22. 22.0 22.1 "BAe uncovers EAP." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 28 April 1986, p. 10.
  23. Fairhill, David. "Euro-fighter goes supersonic on maiden flight: First test flight of EAP aircraft in Lancashire." The Guardian, 7 August 1986.
  24. Cowton, Rodney. "Eurofighter partners: West Germany, Britain, Italy and Spain." The Times, 7 June 1986.
  25. Spick 2000, p. 438.
  26. Miller, Charles. "Radar Deal Keeps Britain in Forefront of Airborne Technology." The Press Association Ltd., May 1990.
  27. 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Eurofighter: Weapon of Mass Construction (TV broadcast). BBC, 6 July 2003 airdate.
  28. Haertl, Ronald. "Eurofighter- A Milestone Report." Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. European Security and Defence. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  29. Hastings, David. "Eurofighter Typhoon." Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. targetlock.org, 6 October 2009. Retrieved: 12 October 2009.
  30. Hoeveler, Wolfdietrich and Phillip Lee. "First Tranche 2 Eurofighter Typhoon Has Flown." eurofighter.com, 2009. Retrieved: 12 October 2009.
  31. BBC "Euro-fighter contracts signed." BBC News, 30 January 1998. Retrieved: 18 September 2007.
  32. "Storm over 'Typhoon' name for Eurofighter." BBC News, 2 September 1998. Retrieved: 18 September 2007.
  33. Chuter, Andy. "EF2000 deal firms up first batch order." Flight International, 23 September 1998.
  34. Holm, Kathryn and Martina Schmidmeir. "German Air Force: 10,000 Flying Hours with the Eurofighter." Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter.com, 16 March 2009. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  35. "New Typhoons fly into RAF Coningsby." Archived 24 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Mod.uk via Defence News, 20 February 2007. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  36. Hoyle, Craig. "Eurofighter nations offered split deal for Tranche 3 order." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 7 October 2008. Retrieved: 30 November 2009.
  37. Rayment, Sean. "RAF chief predicts controversial takeover of Royal Naval air power." Telegraph, 7 June 2009. Retrieved: 30 November 2009.
  38. Miatt, Rob and John Neilson. "BAE Systems Welcomes Signing of Typhoon Tranche 3 Production Contract." BAE Systems, 31 July 2009. Retrieved: 30 November 2009.
  39. 39.0 39.1 39.2 Hoyle, Craig. "Eurofighter partners sign €9 billion Tranche 3A deal." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 31 July 2009. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  40. Doyle, Andrew. "UK has 'no obligation' to meet 232-aircraft Typhoon pledge." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 19 September 2009. Retrieved: 21 July 2010.
  41. Sanchez, Miguel and Serena Di Martino. "EADS-CASA begins the Eurofighter Typhoon final assembly phase." eads.com, 26 July 2001. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  42. ""Production for the United Kingdom" at targetlock.org.uk". Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150428020549/http://www.targetlock.org.uk/typhoon/production_uk.html. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  43. Hoyle, Craig. "UK to receive first Tranche 2 Eurofighter Typhoons." Flightglobal.com, 21 October 2008. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  44. "Der Darabos-Deal." Airpower.at, 2 April 2007. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  45. "House of Commons Daily Debates, column 1055." Hansard, 9 March 2009. Retrieved: 30 November 2009.
  46. Lomax, David. "Air farce one." Telegraph.co.uk, 4 January 2004. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  47. "Company News: European Consortium Gets Fighter Contract." The New York Times, 25 November 1988. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  48. Greenhouse, Steven. "European Fighter: Cost vs. Pride." The New York Times Special, 21 February 1989. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  49. "The impact of the large cost overruns and delays." House of Commons.
  50. "Select Committee on Defence Sixth Report: Progress on key projects." House of Commons, 24 June 2004. Retrieved: 19 December 2006.
  51. "NAO report (HC 98-i 2007–2008)." Archived 5 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Ministry of Defence: Major Projects Report 2007. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  52. "Management of the Typhoon Project".
  53. "Multibillion Eurofighter Typhoon overspend revealed". https://www.channel4.com/news/multibillion-eurofighter-typhoon-overspend-revealed. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  54. "Kunden kämpfen mit Eurofighter (in German)." tagesspiegel.de, 12 October 2007. Retrieved: 20 February 2011.
  55. Abbas, Mohammed. "Watchdog slams delays, high costs of Typhoon jet." Reuters, 15 April 2011.
  56. Ministerio de Defensa (September 2011). "Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs)" (in Spanish). Madrid: Grupo Atenea. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131024113307/http://www.revistatenea.es/revistaatenea/revista/PDF/documentos/Documento_1026.pdf. Retrieved 30 September 2012. 
  57. "Eurofighter Typhoon Flight Milestone: 50,000 Hours and Climbing." Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter.com, 11 September 2008. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  58. "Unique AMRAAM Firing with Eurofighter Typhoon ." Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter.com, 1 April 2009. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  59. "Outstanding Success For Typhoon As It Achieves 100,000 flying hours" http://www.baesystems.com[dead link], 25 January 2011. Retrieved: 28 January 2011.
  60. "Eurofighter Approaching True Potential". http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2016-07-12/eurofighter-approaching-true-potential. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  61. "FARNBOROUGH: BAE wins 10-year Typhoon support deal". 15 July 2016. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-bae-wins-10-year-typhoon-support-deal-427433/. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  62. "UK to drive down Typhoon operating costs to match F-16". 20 July 2017. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-to-drive-down-typhoon-operating-costs-to-match-f-439514/. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  63. 63.0 63.1 63.2 "MBDA Signs $1.9 Billion Meteor Missile Contract." Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Defense Daily, 6 January 2003. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  64. "MoD Major Projects Report 2008." Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. National Audit Office, 18 December 2008, p. 22. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  65. Hoyle, Craig. "MBDA completes Meteor test campaign, launches production." Flight International, 26 June 2012. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  66. 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 Lake, Jon. "P1E – Typhoon Prepares For Leap In Capability." Archived 20 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter World (Eurofighter Gmbh), July 2012, pp. 8–12. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  67. "Eurofighter Unveils Major Upgrade Package". Eurofighter GmgH. 22 May 2014. http://www.defencetalk.com/eurofighter-unveils-major-upgrade-package-59672/. Retrieved 22 May 2014. 
  68. "Budget pressures halt Eurofighter Tranche 3B talks, says Cassidian boss". 30 March 2011. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/budget-pressures-halt-eurofighter-tranche-3b-talks-354941/. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  69. "Germany Cuts Order for Eurofighter Jets". AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE. 20 February 2014. http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140220/DEFREG01/302200036. Retrieved 20 February 2014. 
  70. "Middle East Customers Funding Eurofighter Upgrades.". Aviation International News. http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-07-26/middle-east-customers-funding-eurofighter-upgrades. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  71. "ADS Advance - RAF pilots successfully test Typhoon enhancements". http://www.adsadvance.co.uk/raf-pilots-successfully-test-typhoon-enhancements.html. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  72. "Eurofighter Typhoon - RAF pilots successfully test threat awareness and pilot safety enhancements for Typhoon jets". https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2016/01/raf-pilots-successfully-test-threat-awareness-and-pilot-safety-enhancements-for-typhoon-jets. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  73. "British Pilots Push Eurofighter Typhoon Upgrades". http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2016-01-25/british-pilots-push-eurofighter-typhoon-upgrades. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  74. Eshel, Tamir. "RAF Testing Threat Awareness and Pilot Safety Enhancements for the Typhoon - Defense Update:". http://defense-update.com/20160125_typhoon_p2e.html. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  75. "Typhoon to display P3E weapons fit at RIAT and Farnborough - IHS Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/article/61907/typhoon-to-display-p3e-weapons-fit-at-riat-and-farnborough. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  76. Media, Red Mist. "Your Defence News - Successful flight trails completed ahead of Brimstone weapon firing on Eurofighter Typhoon jet". http://www.yourdefencenews.com/successful%20flight%20trails%20completed%20ahead%20of%20brimstone%20weapon%20firing%20on%20eurofighter%20typhoon%20jet_134786.html. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  77. "U.K. Typhoon enhancements enter operational evaluation phase". http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2016/10/24/UK-Typhoon-enhancements-enter-operational-evaluation-phase/2051477316863/. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  78. "Operational Evaluation Commences for RAF Typhoon Fleet Enhancements Under Project Centurion". http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/178224/raf-begins-evaluation-of-typhoon%E2%80%99s-centurion-upgrade-package.html. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  79. "Successful development testing of Meteor missiles from Typhoon aircraft has been completed, leading to an Operational evaluation with the UK Royal Air Force later this year". BAE Systems. 17 April 2017. http://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/successful-dual-firing-marks-major-milestone-on-meteor-programme-for-eurofighter-typhoon. Retrieved 3 June 2017. 
  80. Air Power Australia (27 January 2014). "Russian / PLA Low Band Surveillance Radar Systems (Counter Low Observable Technology Radars)". Ausairpower.net. http://ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Low-Band-Radars.html. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  81. "New Selex ES expendable active decoy ‘BriteCloud’ selected by Saab for Gripen fighter - DETAIL - Leonardo". http://www.uk.leonardocompany.com/-/britecloudlaunch. Retrieved 20 July 2016. 
  82. 2 December 2013 by admin (2 December 2013). "Aircraft Self-protection Against Sophistication – Armada". Armada.ch. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141221135008/http://www.armada.ch/aircraft-self-protection-sophistication/. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  83. Doye, Andrew."Eurojet pushes thrust-vectoring technology for Typhoon." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 18 October 2009. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  84. 84.0 84.1 CHUTER, ANDREW (20 November 2013). "Eurofighter Aims for AESA Radar Contract by Mid-2014". Gannett Government Media Corporation. http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131120/DEFREG04/311200029. Retrieved 20 November 2013. 
  85. Wall, George. "U.K. Pushes On Typhoon Upgrades." Aviationweek.com, 18 August 2009. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  86. "BAE Systems begins new round of CFT trials for Typhoon - IHS Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/article/36893/bae-systems-begins-new-round-of-cft-trials-for-typhoon. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  87. "BAE Systems Unveils Digital Striker II Helmet-Mounted Display System with Superior Tracking, Night Vision Capabilities". http://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/bae-systems-unveils-digital-striker-ii-helmetmounted-display-system-with-superior-tracking-night-vision-capabilities. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  88. "Trials of advanced fighter pilot helmet prove successful". http://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/trials-of-bae-systems-advanced-fighter-pilot-helmet-prove-successful. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  89. "Farnborough 2016: Colour comes to Striker II HMD - IHS Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/article/62284/farnborough-2016-colour-comes-to-striker-ii-hmd. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  90. "BAE to study common weapon launcher for Typhoon". 1 June 2015. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bae-to-study-common-weapon-launcher-for-typhoon-412903/. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  91. "Flight-test of Eurofighter aerodynamic upgrades completed". Airbus Defence and Space. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150715200738/http://airbusdefenceandspace.com/newsroom/news-and-features/flight-test-of-eurofighter-aerodynamic-upgrades-completed/. Retrieved 15 July 2015. 
  92. Thisdell, Dan (13 July 2014). "FARNBOROUGH: Typhoon brews up radar storm". Reed Business Information. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-typhoon-brews-up-radar-storm-401344/. Retrieved 15 July 2015. 
  93. "Flight-test of Eurofighter aerodynamic upgrades completed". http://company.airbus.com/news-media/press-releases/Airbus-Group/Financial_Communication/2015/07/20150715_airbus_defence_and_space_eurofighter_aerodynamic_upgrades.html. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  94. "Finmeccanica demos air-to-ground Mode 5 Reverse-IFF capability for Typhoons - Industry & Member News - ADS Group". Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161022110339/https://www.adsgroup.org.uk/membership/member-news/finmeccanica-demos-air-to-ground-mode-5-reverse-iff-capability-for-typhoons/. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  95. "Finmeccanica Demonstrates Air-to-Ground Mode 5 Reverse-IFF Capability with Italian Typhoons". http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/173215/italian-typhoons-demo-mode-5-reverse-iff-capability.html. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  96. "Italian Typhoons demonstrate air-to-ground IFF capability". 26 April 2016. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/italian-typhoons-demonstrate-air-to-ground-iff-capab-424618/. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  97. "Eurofighter is the ‘logical’ choice for Germany". https://world.eurofighter.com/articles/eurofighter-is-the-logical-choice-for-germany. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  98. 98.0 98.1 "ILA: Eurofighter to upgrade Typhoon engine to lift sales". 25 April 2018. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ila-eurofighter-to-upgrade-typhoon-engine-to-lift-s-448005/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  99. http://aviationweek.com/awindefense/eurofighter-details-german-tornado-replacement
  100. 100.0 100.1 "Missile systems for the BAE Systems Typhoon at the Farnborough...". https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/missile-systems-for-the-bae-systems-typhoon-at-the-news-photo/1000722016#missile-systems-for-the-bae-systems-typhoon-at-the-farnborough-on-picture-id1000722016. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  101. "Eurofighter Flight Control Systems." Archived 1 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. starstreak.net. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  102. "Eurofighter Hydraulics System."[dead link] Eurofighter GmbH. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.[dead link]
  103. "Carbon Fibre Composites." Eurofighter GmbH. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  104. Doyle, Andrew. "UK looks to extend Eurofighter Typhoon's fatigue life." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 26 August 2009. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  105. John Pike. "Eurofighter Typhoon EF-2000". globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/eurofighter.htm. Retrieved 3 November 2015. 
  106. "F-35: a game changer in modern warfare". 24 October 2011. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/10/205_97236.html. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  107. 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 "Eurofighter Design Features." eurofighter-typhoon.co.uk. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  108. Bonelli, Marco Valerio. "The Stealthy Eurofighter Typhoon." Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  109. Richardson 2001, p. 113.
  110. "Airpower FAQ" (German). "English translation." google.com. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  111. "India and the Rafale, Anatomy of a Bad Deal". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, April 2012.
  112. Neblett, Evan et al. "Canards." Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. AOE 4124: Configuration Aerodynamics. Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech., 17 March 2003. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  113. "Faq Eurofighter (translation)." google.com. Retrieved: 29 November 2009.
  114. "Austrian Eurofighter committee of inquiry: Brigadier Dipl.Ing.Knoll about Eurofighter and Stealth, pp. 76–77. (English translation)" google.com. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  115. Owen, Paul S. "Eurofighter cockpit." Eurofighter-typhoon.co.uk 7 December 1997. Retrieved: 28 November 2009. Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  116. "Eurofighter Typhoon - The world's most advanced fighter aircraft". http://www.eurofighter.com/the-aircraft. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  117. "Cockpit – General Features". eurofighter.com
  118. "Hand on Throttle & Stick (HOTAS)". eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 17 December 2011.
  119. "Eurofighter Cockpit Ingress & Egress." Eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  120. De Clercq, Geert. "New helmet to give Typhoon pilots killer look." Reuters, 24 June 2011.
  121. "Life Support System & Aircrew Equipment Assembly (AEA)." Eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  122. "Libelle Multi G Plus." Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Lssag.ch. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  123. Libelle Multi G Plus German "Translation." airpower.at. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  124. "Multi G Plus officially for Eurofighter pilots introduced." DLGR Info, March 2005, p. 3. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  125. "Automatic Recovery System." eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 3 February 2012.
  126. "Flight Control System." Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. targetlock.org.uk. Retrieved: 3 February 2012.
  127. "Janes: Aircraft Control and Monitoring Systems." (archive version) Jane's Information Group, 2008.
  128. "Defence Annual Report 2002-03 Analysis III. (PDF)." aph.gov.au. Retrieved: 28 November 2009. Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  129. "Eurofighter capability, page DVI 36 – 38. (PDF)." mil.no. Retrieved: 28 November 2009. Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  130. 130.0 130.1 "Direct Voice Input." Eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 30 March 2012.
  131. "BAE Systems delivers first Eurofighter Typhoon Ground Proximity Warning." Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter GmbH. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  132. "Data Link Solutions Delivers First Production MIDS Low Volume Terminal for Eurofighter 2000 Aircraft." Ipunwired.com, 23 April 2002. Retrieved: 3 July 2011. Archived 17 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  133. "16 July 2008 – Farnborough day III: Rauen speaks, media listen." Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter GmbH. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  134. "Praetorian defensive aids system (International), Airborne active and passive countermeasures systems and defensive aids suites (DAS)." Janes.com, 9 April 2009. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  135. "DASS / Defensive Aids Sub System." Eurofighter.airpower.at, 31 March 2007. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  136. Chris Pocock (20 June 2011). "Paris 2011: Selex sets itself apart in Europe's electronic warfare stakes | Aviation International News". Ainonline.com. http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2011-06-20/paris-2011-selex-sets-itself-apart-europes-electronic-warfare-stakes. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  137. "Microsoft PowerPoint – Bacchelli" (PDF). http://www.myaoc.org/eweb/images/aoc_library/Events/2002/102802_CONV/02CONV_Proceedings/Day2/Track2/Bacchelli.pdf. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  138. "Sensor fusion". 16 June 1999. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sensor-fusion-52559/atta. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  139. 139.0 139.1 Paul S. Owen. "Eurofighter Technology and Performance : Sensors". Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141127103445/http://typhoon.starstreak.net/Eurofighter/sensors.html. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  140. "Northrop Grumman and Royal Air Force Demonstrate Enhanced Airborne Communications Interoperability Between 5th and 4th Generation Fast-Jet Aircraft". https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-and-royal-air-force-demonstrate-enhanced-airborne-communications-interoperability-between-5th-and-4th-generation-fast-jet-aircraft. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  141. Das "Captor" Radar "Translation." google.de. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  142. "Running the Gauntlet | newspaper=." onetoone The RAF Conningsby Journal (Royal Air Force), 2012, p. 10. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  143. "Bundeswehr Plan 2009, p. 67" (in German). geopowers.com. Retrieved: 28 October 2010. Archived 23 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  144. "Eurofighter’s Future: Tranche 3, and Beyond." Defense Industry Daily, 27 April 2011.
  145. Parker, Ian. "Avionics Crown Typhoon Performance." Aviationtoday.com, 1 August 2006. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  146. [ "Eurofighter Chronology."] eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  147. "AESA radar solution now for Typhoons." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 29 May 2008. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  148. "AESA Disadvantages." Radartutorial.eu. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  149. "F-35: a game changer in modern warfare". Koreatimes.co.kr. 24 October 2011. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/10/205_97236.html. Retrieved 23 June 2014. 
  150. "First flight of E-Scan Radar in Eurofighter." flug-revue.rotor.com, 12 May 2007. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  151. "Eurofighter – First Flight." Eurofighter Gmbh. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  152. "Hopes Raised for Captor tests." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 6 June 2006. Retrieved: 12 October 2009.
  153. "Eurofighter and Euroradar to develop latest generation AESA radar." http://www.asdnews.com[dead link], 21 July 2010.
  154. News, Defense. "404". http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130617/DEFREG/306170017. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  155. Warwick, Graham (6 November 2013). "First Tranche 3 Typhoon Readied For Flight". Aerospace Daily & Defense Report. http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_11_06_2013_p01-02-633975.xml. Retrieved 6 November 2013. 
  156. "Press Release – Eurofighter and Euroradar confirm 2015 entry into service target date for the Typhoon new generation E-Scan radar." Archived 5 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. eurofighter.com, 22 June 2011.
  157. 157.0 157.1 "Eurofighter Typhoon – The European super-fighter." Combat Aircraft Monthly, October 2011, p. 51. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  158. "BAE Begins E-Scan Radar Test Flights". http://aviationweek.com/shownews/bae-begins-e-scan-radar-test-flights. Retrieved 20 May 2017. 
  159. Hoyle, Craig (6 March 2014). "BAE advances Captor-E radar integration on Typhoon". Reed Business Information. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bae-advances-captor-e-radar-integration-on-typhoon-396696/. Retrieved 6 March 2014. 
  160. "BBC News – Eurofighter radar deal secures 500 jobs in Edinburgh". BBC News. 19 November 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-30114054. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  161. Hoyle, Craig (15 July 2014). "FARNBOROUGH: Eurofighter gets AESA programme boost". Reed Business Information. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-eurofighter-gets-aesa-programme-boost-401559/. Retrieved 15 July 2014. 
  162. "Typhoon radar deal to revive European dogfight". Reed Business Information. 26 November 2014. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/opinion-typhoon-radar-deal-to-revive-european-dogfight-406452/. Retrieved 26 November 2014. 
  163. "Eurofighter nations team for AESA radar development". 22 Dec 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141223122640/http://defenceradar.com/2014/12/23/eurofighter-nations-team-for-aesa-radar-development/. 
  164. "Typhoon Captor-E awaits flight testing as Kuwait confirmed as launch customer". FlightGlobal. 7 April 2016.
  165. "1st Eurofighter with PIRATE-IRST Radar delivered to Italian Air Force." Archived 15 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Air-attack.com. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  166. "Close Air Support Mit DEM Eurofighter" (German)"English translation." google.de. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  167. Paul S. Owen. "Eurofighter Technology and Performance : Sensors". starstreak.net. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150912193825/http://typhoon.starstreak.net/Eurofighter/sensors.html. Retrieved 3 November 2015. 
  168. 168.0 168.1 "Eurofighter Typhoon." Airforce-Technology.com. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.[unreliable source?]
  169. "Pirate IRST - DETTAGLIO - Leonardo". http://www.leonardocompany.com/-/pirate_irst. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  170. "Eurofighter Typhoon - EJ200 engine fact sheet". Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230951/https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2007/05/ej200-engine-fact-sheet. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  171. http://www.mtu.de/fileadmin/EN/2_Engines/2_Military_Aircraft_Engines/1_Fighter_Aircraft/EJ200/ProductLeaflet_EJ200.pdf.
  172. GmbH, EUROJET Turbo. "Eurofighter Typhoon Pilots Emphasise Exceptional Performance of the EJ200 Engine in Service /PR Newswire UK/". http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/eurofighter-typhoon-pilots-emphasise-exceptional-performance-of-the-ej200-engine-in-service-154344265.html. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  173. 173.0 173.1 Ayton, Mark. "Kings of Swing". Air Forces Monthly, Key Publishing, September 2008, pp. 58–67
  174. "AirForces Monthly". 2004. 
  175. 175.0 175.1 "Eurofighter Typhoon - Luftüberlegenheitsrolle". eurofighter.at. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090815004539/http://www.eurofighter.at/austria/td_lu.asp. Retrieved 3 November 2015. 
  176. "There's No Way The F-35 Will Ever Match The Eurofighter In Aerial Combat.". Business Insider. 13 February 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/the-f-35-will-never-beat-the-eurofighter-2013-2. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  177. "EJ200 Engine Powers Eurofighter Typhoon in Four Major European Air Forces". http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/83836/ej200-engine-logs-50,000-flight-hours.html. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  178. "Eurojet pushes thrust-vectoring technology for Typhoon". 18 October 2009. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/eurojet-pushes-thrust-vectoring-technology-for-typhoon-333501/. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  179. "Eurofighter in the Future Battlespace". https://world.eurofighter.com/articles/eurofighter-in-the-future-battlespace. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  180. "Eurofighter 'natural bridge' to European FCAS says CEO". 17 July 2018. https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/eurofighter-natural-bridge-to-european-fcas-says-ceo/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  181. Sweetman, Bill. "JSF Delays Pile Up." Aviationweek.com, 11 August 2008. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  182. Lopez, Staff Sgt. C. Todd. "CSAF: Raptor, Eurofighter complementary." Air Force Print News, 22 March 2005.
  183. Simpson, James (4 February 2011). "Britain pushes the Eurofighter in Japan". Japan Security Watch. http://jsw.newpacificinstitute.org/?p=4315. Retrieved 31 August 2013. 
  184. Defence Analysis August 2004
  185. "Departing Chief of Royal Air Staff praises Eurofighter Typhoon." Archived 11 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Defpro.com, 9 August 2009. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  186. "Exercise Indra Dhanush wraps up at Waddington." Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. raf.mod.uk. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.
  187. "Exercise Indra Dhanush 07, RAF Waddington." raf.mod.uk. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.
  188. "India’s Sukhois turn it on in UK skies, turn off radars." Archived 6 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. expressindia.com. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.
  189. Parsons, Gary. "Waddington's Indian Summer, Part three: The Exercise." Archived 4 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. AirSceneUK. Retrieved: 21 August 2011.
  190. "The Indian Air Force has deployed four Su-30MKI Flanker jets to the UK". 22 July 2015. https://theaviationist.com/2015/07/22/indian-flankers-deployed-to-uk/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  191. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/indian-air-force-beats-raf-120-in-training-exercise--using-russiandesigned-jets-10444466.html
  192. 192.0 192.1 "Have Indian Su-30s really "dominated" RAF Typhoons in aerial combat with a 12-0 scoreline? Most probably not.". 8 August 2015. https://theaviationist.com/2015/08/08/have-indian-su-30s-really-dominated-raf-typhoons-in-aerial-combat-with-a-12-0-scoreline-most-probably-not/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  193. "Typhoon air-to-ground ability near fruition." Flight International via flightglobal.com,, 21 February 2006.
  194. "Farnborough 2008: Typhoon fighter-bomber declared operational." Flight International, 14 July 2008. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  195. "The Management of the Typhoon project – Public Accounts Committee." UK Parliament, 4 April 2011. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  196. Lake, Jon. "RAF selects Litening 3 laser designator pod for Eurofighter Typhoons." Flight International, 21 February 2006. Retrieved: 7 July 2012
  197. "Eurofighter Typhoon capability soars ahead with latest contract." Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter GmbH,20 July 2006. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  198. "Eurofighter Typhoon - Successful Storm Shadow and Meteor missile trials continue for Eurofighter Typhoon". https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2016/02/successful-storm-shadow-and-meteor-missile-trials-continue-for-eurofighter-typhoon?q=meteor. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  199. "Successful Completion of First Live Firing of Brimstone Missile". http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/185335/bae-says-eurofighter-fires-brimstone-missiles.html. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  200. "Luftwaffe Eurofighters gain air-to-ground capability - Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/article/76525/luftwaffe-eurofighters-gain-air-to-ground-capability. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  201. 201.0 201.1 Wall, Robert. "Marte-ER Integration On Typhoons Eyed For India." Aviation Week,14 November 2011. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  202. "Eurofighter Studying Missiles To Give Typhoon Maritime Attack Capability". Defensenews.com, 9 June 2014.
  203. "BAE checks Harpoon fit for anti-ship Typhoon". 11 April 2013. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bae-checks-harpoon-fit-for-anti-ship-typhoon-384566/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  204. "DUBAI: Eurofighter tests six appeal with Marte ER missile fit". 9 November 2015. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-eurofighter-tests-six-appeal-with-marte-er-mi-418866/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  205. House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 16 May 2000 (pt 9). Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.
  206. Tweedie, Neil. (3 October 2006) "Typhoon wins gun dogfight". Telegraph. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.
  207. Hoeveler, Wolfdietrich. "German Air Force take Delivery of First Series Production Eurofighter." Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter GmbH, 4 August 2003. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  208. Hoeveler, Wolfdietrich. "Spanish Air Force take Delivery of First Series Production Eurofighter." Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter GmbH, 5 September 2003. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  209. Nicholls, Dominic (8 August 2018). "Air-to-air missile 'accidentally fired' by Spanish Typhoon jet over Estonia". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/08/air-to-air-missile-accidentally-fired-spanish-typhoon-jet-estonia/. Retrieved 8 August 2018. 
  210. 210.0 210.1 News, ABC. "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends". https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/spanish-fighter-jet-accidentally-fires-missile-estonia-57091457. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  211. González, Miguel (28 September 2018). "Sanción mínima para el piloto al que se le escapó un misil en Estonia". elpais.com. https://elpais.com/politica/2018/09/27/actualidad/1538068366_828355.html. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  212. "Minimum penalty for the Spanish pilot who fired a missile in the Estonian airspace". estonianworld.com. 2 October 2018. http://estonianworld.com/security/minimum-penalty-for-the-spanish-pilot-who-fired-a-missile-in-the-estonian-airspace/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  213. "4˚ Stormo (in Italian)". Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. aeronautica.difesa.it. Retrieved: 20 February 2011.
  214. "Italian Typhoons up in the Albanian Air." Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter.com, 17 July 2009. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  215. "LIBYA: Italian Eurofighters, Harriers fly first combat air patrol missions." flightglobal.com, 17 July 2009. Retrieved: 6 August 2013.
  216. "Fine missione per i Typhoon italiani in Lituania – Analisi Difesa". http://www.analisidifesa.it/2015/08/fine-missione-per-i-typhoon-italiani-in-lituania/. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  217. 217.0 217.1 "11 Squadron." Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Raf.mod.uk, 9 January 2007. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  218. "Typhoon launches operationally for the first time.". MOD. 21 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091128185425/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/TyphoonLaunchesOperationallyForTheFirstTime.htm. Retrieved 28 November 2009. 
  219. "Defence News, Equipment and Logistics &#124: Typhoon proves its air-surface capability.". MOD. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100410051907/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/TyphoonProvesItsAirsurfaceCapability.htm. Retrieved 28 November 2009. 
  220. ""Prime Minister David Cameron's statement on Libya", at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved: 18 April 2011". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12786786. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  221. "New Libya ceasefire as jets zero in." Archived 14 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Walesonline, 20 March 2011. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  222. "RAF Typhoons patrol Libyan no-fly zone." mod.uk. Retrieved: 23 March 2011.
  223. "Shortage of RAF pilots for Libya as defence cuts bite." telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  224. "Typhoon pilot describes first air to ground strike." Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. British Forces News, 15 April 2011. Retrieved: 30 April 2011.
  225. Harding, Thomas. "Libya: Typhoons carry out first ever attack." The Daily Telegraph (UK), 14 April 2011. Retrieved: 30 April 2011.
  226. Hoyle, Craig. "Libya: RAF Typhoons drop first bombs in combat." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 13 April 2011.
  227. Hoyle, Craig. "Libya: RAF Typhoon hits fresh target, with help from Tornado." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 15 April 2011.
  228. "Management of the Typhoon Project." Archived 5 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. National Audit Office, United Kingdom. Retrieved: 30 April 2011.
  229. "Britain's fighter jets grounded by spares shortages." The Independent, 15 April 2011.
  230. Hewson, Robert. "UK slashes F-35B numbers but might look to split buy with F-35As." IHS Janes, 27 July 2012.
  231. "Britain, US hail F-35 fighter as tightening ties." Reuters, 18 July 2012.
  232. "New Typhoon squadron announced – News stories". GOV.UK. 13 December 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-typhoon-squadron-announced. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  233. U.K. Gears Up For Typhoon Enhancements – Aviationweek.com, 9 July 2014
  234. Warnes, Alan (1 July 2015). "RAF Typhoon force trains for maritime role". http://www.janes.com/article/52678/raf-typhoon-force-trains-for-maritime-role. Retrieved 2 July 2015. 
  235. "HMS Defender and Eurofighter Typhoons train to hone air-maritime skills". 30 June 2015. http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newshms-defender-and-eurofighter-typhoons-train-to-hone-air-maritime-skills-4612394. Retrieved 2 July 2015. [unreliable source?]
  236. "U.K. To Buy 138 F-35s, Will Boost Fighter Squadrons". http://aviationweek.com/defense/uk-buy-138-f-35s-will-boost-fighter-squadrons. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  237. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf
  238. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478936/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_PRINT_only.pdf
  239. "Suspension of Schengen borders to remain in place until end of year". http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/59675/maltas_border_controls_to_remain_in_place_until_end_of_year#.Vllt-nYrLDf. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  240. Farmer, Ben (26 October 2014). "MoD to speed up Typhoon upgrade for Iraq campaign". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11186470/MoD-to-speed-up-Typhoon-upgrade-for-Iraq-campaign.html. Retrieved 26 October 2014. 
  241. [1] - Ministry of Defence, 5 December 2015
  242. Royal Air Force Aircraft Arrive in Japan 22 October 2016 Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Royal Air Force Retrieved 24 October 2016
  243. Japanese, British air forces to face off for first time since war 23 October 2016 Japan Times Retrieved 24 October 2016
  244. Royal Air Force to Join Air Forces of Japan and South Korea in First Ever Aerial Drills 16 October 2016 Yibada Retrieved 24 October 2016
  245. "Announcement: RAF Typhoon aircraft to visit Japan - News articles - GOV.UK". https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/announcement-raf-typhoon-aircraft-to-visit-japan. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  246. McCurry, Justin (14 October 2016). "UK sends Typhoons to Japan for joint drills to strengthen security ties". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/uk-sends-raf-typhoons-to-japan-joint-drills-china. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  247. Green, Peter. "World Business Briefing, Europe: Austria: Eurofighter Selected." International Herald Tribune via NYTimes.com, 3 July 2002. Retrieved: 9 January 2012.
  248. Heinrich, Mark. "Austria, Eurofighter agree cut in jet purchase."[dead link] Reuters, 26 June 2007. Retrieved: 27 June 2007.
  249. "Eurofighter Typhoon in Service." eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 3 July 2011
  250. Rhys Thompson, Andrew. "Austria: Eurofighter Saga Continues." ISN Security Watch via isn.ethz.ch, 17 June 2009. Retrieved: 9 January 2012.
  251. "Austria: EADS Desperately Sought Eurofighter Deal." Agence France-Presse via Defensenews.com, 2 September 2011. Retrieved: 9 January 2012.
  252. "Eurofighter Typhoon - Austrian Eurofighters equipped with latest capability standard for Tranche 1 aircraft". https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2013/10/austrian-eurofighters-equipped-with-latest-capability-standard-for-tranche-1-aircraft. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  253. "Only 12 pilots for 15 Eurofighter jets". 15 May 2014. https://www.thelocal.at/20140515/twelve-pilots-for-15-eurofighters. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  254. "Hungarian air-force may police Austrian skies". 21 June 2014. https://www.thelocal.at/20140621/hungarian-air-force-may-police-austrian-skies. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  255. "Austria sues Airbus over alleged Eurofighter corruption". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2017. http://dw.com/p/2Xg2D. Retrieved 16 February 2017. 
  256. "Austria plans to end Eurofighter program early amid row with Airbus". Business News, 7 July 2017.
  257. Pfeifer, Sylvia and Stephen Fidler. "Saudi Arabia buys 72 Eurofighters." BBC News, 18 August 2006. Retrieved: 26 October 2006.
  258. Morgan, Oliver. "BAE in eye of the Typhoon." The Guardian, 3 December 2006. Retrieved: 20 December 2006.
  259. "Probe into BAE's Saudi defence deal dropped." Archived 8 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters, 14 December 2006. Retrieved: 14 December 2006.
  260. 260.0 260.1 Evans, Michael. "Saudis get Typhoons ahead of RAF." The Times, 9 January 2007. Retrieved: 11 January 2007.
  261. Oliver, Emmet and Massoud A. Derhally. "Saudis Pay 4.43 billion Pounds for 72 Eurofighters (Update1)." bloomberg.com, 17 September 2007. Retrieved: 12 October 2009.
  262. Hoyoa, Carola. "Saudi jet deal delay threatens BAE earnings." Financial Times via FT.com, 4 January 2012. Retrieved: 5 January 2012.
  263. "Saudi may order 24 Eurofighter jets." Reuters. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  264. Barrie, Douglas. "U.K. Defense Ministry Forced To Revisit Procurement Premises." Aviation Week, 13 July 2008. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  265. Pfeifer, Sylvia and Stephen Fidler. "Saudis in talks for 72 Typhoons." Ft.com, 11 August 2008. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  266. "U.S. advances Saudi F-15 Package." Wall Street Journal, 20 October 2010.
  267. Sevastopulo, Demetri and Sylvia Pfeifer. "Gov approval given for Saudi Eurofighter sale." FT.com, 23 October 2008. Retrieved: 18 May 2011.
  268. "Saudi Arabia Requests MIDS/LVT-1 for Typhoon Aircraft." deagel.com, 26 September 2008. Retrieved: 18 May 2011.
  269. Blanchard, Christopher M. "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations, p. 43" Congressional Research Service, 30 April 2009.
  270. Reynolds, Matthew. "United States Department of State letter on transfer of 72 Typhoon aircraft to Saudi Arabia." Archived 23 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. United States Department of State, 29 September 2008.
  271. Earnshaw, Paul and John Neilson. "First Flight of Typhoon in Royal Saudi Air Force Livery." Baesystems.com, 22 October 2008. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  272. "The 2006 Saudi Shopping Spree: Eurofighter Flies Off With Saudi Contract." defenseindustrydaily.com. Retrieved: 17 August 2010.
  273. PICTURE: Saudi Arabia receives more Typhoons – Flightglobal.com, 25 October 2013
  274. Tovey, Alan (19 February 2014). "BAE agrees pricing on Typhoon deal with Saudi Arabia". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/badot/10648144/BAE-agrees-pricing-on-Typhoon-deal-with-Saudi-Arabia.html. Retrieved 19 February 2014. 
  275. 275.0 275.1 "BAE details slowing Typhoon production rate". Flight Global. 2 August 2017. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bae-details-slowing-typhoon-production-rate-439912/. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  276. "Saudis’ UK-made war jets outnumber RAF’s". The Daily Telegraph. 5 May 2015. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11584269/Saudis-UK-made-war-jets-outnumber-RAFs.html. 
  277. Andrew Chuter (25 February 2015). "Saudi Typhoons Use Paveway IV Bombs on ISIS". Defense News. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/show-daily/idex/2015/02/25/saudi-typhoons-use-paveway-bombs-on-isis/23982221/. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  278. "BAE Systems in arms talks with Saudi Arabia." bbc.co.uk, 6 October 2016. Retrieved: 15 October 2016.
  279. "Saudi Arabia nears Typhoon jet deal with BAE." bbc.co.uk, 9 March 2018. Retrieved: 9 March 2018.
  280. "Oman Nears Eurofighter Typhoon Deal." Aviation Week. Retrieved: 30 November 2009.
  281. Barrie, Douglas. "Farnborough Airshow." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 18 July 2008. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  282. "Oman 'wants to buy' Eurofighter planes from the UK." BBC, 2 April 2010.
  283. "Royal Air Force of Oman, JAS 39 Gripen and Eurofighter Typhoon." Tactical Report, 3 June 2010. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.
  284. Hoyle, Craig. "Omani F-16 deal means continued wait for Eurofighter." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 14 December 2011. Retrieved: 18 December 2011.
  285. "BAE Systems wins £2.5bn Hawk and Typhoon contract" BBC ,' 21 December 2012. Retrieved: 21 December 2012.
  286. "Official roll-out for Omani Eurofighter Typhoon combat jet and Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer aircraft". BAE Systems. http://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/official-roll-out-for-omani-eurofighter-typhoon-combat-jet-and-hawk-advanced-jet-trainer-aircraft. Retrieved 17 May 2017. 
  287. "BAE rolls out first Omani Typhoon, Hawk". Jane's Defence Weekly. https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/1805555. Retrieved 17 May 2017. 
  288. "Eurofighter welcomes the agreement between Italy and Kuwait for the supply of 28 Eurofighter Typhoons". 11 September 2015. https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2015/09/eurofighter-welcomes-the-agreement-between-italy-and-kuwait-for-the-supply-of-28-eurofighter-typhoons. Retrieved 11 September 2015. 
  289. "Kuwait Opts For Eurofighter Typhoon". 11 September 2015. http://aviationweek.com/defense/kuwait-opts-eurofighter-typhoon. Retrieved 11 September 2015. 
  290. "Kuwait Opts For Eurofighter Typhoon". 1 March 2016. http://www.janes.com/article/58452/kuwaiti-parliament-approves-typhoon-procurement. Retrieved 3 March 2016. 
  291. "Typhoon Captor-E awaits flight testing as Kuwait confirmed as launch customer". FlightGlobal. 7 April 2016. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/typhoon-captor-e-awaits-flight-testing-as-kuwait-con-423938/. 
  292. "Kuwait Signs $8.7B Deal For 28 Typhoons". Aviation Week. 5 April 2016. http://aviationweek.com/defense/kuwait-signs-87b-deal-28-typhoons. 
  293. "Kuwait Signs Eurofighter Jet Deal". Defense News. 5 April 2016. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2016/04/05/kuwait-signs-eurofighter-deal/82647386/. 
  294. 294.0 294.1 "Finmeccanica Signs a Contract to Supply 28 Eurofighter Typhoon to Kuwait". 5 April 2016. http://www.finmeccanica.com/en/-/kuwait-eurofighter-typhoon. Retrieved 5 April 2016. 
  295. "Eurofighter for Kuwait". https://world.eurofighter.com/articles/eurofighter-for-kuwait. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  296. "Dassault Said to Close in on Rafale Contract to Lift Exports". Bloomberg L.P. 20 June 2014. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-19/dassault-said-to-close-in-on-rafale-jet-contract-to-lift-exports.html. Retrieved 4 October 2014. 
  297. Gallois, Dominique (30 April 2015). "Le Qatar va acheter 24 avions Rafale" (in French). Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/economie-francaise/article/2015/04/30/le-qatar-va-acheter-24-avions-rafale_4625561_1656968.html. Retrieved 30 April 2015. 
  298. "Qatar has chosen the Rafale". http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/dassault-aviation/press/press-kits/qatar-has-chosen-the-rafale/. Retrieved 30 April 2015. 
  299. "Error Cost Escalation Through the Project Lifecycle". https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100036670_2010039922.pdf. Retrieved 29 September 2013. 
  300. adrien. "Qatar to buy 24 Typhoon jets". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-18/qatar-to-buy-24-typhoon-jets-to-beef-up-u-k-defense-partnership. Retrieved 18 September 2017. 
  301. adrien. "Qatar to buy 24 Typhoon jets from UK's BAE Systems". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-uk-military/qatar-to-buy-24-typhoon-jets-from-uks-bae-systems-idUSKCN1BS0UQ. Retrieved 18 September 2017. 
  302. "BAE boost as Qatar looks to buy 24 Typhoon fighter jets". https://www.ft.com/content/4994a434-9bbf-11e7-8cd4-932067fbf946. Retrieved 18 September 2017. 
  303. "Defence Secretary strengthens UK-Qatar Defence relationship - GOV.UK". https://www.gov.uk/government/news/defence-secretary-strengthens-uk-qatar-defence-relationship. Retrieved 12 October 2017. 
  304. Chuter, Andrew (28 November 2017). "Qatar agrees to terms for buying Typhoon, Hawk aircraft from UK". https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/11/28/qatar-agrees-to-terms-for-buying-typhoon-hawk-aircraft-from-uk/. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  305. "BAE Systems, Qatar Conclude Typhoon Negotiations, Contract To follow". http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21386/BAE_Systems__Qatar_Conclude_Typhoon_Negotiations__Contract_To_follow. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  306. "France, UK confident of Qatari fighter orders - Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/article/76088/france-uk-confident-of-qatari-fighter-orders. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  307. 307.0 307.1 "Qatar buys 24 Eurofighter Typhoon jets in £6bn deal". 10 December 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-42302767. 
  308. Hoyle, Craig (19 September 2018). "Qatar makes first payment against Typhoon buy". London. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195221/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/qatar-makes-first-payment-against-typhoon-buy-452021/. Retrieved 20 September 2018. 
  309. "Eurofighter export markets prove a tough testing ground.". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7afabc4e-117a-11e3-8321-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  310. "Turkey eyes large Eurofighter order, says Finmeccanica.". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-eyes-large-eurofighter-order-says-finmeccanica-2005-11-10. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  311. CNBC. "US Top News and Analysis". https://www.cnbc.com/id/100827134. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  312. "Europe’s Fratricidal Defense Exports.". German Marshall Fund Blog. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129181644/http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/02/08/europes-fratricidal-defense-exports/. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  313. Seung-woo, Kang (11 November 2013). "Air Force leaning toward stealth fighter". The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/11/116_146012.html. Retrieved 11 November 2013. 
  314. Bahraini Air Force Typhoon Order In Prospect Archived 10 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. – Armedforces-Int.com, 8 August 2013
  315. "Welk vliegtuig volgt de F16 op?" (in Dutch). HLN.Be. 14 July 2014. http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/957/Binnenland/article/detail/1958993/2014/07/24/Welk-vliegtuig-volgt-de-F16-op.dhtml. Retrieved 14 June 2015. 
  316. "Belgium Forced to Buy F-35 If Nuclear Strike Mission Maintained". 19 April 2015. http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/162912/no-alternative-to-f_35-if-belgium-keeps-nuke-mission.html. 
  317. "Boeing pulls out of Belgian fighter competition". 19 April 2017. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-pulls-out-of-belgian-fighter-competition-436354/. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  318. "Ook Saab haakt af voor vervanging Velgische F-16" (in Dutch). 10 July 2017. https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/ook-saab-haakt-af-voor-vervanging-belgische-f-16-s~afab17e1/. 
  319. "Frankrijk strijdt buiten competitie voor opvolging F-16's" (in Dutch). 8 September 2017. http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20170907_03059830. 
  320. "Bulgaria may switch MiG support from Russia to Poland". janes.com. http://www.janes.com/article/48271/bulgaria-may-switch-mig-support-from-russia-to-poland. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  321. "Anche i caccia JF-17 pakistani in gara in Bulgaria - Analisi Difesa". analisidifesa.it. http://www.analisidifesa.it/2015/03/anche-i-caccia-jf-17-pakistani-in-gara-in-bulgaria/. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  322. Johnson, Robert; Kelley, Michael (10 December 2012). "What It Really Means If Canada Ditches America's F-35". New York City. http://www.businessinsider.com/canadas-f-35-decision-rafale-typhoon-super-hornet-gripen2012-12. Retrieved 2 February 2014. 
  323. Proussalidis, Daniel (3 January 2014). "Fate of Canadian fighter jets as unclear as ever". Toronto: Sun News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219144627/http://www.sunnewsnetwork.ca/sunnews/politics/archives/2014/01/20140103-120155.html. Retrieved 2 February 2014. 
  324. Rooway, Tyler (6 June 2016). "Report Says Canada Will Buy Super Hornets As An Interim Fighter Solution". The Drive. http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/3833/report-says-canada-will-buy-super-hornets-as-an-interim-fighter-solution?iid=sr-link1. Retrieved 13 June 2016. 
  325. Pugliese, David (2017-06-02). "Canada signals it will use military equipment to resist US protectionist measures" (in en-US). Defense News. https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/06/02/canada-signals-it-will-use-military-equipment-to-resist-us-protectionist-measures/. 
  326. Vanegas, Carlos (12 December 2017). "Spain and Colombia negotiate the acquisition of Eurofighter from the Spanish Airforce for the FAC". http://www.defensa.com/colombia/eurofighter-typhoon-ejercito-aire-espanol-para-fuerza-aerea. Retrieved 15 December 2017. 
  327. "Yle news report, 18 October 2014". Yle Uutiset. http://yle.fi/uutiset/finnish_defence_forces_to_replace_aging_hornet_fighter_fleet/7535139. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  328. "Working group proposes multi-role fighters to replace F/A-18 aircraft". 11 June 2015. http://www.defmin.fi/en/topical/press_releases/working_group_proposes_multi-role_fighters_to_replace_f_a-18_aircraft.6273.news. Retrieved 14 June 2015. 
  329. "The Finnish Defence Forces' Logistics Command received responses concerning the replacement of the Hornet aircraft". Def Min. 22 November 2016. http://www.defmin.fi/en/topical/press_releases/2016/the_finnish_defence_forces_logistics_command_received_responses_concerning_the_replacement_of_the_hornet_aircraft.8083.news. Retrieved 13 March 2017. 
  330. Ben Bland and Peggy Hollinger. "Eurofighter turns to social media with Indonesia pitch". http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4e7a10a4-6366-11e4-8a63-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3KKd0SJYl. Retrieved 28 November 2014. 
  331. "Indonesian Fighter Requirements Aired at Local Show". http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2016-11-04/indonesian-fighter-requirements-aired-local-show. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  332. "BAE to propose that Typhoon replace RMAF's MIG-29N." Bernama, 2 December 2009. Retrieved: 9 December 2009.
  333. "Cash-Strapped Malaysia Looks To Lease Fighters." Archived 29 December 2014 at Archive.is defensenews.com, Retrieved: 15 Feb 2014.
  334. "Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon Only Competitors In Malaysian MRCA Competition". http://www.defenseworld.net/news/17444/Dassault_Rafale__Eurofighter_Typhoon_Only_Competitors_In_Malaysian_MRCA_Competition. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 
  335. "Malaysia is scrapping plans to buy new fighter jets in order to deal with ISIS-inspired militancy". http://uk.businessinsider.com/r-exclusive-malaysia-shelves-plan-to-buy-new-fighter-jets-defense-source-2017-7?r=US&IR=T. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  336. "Malaysia shelves plans to buy fighter jets - Khmer Times". 14 July 2017. http://www.khmertimeskh.com/65339/malaysia-shelves-plans-to-buy-fighter-jets/. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  337. Menon, Praveen; Hepher, Tim (13 February 2018). "BAE proposes UK government financing to Malaysia for Typhoon jet deal". Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. https://archive.is/20180217122609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bae-systems-malaysia/bae-proposes-uk-government-financing-to-malaysia-for-typhoon-jet-deal-idUSKBN1FX0DY. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  338. Khan, Bilal (14 February 2018). "BAE offers credit for Malaysian fighter bid". Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031012/https://quwa.org/2018/02/14/bae-offers-credit-for-malaysian-fighter-bid/. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  339. Reed Business Information Limited. "Spain offers Eurofighters to Peru". http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/spain-offers-eurofighters-to-peru-381843/. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  340. Polskie F-35 od 2021? Archived 26 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. (Polish)
  341. "Poland to buy 64 fifth-generation fighters". http://www.janes.com/article/34592/poland-to-buy-64-fifth-generation-fighters. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  342. "Boeing zainteresowany polskim rynkiem. F-18 zamiast F-35". http://www.defence24.pl/news_boeing-zainteresowany-polskim-rynkiem-f-18-zamiast-f-35. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  343. adrien. "Poland to procure 64 multi-role jet fighter". http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/2014-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation/february-2014-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-defence-/1011-poland-to-procure-64-multi-role-jet-fighters-starting-delivery-in-2021.html. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 
  344. jacek. "Poland launches program Harpia to procure new multirole combat aircraft". https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/27/poland-launches-harpia-programme-to-procure-a-new-multirole-combat-aircraft. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  345. jacek. "Five companies interested in Polands next generation fighter program Harpia". https://theaviationist.com/?p=48517. Retrieved 22 December 2017. 
  346. "ILA: Eurofighter submits Tranche 3B offer, as Serbia shows interest." Flight International, 2010. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.
  347. "Serbia nears new order for MiG-29s". Flightglobal. 30 April 2013. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/serbia-nears-new-order-for-mig-29s-385318/. Retrieved 8 July 2013. 
  348. "Exclusive: Vietnam eyes Western warplanes, patrol aircraft to counter China". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/05/us-vietnam-airforce-exclusive-idUSKBN0OL04U20150605. Retrieved 3 November 2015. 
  349. "Danish Government Recommends Buying 27 F-35s". 12 May 2016. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/2016/05/11/danish-government-likely-recommend-buying-f-35s/84249050/. 
  350. "Status on Danish fighter competition: Government recommends 27 F-35A – no decision yet". 16 May 2016. http://nytkampfly.dk/archives/8530. 
  351. "Denmark F-35 Buy Goes Official". Defense News. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/strike/2016/06/09/denmark-f35-buy-official-lockheed-terma-joint-strike-fighter/85640718/. Retrieved 9 June 2016. 
  352. "Eurofighter opens Office in Athens." Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter GmbH, 16 July 1999. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  353. "22 bln earmarked for next decade as battle looms over fighter." Kathimerini, 26 June 2006. Retrieved: 2 December 2009. Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  354. "Eurofighter consortium leaves Greece". Ekathimerini.com. 22 December 2011. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_22/12/2011_419725. Retrieved 24 July 2013. 
  355. Chakravarty, Pratap (28 April 2011). "India Shortlists Rafale, Eurofighter for Jet Deal". http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/india-shortlists-rafale-eurofighter-for-jet-deal-20110428-1dyzr.html. Retrieved 15 January 2013. 
  356. "Dassault Rafale wins MMRCA deal beating Eurofighter Typhoon". 31 January 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dassault-Rafale-wins-MMRCA-deal-beating-Eurofighter-Typhoon/articleshow/11700801.cms. Retrieved 31 January 2012. 
  357. "Dassault Rafale bags $10.4 bn deal to supply 126 multi-role combat aircraft to IAF with an option to buy ~80 more jets". 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. https://archive.is/20130524185506/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010328_1_eurofighter-dassault-and-eads-iaf. Retrieved 31 January 2012. 
  358. 358.0 358.1 Grevatt, Jon. ["Japan narrows next-generation fighter requirement choice." "Japan narrows next-generation fighter requirement choice."] Jane's Defense Industry, 21 March 2007. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  359. "Japan may buy Eurofighter, defence minister says."[dead link] Reuters, 17 October 2007. Retrieved: 20 October 2007.
  360. Hongo, Jun. "BAE pitching Typhoon as F-22 eludes." Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. japantimes.co.jp, 12 June 2009. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  361. "Order for next-generation stealth fighters postponed again." Daily Yomiuri Online, 27 July 2010.
  362. Hollingsworth, William. "Eurofighter faces tough dogfight with U.S." Japan Times online, 29 September 2011.
  363. Dickie, Mure. "Japan opts for F-35 US fighter jet." Financial Times via FT.com, 20 December 2011. Retrieved: 20 December 2011.
  364. "EADS reveals details of Euroofighter Tyhoon offer to Norway to replace JSF." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 6 April 2006. Retrieved: 11 July 2007.
  365. Perry, Dominic. "Norway orders F-35As after securing JSM integration support". Flightglobal, 15 June 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  366. "Typhoon hit by Singapore". Flight International via flightglobal.com. 13 June 2005. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/06/13/199178/typhoon-hit-by-singapore.html. Retrieved 24 July 2013. 
  367. Ionides, Nicholas (13 September 2005). "Singapore finally opts for F-15T". Flight International. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/13/201504/singapore-finally-opts-for-f-15t.html. Retrieved 24 July 2013. 
  368. South Korea to obtain 40 F-35As – Flightglobal.com, 22 November 2013
  369. Le Temps, 13 February 2007.
  370. Neue Zuercher Zeitung, 9 October 2008.
  371. Hoyle, Craig (30 November 2011). "Rafale team fights back after Swiss Gripen win". http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/rafale-team-fights-back-after-swiss-gripen-win-365471/. Retrieved 19 February 2012. 
  372. Pocock, Chris (14 February 2012). "Rafale blowing hot again in Switzerland". AIN Online. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120216225153/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/singapore-air-show/2012-02-14/rafale-blowing-hot-again-switzerland-uae. Retrieved 19 February 2012. "The Rafale was the clear winner of the SAF evaluation, with the Eurofighter second, but the Swiss government opted for the cheaper Gripen package" 
  373. Enginsoy, Ümit. "Turkey to build ‘national, original’ fighter aircraft." Hurriyet Daily News, 16 December 2010.
  374. Enginsoy, Ümit. "Turkey to possibly buy 20 more F-35 fighters." Hurriyetdailynews.com, 9 October 2009. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  375. Monaghan, Angela (6 November 2012). "Britain and UAE agree partnership in boost for Typhoon jet". Telegraph.co.uk. London. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/defence/9659408/Britain-and-UAE-agree-partnership-in-boost-for-Typhoon-jet.html. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  376. "UAE pulls out of BAE Typhoon aircraft deal | City A.M". City A.M.. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131220024154/http://www.cityam.com/blog/1387471898/uae-pulls-out-bae-typhoon-aircraft-deal. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  377. Sweetman, Bill (13 May 2015). "Opinion: Saab And Dassault Strengthen Their Fighter-Market Positions". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://aviationweek.com/defense/opinion-saab-and-dassault-strengthen-their-fighter-market-positions. Retrieved 13 May 2015. 
  378. Hoeveler, Wolfdietrich and Philip Lee. "First Tranche 2 Eurofighter Typhoon Has Flown." Eurofighter GmbH, 16 January 2008. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  379. 379.0 379.1 Hoeveler, Wolfdietrich and Philip Lee. "Major Retrofit For Early Eurofighter Typhoon Aircraft Begins." Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter.com, 15 November 2006. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  380. "Eurofighter woos buyers for 10 billion euro order" Reuters, 9 June 2010. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.
  381. 381.00 381.01 381.02 381.03 381.04 381.05 381.06 381.07 381.08 381.09 381.10 381.11 381.12 381.13 381.14 "Eurofighter Typhoon in service." eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.
  382. 382.0 382.1 382.2 382.3 "Orders, Deliveries, In Operation Military aircraft by Country - Worldwide". Airbus Defence and Space. 2016-11-30. https://airbusdefenceandspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-11_mrs_gen_ord-deliv-by-country.pdf. 
  383. "Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 71 "Richthofen"". http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/start/org/luftm/jg71/!ut/p/z1/hU69DoIwGHwWB9Z-BUTBrYRFxWiCUehiCtSCqZSUCj6-GCYTjbfdbw4opEAb1teCmVo1TI48o4tL6MfH2AkcJz4FEV7bu60XBKETRhjO_wJ0tPEPEAxJySEbN5Y_NsjenkMCFOiN9eyJWqWN5Aax4v0Qsoo1peQHVZBJ2AAVUuXTddLkri-Aan7lmmv00KNcGdN2KwtbeBgGJJQSkqNcWPhbo1KdgfQjCO09HbDryT4msxfCWt4J/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922LV9D0I1MK599BAO14. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  384. Ripley, Tim (13 November 2017). "Kuwaiti Typhoon assembly begins". Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. https://archive.is/20171114204016/http://www.janes.com/article/75624/kuwaiti-typhoon-assembly-begins. Retrieved 14 November 2017. 
  385. O'Donnell, Svenja (21 December 2012). "Oman Buys 12 Typhoon,8 Hawk From BAE". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-21/oman-to-buy-12-typhoon-8-hawk-aircraft-from-bae-cameron-says.html. Retrieved 17 April 2013. 
  386. Hoyle, Craig (28 June 2017). "PICTURES: Oman takes delivery of its first Typhoons". London. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. https://archive.is/20170717205516/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-oman-takes-delivery-of-its-first-typhoons-438855/. Retrieved 17 July 2017. 
  387. "Latest Omani Typhoons on Delivery". 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180207214057/http://www.airforcesmonthly.com/2018/02/06/latest-omani-typhoons-on-delivery/. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  388. Cenciotti, David (7 February 2018). "These Are The Latest Eurofighter Typhoon Jets For The Royal Air Force of Oman". Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180207214059/https://theaviationist.com/2018/02/07/these-are-the-latest-eurofighter-typhoon-jets-for-the-royal-air-force-of-oman/. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  389. Combat Aircraft Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. August 2015. p. 17. 
  390. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. August 2015. pp. 4. 
  391. 391.0 391.1 391.2 "Spanish Air Force operates new Typhoon squadron" Archived 20 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Eurofighter World (Eurofighter Gmbh), July 2012, pp. 6. Retrieved: 7 December 2012.
  392. RAF squadron takes delivery of 100th Typhoon. GOV.UK, 29 January 2013. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.
  393. "Typhoons in new colours" raf.mod.uk, 22 April 2013. Retrieved: 2 May 2013.
  394. "Minister Announces New Typhoon Squadron" Archived 26 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. raf.mod.uk, 13 December 2013. Retrieved: 17 September 2014.
  395. "17 Squadron Standard Parade" raf.mod.uk, 12 April 2013. Retrieved: 2 May 2013.
  396. 396.0 396.1 "Spanish pilot killed in Eurofighter crash – 6/9/2014". Flight Global. 9 June 2014. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/spanish-pilot-killed-in-eurofighter-crash-400225/. Retrieved 23 June 2014. 
  397. "Spain's DA6 in first Eurofighter crash." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 26 November 2002. Retrieved: 13 March 2012.
  398. "Engine surges caused DA6 crash." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 10 December 2002. Retrieved: 29 November 2010.
  399. Hoyle, Craig. "RAF Eurofighter damaged in US landing incident." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 28 April 2008. Retrieved: 1 November 2009.
  400. "RAF Fighter Jet Lands Without Wheels". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1916854/RAF-fighter-jet-lands-without-wheels.html. Retrieved 19 October 2015. 
  401. "RAF fighter jet lands without wheels." telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved: 2 April 2010.
  402. O'Keeffe, Niall. "Saudi pilot killed as Eurofighter crashes in Spain." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 24 August 2010. Retrieved: 29 November 2010.
  403. Donahue, Patrick. "Germany Grounds Eurofighter Combat Jets on Ejector Seat Concern." Business Week. 16 September 2010. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  404. Alle Eurofighter müssen am Boden bleiben (German), Süddeutsche Zeitung. visited: 16 September 2010
  405. "Safety probe leads to some Typhoon jets being grounded." bbc.co.uk, 18 September 2010. Retrieved: 19 September 2010.
  406. "Updated: Eurofighters remain grounded." Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. key.aero. Retrieved: 14 October 2010.
  407. Martin-Baker responds to Eurofighter seat reports. Flightglobal.com
  408. Castillo, Raquel (9 June 2014). "Eurofighter jet crashes at Spanish base, killing pilot". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/09/us-spain-eurofighter-crash-idUSKBN0EK19320140609. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  409. "Eurofighter jet crashes in Spain, pilot killed". AFP.com. http://www.afp.com/en/node/2485613. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  410. "BBC News – Eurofighter crashes at Spain's Moron base near Seville". Bbc.co.uk. 9 June 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27768001. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  411. Cenciotti, David. "Lear Jet crashes after colliding mid-air with Typhoon combat plane over Germany". The Aviationist. http://theaviationist.com/2014/06/23/gaf-typhoon-midair/. Retrieved 23 June 2014. 
  412. "D-CGFI Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20140623-0. 
  413. "Typhoon accident during arrival to CIAF". Airshow info. 1 September 2017. https://airshowinfo.hu/airshowfeed/2017/09/01/typhoon-accident-during-arriving-to-ciaf/. Retrieved 4 September 2017. 
  414. "Saudi Eurofighter Typhoon Crashes in Yemen". http://www.aviationanalysis.net/2017/09/saudi-eurofighter-typhoon-crashes-in-yemen.html?m=1. Retrieved 18 September 2017. 
  415. "Italian Eurofighter Typhoon Crashes During Terracina Airshow Killing Test Pilot" (in en-US). 2017-09-24. https://theaviationist.com/2017/09/24/italian-eurofighter-typhoon-crashes-during-terracina-airshow-killing-test-pilot/. 
  416. "Eurofighter pilot killed during air show crash in Italy". 24 September 2017. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/09/24/eurofighter-pilot-killed-during-air-show-in-italy.html. Retrieved 12 October 2017. 
  417. "Se estrella un avión Eurofighter en la base aérea de Albacete tras participar en el desfile del 12 de octubre" (in es). https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/10/12/actualidad/1507804142_584249.html. 
  418. "Eurofighter DA-1." Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. deutsches-museum.de. Retrieved: 1 November 2009.
  419. Ajay, Srivastava. "New Display at Royal Air Force Museum." Flight Journal, Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2008.
  420. "Eurofighter Typhoon DA4 arrives at Duxford." Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Imperial War Museum. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  421. "Typhoon." Archived 10 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Raf.mod.uk, 1 July 2005. Retrieved: 28 November 2009.
  422. Williams, Mel, ed. "Typhoon". Superfighters, The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft. London: AIRtime, 2002. ISBN 1-880588-53-6.
  423. 423.0 423.1 Spick 2002
  424. 424.0 424.1 424.2 424.3 424.4 424.5 424.6 "Eurofighter Typhoon". All the World's Aircraft. Jane's Information Group, 2013.
  425. 425.0 425.1 "Eurofighter Typhoon | The world's most advanced fighter aircraft". Eurofighter.com. http://www.eurofighter.com/eurofighter-typhoon/technicaldata.html. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  426. "Eurofighter Typhoon". eurofighter.com. Retrieved: 30 October 2010.
  427. "MTU_EJ200_ProdBl_2012.qxd" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200955/http://www.mtu.de/de/products_services/military_business/programs/ej200/EJ200.pdf. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  428. "Wayback Machine". 18 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130518195240/http://www.eurofighter.com/fileadmin/web_data/downloads/efworld/ef_world_3-2010web.pdf. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  429. http://eurofighter.airpower.at/technik-daten.htm tank capacity Tankinhalt: 4.996 kg / 6.215 Liter
  430. "Typhoon". Aerospaceweb.org. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/fighter/typhoon/. Retrieved 15 December 2014. 
  431. BMLVS - Abteilung Kommunikation. "Bundesheer - Waffen und Gert - Eurofighter EF 2000". http://www.bmlv.gv.at/waffen/waf_eurofighter.shtml. 
  432. "Euofighter Typhoon - BAE Systems". baesystems.com. http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_159814/typhoon. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  433. See Mach number for relationship.
  434. "Eurofighter." fas.org. Retrieved: 1 November 2009.
  435. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150714141600/https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/WHR_1-15_Maximising_European_Combat_Air_Power.pdf. Retrieved 2015-06-06. 
  436. "India and the Rafale – Anatomy of a Bad Deal" IPCS. Retrieved: April 2012.
  437. "FLUG REVUE May 1999: Test pilots rate Eurofighter Typhoon". 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115853/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/frheft/FRH9905/FR9905c.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  438. http://www.f-16.net/forum/download/file.php?id=23618&sid=a2c8cb8a974cbe410fe5ccc06444c008&mode=view[dead link]
  439. "Typhoon". http://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/product/typhoon2. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  440. Typhoon Technical Data. eurofighter.com
  441. "Typhoon". BAE Systems. 3 June 2014. http://www.baesystems.com/enhancedarticle/BAES_156125/typhoon. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  442. "Israeli Smart Bomb Closes In on Service Debut". https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-07-18/israeli-smart-bomb-closes-service-debut. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 
  443. AirForces Monthly May/June 2014 Eurofighter 20th Anniversary Special
  444. "UK MoD funds further development of Spear 3 missile". 18 May 2016. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-mod-funds-further-development-of-spear-3-missile-425485/. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  445. "Kongsberg's JSM missile to be added to Eurofighter Typhoon weapons package". 21 March 2017. http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/defense-security-exhibitions-news/air-show-2017/lima-2017-bis/lima-2017-news-coverage-report-bis/3367-kongsberg-s-jsm-missile-to-be-added-to-eurofighter-typhoon-weapons-package.html. Retrieved 30 March 2017. 
  446. "Benefits for Belgium". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009120134/http://www.baesystems.com/en/campaign-typhoon-for-belgium/benefits-for-belgium. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 
  447. "Eurofighter Typhoon: Weapons loadout." Archived 18 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. typhoon.starstreak.net. Retrieved: 1 November 2009.
  448. Penrice, Craig; Hilditch, Laurie (November 2013). "The Secret Behind A Good Fighter Weapons System". Eurofighter WORLD. p. 41. http://www.eurofighter.com/files/pdf/Eurofighter_World_Nov_13.pdf. Retrieved 20 November 2013. 

Bibliography[]

  • Boot, Roy. From Spitfire to Eurofighter: 45 years of Combat Aircraft Design. Shrewsbury, UK: AirLife Publishing Ltd., 1990. ISBN 1-85310-093-5.
  • Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85780-095-8.
  • Eden, Paul, ed. The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London, UK: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9. 
  • Harkins, Hugh. Eurofighter 2000, Europe's Fighter for the New Millennium (Aerofax 6). Earl Shilton, UK: Midland Publishing, 2006, First edition 1997. ISBN 1-85780-068-0.
  • Matthews, Henry. Prelude to Eurofighter: EAP (Experimental Aircraft Programme) (X-Planes Profile-1). Beirut, Lebanon: HPM (Henry Paul Matthews) Publications, 2000.
  • Richardson, Doug. Stealth Warplanes: Deception, Evasion and Concealment in the Air. London: Salamander, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1051-3.
  • Spick, Mike. "Eurofighter EF 2000 Typhoon". Brassey's Modern Fighters: The Ultimate Guide to In-Flight Tactics, Technology, Weapons, and Equipment. Washington, DC: Potomac Books Inc, 2002. ISBN 1-57488-462-X.
  • Spick, Mike. "Eurofighter Typhoon." The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul, Minnesota USA: MBI Publishing Company, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.
  • Williams, Mel, ed. "Dassault Rafale". Superfighters, The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft. London: AIRtime, 2002. ISBN 1-880588-53-6.

External links[]

All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at Eurofighter Typhoon and the edit history here.