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Eighth United States Army

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Eighth Army
Eighth United States Army CSIB
Active 10 June 1944 – present
(81 years, 6 months)
Country  United States of America
Branch  United States Army
Type Field army
Role Headquarters
Part of USARPAC insignia USARPAC
Garrison/HQ USAGH-CREST Camp Humphreys
Motto(s) Pacific Victors
Colors          White and red
Decorations Superior Unit Award
Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation
Presidential Unit Citation (South Korea) with Two Oak Leaf Clusters
Campaigns

World War II

Korean War
Website 8tharmy.korea.army.mil
Commanders
Commanding General LTG Joseph Hilbert[1]
Notable
commanders		 LTG Robert Eichelberger
LTG Walton H. Walker
LTG Matthew Ridgway
LTG James Van Fleet
LTG Maxwell D. Taylor
Insignia
Distinctive insignia
Eighth United States Army DUI
Flag
Flag of the Eighth United States Army
NATO Map Symbol
(1997)		 NATO Map Symbol - Unit Size - Army
Military Symbol - Friendly Unit (Solid Light 1.5x1 Frame)- AA - 8th US Army (FM 101-5-1, 1997 September 30)

The Eighth Army is a U.S. field army which commands all United States Army forces in South Korea.[2] It is headquartered at the Camp Humphreys in the Anjeong-ri of Pyeongtaek, South Korea.[3] Eighth Army relocated its headquarters from Yongsan to Camp Humphreys in the summer of 2017.[4] It is the only field army in the U.S. Army.[5] It is responsible to United States Forces Korea and United States Army, Pacific.

History[]

World War II[]

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The unit first activated on 10 June 1944 in the United States, under the command of Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger. The Eighth Army took part in many of the amphibious landings in the Southwest Pacific Theater of World War II, eventually participating in no less than sixty of them. The first mission of the Eighth Army, in September 1944, was to take over from the U.S. Sixth Army in New Guinea, New Britain, the Admiralty Islands and on Morotai, in order to free up the Sixth Army to engage in the Philippines Campaign (1944–45).

The Eighth Army again followed in the wake of the Sixth Army in December 1944, when it took over control of operations on Leyte Island on 26 December. In January, the Eighth Army entered combat on Luzon, landing the XI Corps on 29 January near San Antonio and the 11th Airborne Division on the other side of Manila Bay two days later. Combining with I Corps and XIV Corps of Sixth Army, the forces of Eighth Army next enveloped Manila in a great double-pincer movement. Eighth Army's final operation of the Pacific War was that of clearing out the southern Philippines of the Japanese Army, including on the major island of Mindanao, an effort that occupied the soldiers of the Eighth Army for the rest of the war.

Occupation of Japan[]

Eighth Army was to have participated in Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan.[6] It would have taken part in Operation Coronet, the second phase of the invasion, which would have seen the invasion of the Kantō Plain on eastern Honshū.[7] However, the Japanese surrender cancelled the invasion, and the Eighth Army found itself in charge of a peaceful occupation.[7] Occupation forces landed on 30 August 1945, with its headquarters in Yokohama, then the HQ moved to the Dai-Ichi building in Tokyo.[8]

At the beginning of 1946, Eighth Army assumed responsibility for occupying all of Japan.[8] Between February 1946 and October 1949, the Eighth Army tried 996 suspected Japanese war criminals in the Yokohama War Crimes Trials, convicting 854. These trials constituted the majority of American war crimes trials in the Asia-Pacific region.[9] Four quiet years then followed, during which the Eighth Army gradually transitioned from a combat-ready fighting force into a constabulary.[10] Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker took command in September 1948, and he tried to re-invigorate the Army's training, with mixed success.[11]

Korean War[]

Main article: Korean War
Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north of the Chongchon River, SFC Major Cleveland, weapons squad leader, points out Communist-led North Korean position to his machine gun crew, 20 November 1950, PFC James Cox.

Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north of the Chongchon River, SFC Major Cleveland, weapons squad leader, points out Communist-led North Korean position to his machine gun crew, 20 November 1950, PFC James Cox.

In June 1950 75,000 North Korean Korean People's Army (KPA) troops with Soviet made tanks invaded South Korea, igniting the Korean War.[12][13] U.S. naval and air forces quickly became involved in combat operations, and it was soon clear that U.S. ground forces would have to be committed. To stem the North Korean advance, the occupation forces in Japan were thus shipped off to South Korea as quickly as possible, but their lack of training and equipment was telling, as some of the initial U.S. units were destroyed by the KPA. However, the stage was eventually reached as enough units of Eighth Army arrived in Korea to make a firm front. The KPA threw themselves against that front, the Pusan Perimeter, and failed to break it.

Eighth Army arrived in July 1950 and never left. —Lt. Gen. Thomas S. Vandal, CG, Eighth Army, 29 August 2017[14]

In the meantime, Eighth Army had reorganized, since it had too many divisions under its command for it to exercise effective control directly. The I Corps and the IX Corps were reactivated in the United States and then shipped to Korea to assume command of Eighth Army's subordinate divisions.

The stalemate was broken by the Inchon landings of the X Corps (consisting of soldiers and Marines). The KPA, confronted with this threat to their rear areas, combined with a breakout operation at Pusan, broke away and hastily retired north.

Lt. Gen. , Commander of 8th Army (left) confers with Maj. Gen

Lt. Gen. Walton Walker, Commander of 8th Army (left) confers with Maj. Gen. William F. Dean, Commander Ground Forces in Korea, on 7 July 1950

Both South and North Korea were almost entirely occupied by United Nations forces. However, once U.S. units neared the Yalu River and the frontier between North Korea and China, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) intervened and drastically changed the character of the war. Eighth Army was decisively defeated at the Battle of the Chongchon River and forced to retreat back into South Korea, the longest retreat of any U.S. military unit in history. General Walker was killed in a jeep accident on 23 December 1950, and replaced by Lieutenant general Matthew Ridgway. The overstretched Eighth Army suffered heavily with the Chinese offensive, who were able to benefit from shorter lines of communication and with rather casually deployed enemy forces. The Chinese broke through the U.S. defenses despite U.S. air supremacy and the Eighth Army and U.N. forces retreated hastily to avoid encirclement. The Chinese offensive continued pressing U.S. forces, which lost Seoul, the South Korean capital. Eighth Army's morale and esprit de corps hit rock bottom, to where it was widely regarded as a broken, defeated rabble.

Ridgway forcefully restored Eighth Army to combat effectiveness over several months. Eighth Army slowed and ultimately halted the Chinese advance at the battles of Chipyong-ni and Wonju. It then counter-attacked the Chinese, re-took Seoul, and drove to the 38th parallel, where the front stabilized.

When Ridgway replaced General of the Army Douglas MacArthur as the overall U.N. commander, Lieutenant general James Van Fleet assumed command of Eighth Army. After the war of movement during the first stages, the fighting in Korea settled down to a war of attrition. Ceasefire negotiations were begun at the village of Panmunjom in the summer of 1951, and they dragged on for two years. During the final combat operation of the war, Lieutenant general Maxwell D. Taylor (promoted to general 23 June 1953) commanded the Eighth Army. When the Military Demarcation Line was finally agreed to by the Korean Armistice Agreement, South Korea and North Korea continued on as separate states.

Guarding Korea[]

Eighth United States Army memorial at Yongsan

Eighth United States Army memorial at Yongsan

During the aftermath of the Korean War, the Eighth Army remained in South Korea. By the 1960s, I Corps, consisting of the 7th Infantry Division and the 2nd Infantry Division, remained as part of the Eighth Army. Then, in 1971, the 7th Infantry Division was withdrawn, along with the command units of I Corps, which were moved across the Pacific Ocean to Fort Lewis, Washington.[15] Later, in March 1977, a memo from President Jimmy Carter said "...American forces will be withdrawn. Air cover will be continued." Bureaucratic resistance from the Executive Branch, with support in Congress, eventually saw the proposal watered down. Eventually one combat battalion and about 2,600 non-combat troops were withdrawn.[16]

This left the 2nd Infantry Division at the Korean Demilitarized Zone to assist the South Korean Army. Besides forming a trip-wire against another North Korean invasion, the 2nd Infantry Division remained there as the only Army unit in South Korea armed with tactical nuclear weapons. (Otherwise, there is only the U.S. Air Force in South Korea and on Okinawa.) All nuclear weapons were taken from the Army to be under Air Force control. Later, in 1991,[17] all U.S. nuclear weapons were removed from South Korea.

Structure 1989[]

Organisation of Eighth Army in 1989 (click to enlarge)

Organisation of Eighth Army in 1989 (click to enlarge)

At the end of the Cold War Eighth Army consisted of the following units:

Recent times[]

In 2003, plans were announced to move the 2nd Infantry Division southward. The division, with 15 bases north of the Han River and just south of the DMZ, was to be the most important formation to be moved south of the Han River in two phases "over the next few years" a joint statement between the South Korean and U.S. governments said on June 5, 2003.[41] As of 2015, it appears that one brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division will remain at Camp Casey, near Dongducheon.

The headquarters of the Eighth Army was Yongsan Garrison, but moved southward to Camp Humphreys by 2019.[3] In April 2017 the Eighth Army headquarters began its move from Yongsan to Camp Humphreys and held a ceremony to relocate a statue of General Walton Walker.[42]

Organization[]

Eighth Army organization 2023 (click to enlarge)

Eighth Army organization 2023 (click to enlarge)

Other army units based in South Korea:

Specific units[]

8th Army Band[]

Soldiers of the 8th Army Band at a parade in downtown Seoul

Soldiers of the 8th Army Band at a parade in downtown Seoul

The 8th Army Band is the official musical unit of the HQ 8th Army and supports United States Forces Korea and the United Nations Command.[47] The 41-member band was founded in 1916 as the Band of the 35th Infantry Regiment. During World War II, the band, then known as the 25th Infantry Division Band based out of Hawaii, served in the Pacific Theater, being a participant in Central Pacific and Guadalcanal campaigns. It was reorganized in November 1950 and reassigned to the newly formed ROK, the same year the Korean War began.[48] Awards and honors the band has received include the Meritorious Unit Commendation and two Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citations.[49] Nicknamed Freedom's Ambassadors due to its area of responsibility, it has performed at events such as the Wonju Tattoo, the Gangwon International Tattoo as well as Korean War memorial ceremonies in the country.[50][51] In June, 2015, members of the 8th Army Band celebrated its 99th anniversary in Mongolia with a concert on Sükhbaatar Square.[52]

Korean Service Corps[]

The Korean Service Corps was a reserve force composed of South Korean volunteers who were augmented to the 8th Army. They provided labourers who were used to carry ammunition and supplies, and support the overall logistic elements of the army. It is today, a paramilitary civilian formation that is battalion-sized. Continuing is role as a combat service support unit, it is capable of being expanded and mobilized during a wartime situation.

Lineage and honors[]

  • Constituted 2 June 1944 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters, Eighth Army
  • Activated 10 June 1944 at Memphis, Tennessee
  • Allotted 20 July 1951 to the Regular Army
  • Reorganized and redesignated 1 December 1967 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Eighth Army
  • Reorganized and redesignated 16 June 2008 as Operational Command Post, Headquarters, Eighth Army
  • Reorganized and redesignated 16 June 2010 as Headquarters, Eighth Army
  • Reorganized and redesignated 17 October 2011 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, Eighth Army[53]

Campaign participation credit[]

World War II
Korean War
  • UN Defensive
  • UN Offensive
  • CCF Intervention
  • First UN Counteroffensive
  • CCF Spring Offensive
  • UN Summer-Fall Offensive
  • Second Korean Winter
  • Korea, Summer-Fall 1952
  • Third Korean Winter
  • Korea, Summer 1953

Decorations[]

Ribbon Award Year Notes
Dark blue ribbon with a gold border Army Superior Unit Award 2020 Streamer embroidered 2020
Red ribbon Philippine Presidential Unit Citation[54] 1944–1945 Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945
White ribbon with vertical green and red stripes on its edges and a red and blue circle in the middle Presidential Unit Citation (Korea)[54] 1950 Streamer embroidered KOREA 1950
White ribbon with vertical green and red stripes on its edges and a red and blue circle in the middle Presidential Unit Citation (Korea)[54] 1951–1952 Streamer embroidered KOREA 1951–1952
White ribbon with vertical green and red stripes on its edges and a red and blue circle in the middle Presidential Unit Citation (Korea)[54] 1952–1953 Streamer embroidered KOREA 1952–1953



List of commanders[]

No. Commander Term
Portrait Name Took office Left office Term length
1
Robert L. Eichelberger
Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger
(1886–1961)		1 June 19444 August 19484 years, 64 days
2
Walton Walker
Lieutenant General Walton Walker
(1889–1950)		4 August 194823 December 19502 years, 141 days
3
Matthew Ridgway
Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway
(1895–1993)		25 December 195012 April 1951108 days
4
James Van Fleet
General James Van Fleet
(1892–1992)		14 April 195111 February 19531 year, 303 days
5
Maxwell D. Taylor
General Maxwell D. Taylor
(1901–1987)		11 February 195325 March 19552 years, 42 days
6
Lyman Lemnitzer
General Lyman Lemnitzer
(1899–1988)		25 March 19555 June 195572 days
7
Isaac D. White
General Isaac D. White
(1901–1990)		25 June 19551 July 19572 years, 6 days
8
George Decker
General George Decker
(1902–1980)		1 July 195730 June 19591 year, 364 days
9
Carter B. Magruder
General Carter B. Magruder
(1900–1988)		1 July 195930 June 19611 year, 364 days
10
Guy S. Meloy
General Guy S. Meloy
(1903–1968)		1 July 196131 July 19632 years, 30 days
11
Hamilton H. Howze
General Hamilton H. Howze
(1908–1998)		1 August 196315 June 19651 year, 318 days
12
Dwight E. Beach
General Dwight E. Beach
(1908–2000)		16 June 196531 August 19661 year, 76 days
13
Charles H. Bonesteel III
General Charles H. Bonesteel III
(1909–1977)		1 September 196630 September 19693 years, 29 days
14
John H. Michaelis
General John H. Michaelis
(1912–1985)		1 October 196931 August 19722 years, 335 days
15
Donald V. Bennett
General Donald V. Bennett
(1915–2005)		1 September 197231 July 1973333 days
16
Richard G. Stilwell
General Richard G. Stilwell
(1917–1991)		1 August 19738 October 19763 years, 68 days
17
John W. Vessey Jr.
General John W. Vessey Jr.
(1922–2016)		8 October 197610 July 19792 years, 275 days
18
John A. Wickham Jr.
General John A. Wickham Jr.
(1928–2024)		10 July 19794 June 19822 years, 329 days
19
Robert W. Sennewald
General Robert W. Sennewald
(1929–2023)		4 June 19821 June 19841 year, 363 days
20
William J. Livsey
General William J. Livsey
(1931–2016)		1 June 198425 June 19873 years, 24 days
21
Louis C. Menetrey Jr.
General Louis C. Menetrey Jr.
(1929–2009)		25 June 198726 June 19903 years, 1 day
22
Robert W. RisCassi
General Robert W. RisCassi
(born 1936)		26 June 19901 December 19922 years, 158 days
23
William W. Crouch
Lieutenant General William W. Crouch
(born 1941)		1 December 199218 October 19941 year, 321 days
24
Richard F. Timmons
Lieutenant General Richard F. Timmons
(born 1942)		19 October 199431 July 19972 years, 285 days
25
Randolph W. House
Lieutenant General Randolph W. House
(born 1949)		1 August 199725 September 19981 year, 55 days
26
Daniel J. Petrosky
Lieutenant General Daniel J. Petrosky
(born 1944)		25 September 199828 September 20002 years, 3 days
27
Daniel R. Zanini
Lieutenant General Daniel R. Zanini
(born 1946)		28 September 20006 November 20022 years, 39 days
28
Charles C. Campbell
Lieutenant General Charles C. Campbell
(1948–2016)		6 November 200210 April 20063 years, 155 days
29
David P. Valcourt
Lieutenant General David P. Valcourt
(born 1951)		11 April 200617 February 20081 year, 312 days
30
Joseph F. Fil Jr.
Lieutenant General Joseph F. Fil Jr.
(born 1953)		18 February 200819 November 20102 years, 274 days
31
John D. Johnson
Lieutenant General John D. Johnson
(born 1952)		9 November 201026 June 20132 years, 229 days
32
Bernard S. Champoux
Lieutenant General Bernard S. Champoux
(born 1954)		27 June 20132 February 20162 years, 220 days
33
Thomas S. Vandal
Lieutenant General Thomas S. Vandal
(1960–2018)		2 February 20165 January 20181 year, 337 days
34
Michael A. Bills
Lieutenant General Michael A. Bills
(born 1958)		5 January 20182 October 20202 years, 271 days
35
Willard Burleson
Lieutenant General Willard Burleson
(born 1965)		2 October 20205 April 20243 years, 186 days
36
Christopher LaNeve
Lieutenant General Christopher LaNeve5 April 202416 April 20251 year, 11 days
–
D. Sean Crockett
Brigadier General D. Sean Crockett (Acting)16 April 202512 August 2025118 days
–
William D. Taylor
Major General William D. Taylor (Acting)12 August 2025Incumbent120 days

References[]

Citation[]

  1. ↑ "U.S. general Hilbert appointed new Eighth Army commander in South Korea". The Chosun Ilbo. 2025-09-11. https://www.chosun.com/english/national-en/2025/09/07/GMSNPMLF4JBSBMSS6PBADAVSS4/. 
  2. ↑ "Enter the Dragon: Eighth Army unveils new emblem" (15 April 2013)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yongsan garrison move pushed back to 2019 Archived 30 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ Eighth Army (12 February 2023a). "History". https://8tharmy.korea.army.mil/site/about/history.asp. 
  5. ↑ THEATER ARMY, CORPS, AND DIVISION OPERATIONS FM 3-94. United States Army. 2014. pp. 1–2. 
  6. ↑ MacArthur, Douglas (1966). Reports of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific. I. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 423. https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1/ch13.htm. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Reports of General MacArthur, p. 423. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "FOOTNOTEReports of General MacArthur" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Chronology of the Occupation: GHQ AFPAC; 15 August 1945 to 31 March 1946 Only". Center of Military History, U.S. Army. https://history.army.mil/documents/8-5/8-5.htm. 
  9. ↑ Eastman, Michael (2023-08-22). "Yokohama: Courts and Cases" (in en). https://exhibits.stanford.edu/virtual-tribunals/feature/yokohama-courts-and-cases. 
  10. ↑ United States Secretary of the Army (1949). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Army: 1948. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 65. https://books.google.com/books?id=DweCWeKGi1YC&pg=PA65. 
  11. ↑ Annual Report of the Secretary of the Army: 1948, p. 65.
  12. ↑ National Archives, US Enters the Korean Conflict
  13. ↑ History Vault Korean War
  14. ↑ The National Defense Committee visits Eighth Army Headquarters (29 August 2017)
  15. ↑ Don Oberdorfter, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History, Addison-Wesley, 1997, p. 86.
  16. ↑ Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, 1997, 86-94.
  17. ↑ Oberdorfer, Don (1991-10-19). "U.S. DECIDES TO WITHDRAW A-WEAPONS FROM S. KOREA" (in en-US). ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/19/us-decides-to-withdraw-a-weapons-from-s-korea/3759ee3f-e9bf-4944-bfdf-2f9ea727b546/. 
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 Association of the United States Army (January 1989). "Command and Staff". Association of the US Army. https://books.google.com/books?id=yC4wG9JVdR0C. 
  19. ↑ "17th Aviation Brigade Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/017avbde.htm. 
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 Colonel Johnnie L. Sheperd (1993). "Bring your Career to Korea!". US Army Aviation Digest - July / August 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=WN0X0enpb-wC. 
  21. ↑ "1st Battalion, 501st Aviation Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/501av001bn.htm. 
  22. ↑ "2nd Battalion, 501st Aviation Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/501av002bn.htm. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Raines, Rebecca Robbins. "Signal Corps". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-15-1/CMH_Pub_60-15-1.pdf. 
  24. ↑ "36th Signal Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/sc/0036scbn.htm. 
  25. ↑ "41st Signal Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/sc/0041scbn.htm. 
  26. ↑ "304th Signal Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/sc/0304scbn.htm. 
  27. ↑ "307th Signal Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/sc/0307scbn.htm. 
  28. ↑ "94th Military Police Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/mp/0094mpbn.htm. 
  29. ↑ "728th Military Police Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/mp/0728mpbn.htm. 
  30. ↑ "501st Military Intelligence Brigade Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/mi/0501mibde.htm. 
  31. ↑ "524th Military Intelligence Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/mi/0524mibn.htm. 
  32. ↑ "532nd Military Intelligence Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/mi/0532mibn.htm. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "3rd Battalion, 501st Aviation Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/501av003bn.htm. 
  34. ↑ "21st Transportation Company Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/trans/0021trco.htm. 
  35. ↑ "8th Personnel Center Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/ag/0008psctr.htm. 
  36. ↑ "516th Personnel Service Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/ag/0516psbn.htm. 
  37. ↑ "175th Financial Management Support Center Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fin/0175fnctr.htm. 
  38. ↑ "176th Finance Company Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fin/0176fnco.htm. 
  39. ↑ "177th Finance Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fin/0177fnbn.htm. 
  40. ↑ "23rd Chemical Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/chem/023cmbn.htm. 
  41. ↑ Putnam, Bill (June 9, 2003). "U.S. Forces Korea to start major realignment next year". https://www.google.com/https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/06/14/39/00046/06-2003.pdf.  See page 9.
  42. ↑ "8th U.S. Army Starts Moving Out of Seoul". The Chosun Ilbo. 26 April 2017. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/04/26/2017042601582.html. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Eighth Army 2023b.
  44. ↑ "The conventional military balance on the Korean peninsula" (PDF document) p.55
  45. ↑ "Team". 19th Expeditionary Sustainment Command. https://www.army.mil/19thesc#org-team. 
  46. ↑ "403rd Army Field Support Brigade (AFSB)". Army Sustainment Command. https://www.aschq.army.mil/Units/403rd/. 
  47. ↑ "Soldier Support Journal". 1982. https://books.google.com/books?id=oZJACfmiZnUC&q=Freedom%E2%80%99s+Ambassador%E2%80%99s+8th+army+band&pg=RA9-PA32. 
  48. ↑ "EIGHTH ARMY BAND - History". https://www.bands.army.mil/organizations/pages/?unit=8AB&p=history. 
  49. ↑ "Eighth Army Band - Eighth Army". 8tharmy.korea.army.mil. https://8tharmy.korea.army.mil/site/about/eighth-army-band.asp. Retrieved 2022-08-28. 
  50. ↑ "8th Army band readies for Wonju festival". https://www.stripes.com/news/8th-army-band-readies-for-wonju-festival-1.82522. 
  51. ↑ "EIGHTH ARMY BAND - News". https://www.bands.army.mil/organizations/pages/default.asp?unit=8AB&p=news&NewsID=38. 
  52. ↑ "U.S. 8th Army Band's Ensemble Group, Alliance Brass Celebrates 99th Birthday in Mongolia". 30 June 2015. https://mn.usembassy.gov/u-s-8th-army-bands-ensemble-group-alliance-brass-celebrates-99th-birthday-mongolia/. 
  53. ↑ "Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, Eighth Army - Lineage and Honors". https://history.army.mil/Portals/143/LineageAndHonorsDocuments/ArmiesAndCorps/HHB%20Eigth%20Army%20Lineage.pdf?ver=YlsETRiqF-M5Kb4xyEgSFw%3d%3d. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Bowery, Jr., Charles R. (June 8, 2021). "Department of the Army Lineage and Honors United States Army Central". https://history.army.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=R21LyfhODZ0%3D&portalid=143. 

Bibliography[]

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