Edward D. Thalmann

Edward Deforest Thalmann
Dr. Edward D. Thalmann, MD
Born	(1945-04-03)April 3, 1945-July 24, 2004(2004-07-24) (aged 59)
Place of birth	Jersey City, New Jersey
Place of death	Durham, North Carolina
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Navy
Years of service	1971 - 1993
Rank	Captain
Awards	Legion of Merit Meritorious Service Medal Navy Unit Commendation Navy and Marine Corps Meritorious Unit Commendation with service star National Defense Service Medal with service star Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon with service star
Other work	Naval Medical Research Institute Duke University Divers Alert Network

Capt. Edward Deforest Thalmann, USN (ret.) (b. April 3, 1945-d. July 24, 2004; age 59) was an American hyperbaric medicine specialist who was principally responsible for developing the current United States Navy dive tables for mixed-gas diving, which are based on his eponymous Thalmann Algorithm (VVAL18). At the time of his death, Thalmann was serving as Assistant Medical Director of the Divers Alert Network (DAN) and an Assistant Clinical Professor in Anesthesiology at Duke University's Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology.

Education

Thalmann graduated from Sayreville High School, Sayreville NJ in 1962. He attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1966 with a bachelor of science degree. He attended medical school at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. From 1970 to 1971, Dr. Thalmann was a surgical intern at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Quebec. It was there that he met his future wife, a nursing student.

While on active duty, from 1975 to 1977, Dr. Thalmann conducted a two-year postdoctoral fellowship under the guidance of Claes Lundgren and Hermann Rahn, at the State University of New York at Buffalo, studying the effects of immersion and breathing bag placement in rebreathers on underwater exercise.

Naval career

Dr. Thalmann served as Chief Medical Officer on board the ballistic missile submarine USS Thomas Jefferson for a single deployment, from 1971 to 1972 before being posted as a research diving medical officer at the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) at the Washington Navy Yard, where he was stationed until 1975.

Following his post-doctoral fellowship in Buffalo, in 1977, Dr. Thalmann returned to NEDU, now located in Panama City, Florida, as Assistant Senior Medical Officer, where he began developing new dive tables and mixed-gas diving techniques. While at NEDU, Thalmann created a number of unique and innovative underwater exercise devices, still in use today, intended to assist in gauging the underwater endurance of divers using various gas mixtures while performing physically demanding tasks.

In 1985, Dr. Thalmann, now the Senior Medical Officer at NEDU, was selected for the NATO Undersea Medicine Personnel Exchange Program and assigned to the Royal Navy Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, United Kingdom. There he continued development of a new decompression table and worked on improving undersea thermal protection garments. Upon the conclusion of his exchange tour in 1987, Thalmann returned to Bethesda to serve as the commander of the Naval Medical Research Institute's diving medicine and physiology research division.

Civilian career

Following his retirement from the Navy in 1993, Thalmann stayed on at NMRI as a senior scientist in decompression research. In July 1994 took a position in Durham, North Carolina at Duke's Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and later accepted a simultaneous position as the Assistant Medical Director of DAN in 1995.

Dr. Thalmann died on July 24, 2004 in Durham, due to congestive heart failure, at the age of 59. He was committed to the sea on August 31, 2004 with services conducted aboard USS Maryland, an Ohio-class submarine, off the coast of Kings Bay, Georgia at 30°57′00″N 79°53′30″W.

Contributions to hyperbaric medicine

Dr. Thalmann's initial studies were aimed at developing a mathematical algorithm that reflected, as closely as possible, the science of gas exchange in human tissues and which could replace early 20th century Haldanean procedures that had been modified in the mid-20th century based largely on trial and error.

Using the concepts of maximum likelihood as a theoretical foundation, Dr. Thalmann supervised hundreds of experimental dives to develop and verify a new set of decompression tables to protect divers. These tables were approved for use by the United States Navy and provide for much greater flexibility in depth and duration for safe diving and allow for the use of breathing gases other than air. This increased the operational capabilities of U.S. military divers, and the Thalmann Algorithm is being used by the United States Navy to develop diver-carried computers to calculate safe individual time limits for complex dive of varying depth.

In addition, Dr. Thalmann's theoretical work is being used to revise the standard United States Navy Decompression Tables employed for less complex dives using compressed air. This will eventually benefit future military divers as well as the thousands of civilian recreational divers, worldwide. Dr. Thalmann was also part of the team that developed the protocols used to protect U.S. astronauts from decompression sickness when they leave the 1 atmosphere environment of the International Space Station for the lower atmospheric pressure in their space suits.

Awards

• Legion of Merit awarded in 1994
• Meritorious Service Medal awarded in 1985
• Navy Unit Commendation
• Navy and Marine Corps Meritorious Unit Commendation with bronze service star (2 awards)
• National Defense Service Medal with bronze service star (2 awards)
• Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon with bronze service star (2 awards)

• File:Submedical.jpg  Submarine Medical insignia
• Diving Medical Officer badge
•   SSBN Deterrent Patrol insignia

Bibliography

Refereed Journals

Raymond, L. W.; J. H. Crothers; G. Lindgren; E. D. Thalmann; W. H. Spaur; W. R. Braithwaite; H. C. Langworthy; T. E. Berghage (1973). "Indirect calorimetry in man in helium-oxygen at 50 atmospheres pressure.". pp. 848.  Raymond, L. W.; E. D. Thalmann; G. Lindgren; H. C. Langworthy; W. H. Spaur; J. H. Crothers; W. R. Braithwaite; Berghage, T. E. (1975). "Thermal homeostasis of resting man in helium-oxygen at 1-50 atmospheres absolute.". pp. 51–67. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 1181708. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2691. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Berghage, T. E.; L. E. Lash; W. R. Braithwaite; E. D. Thalmann (1975). "Intentional tremor on a helium-oxygen chamber dive to 49.5 ATA.". pp. 215–22. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 15622740. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2426. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Spaur, W. H.; L. W. Raymond; M. M. Knott; J. H. Crothers; W. R. Braithwaite; E. D. Thalmann; D. F. Uddin (1977). "Dyspnea in divers at 49.5 ATA: Mechanical, not chemical in origin.". pp. 183–98. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 878071. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2797. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Raymond, L. W.; W. H. Spaur; E. D. Thalmann (1978). "Prevention of divers' ear.". pp. 48. Digital object identifier:10.1136/bmj.1.6104.48-d. PMC 1602449. PMID 620150.  Spaur, W. H.; E. D. Thalmann; E. T. Flynn; J. L. Zumrick; T. W.Reedy; J. M. Ringleberg (1978). "Development of unlimited duration excursion tables and procedures for helium-oxygen saturation diving.". pp. 159–177. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 675881. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2826. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Thalmann, E. D.; D. K. Sponholtz; C. E. G. Lundgren (1978). "Chamber-based system for physiological monitoring of submerged exercising subjects.". pp. 293–300. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 705946. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2828. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Van Liew, H. D.; E. D. Thalmann; D. K. Sponholtz (1979). "Diffusion-dependence of pulmonary gas mixing at 5.5 and 9.5 ATA.". pp. 251–258. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 524527. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2863. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Thalmann, E. D.; D. K. Sponholtz; C. E. G. Lundgren (1979). "Effects of immersion and static lung loading on submerged exercise at depth.". pp. 259–290. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 524528. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2862. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Piantadosi, C. A.; R. L. Clinton; E. D. Thalmann (1979). "Prolonged oxygen exposures in immersed exercising divers at 25 fsw (1.76 ATA).". pp. 347–356. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 538863. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2858. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Piantadosi, C. A.; E. D. Thalmann (1980). "Thermal responses in humans exposed to cold hyperbaric helium-oxygen.". pp. 1099–1106. ISSN 0021-8987. OCLC 11603017. PMID 7440297. http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/49/6/1099. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Piantadosi, C. A.; E. D. Thalmann; W. H. Spaur (1981). "Metabolic response to respiratory heat loss and core cooling.". pp. 829–830. ISSN 0021-8987. OCLC 11603017. PMID 7263366. http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/50/4/829. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Van Liew, H. D.; E. D. Thalmann; D. K. Sponholtz (1981). "Diffusive gas mixing in the lung in hyperbaric environments.". pp. 110–114.  Van Liew, H. D.; E. D. Thalmann; D. K. Sponholtz (1981). "Hinderance to diffusive gas mixing in the lung in hyperbaric environments.". pp. 243–247. ISSN 0021-8987. OCLC 11603017. PMID 7263431. http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/51/2/243. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Butler, F. K.; E. D. Thalmann (1983). "Report of an isolated mid-frequency hearing loss following inner ear barotrauma.". pp. 131–134. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 6612898. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2948. Retrieved 2008-03-15.

Thalmann, E. D. (1983). "Phenytoin sodium in oxygen-toxicity-induced seizures.". pp. 592–3. Digital object identifier:10.1016/S0196-0644(83)80324-2. PMID 6614618.  Butler, F. K.; E. D. Thalmann (1986). "Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity in Closed Circuit SCUBA Divers II.". pp. 193–223. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 3727183. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3045. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Thalmann, E. D. (1989). "Testing of revised unlimited-duration upward excursions during helium-oxygen saturation dives.". pp. 195–218. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 2741254. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2524. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Weathersby, P. K.; S. S. Survanshi; L. D. Homer; E. Parker; E. D. Thalmann (1992). "Predicting the time of occurrence of decompression sickness.". pp. 1541–1548. ISSN 0021-8987. OCLC 11603017. PMID 1592748. http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/72/4/1541. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Stevens, D. M.; B. G. Caras; E. T. Flynn; A. J. Dutka; J. W. Thorp; E. D. Thalmann (1992). "Management of herniated intervertebral disks during saturation dives: a case report.". pp. 191–8. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 1534427. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2624. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Joye, D. D.; J. R. Clarke; N. A. Carlson; E. D. Thalmann (1994). "Characterization and measurement of elastance with application to underwater breathing apparatus.". pp. 53–658. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 8180567. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2159. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Ball, R.; J. Himm; L.D. Homer; E. D. Thalmann (1995). "Does the time course of bubble evolution explain decompression sickness risk?". pp. 263–280. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 7580767. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2187. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Jiang, Y.; L.D. Homer; E. D. Thalmann (1996). "Development and interactions of two inert gas bubbles during decompression.". pp. 131–140. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 8931280. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2234. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Thalmann, E. D.; Parker E. C.; S.S. Survanshi; P. K. Weathersby (1997). "Improved probabilistic decompression model risk predictions using linear-exponential kinetics.". pp. 255–274. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 9444058. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2276. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Clayton, C. E.; M. S. Carraway; H. B. Suliman; E. D. Thalmann; K. N. Thalmann; D. E. Schmechel; C. A. Piantadosi (2001). "Inhaled carbon monoxide and hyperoxic lung injury in rats.". pp. L949–57. PMID 11557599.  Pollock, N. W.; M. J. Natoli; W. A. Gerth; E. D. Thalmann; R. D. Vann (2003). "Risk of decompression sickness during exposure to high cabin altitude after diving.". pp. 1163–8. ISSN 0095-6562. PMID 14620473. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2003/00000074/00000011/art00006. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Piantadosi, C. A.; E. D. Thalmann (2004). "Pathology: whales, sonar and decompression sickness.". pp. 1 p following 716; discussion 2 p following 716.. Digital object identifier:10.1038/nature02527a. PMID 15085881.  Vann, R. D.; W. A. Gerth; P. J. DeNoble; C. F. Pieper; E. D. Thalmann (2004). "Experimental trials to assess the risks of decompression sickness in flying after diving.". pp. 431–44. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 15686274. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4027. Retrieved 2008-03-15.  Demchenko, I. T.; Y. I. Luchakov; A. N. Moskvin; D. R. Gutsaeva; B. W. Allen; E. D. Thalmann; C. A. Piantadosi (2005). "Cerebral blood flow and brain oxygenation in rats breathing oxygen under pressure.". pp. 1288–300. Digital object identifier:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600110. PMID 15789033.

Non-Refereed Journals and Reports

Thalmann, E. D. (1974). "A prophylactic program for the prevention of otitis externa in saturation divers.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3372. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D.; M. M. Knott, and J. C. Crothers. (1974). "Determination of the adequacy of helmet ventilation in the Navy MK 12 and MK 5 hard-hat diving apparatus.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4775. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Spaur, W. H.; E. D. Thalmann and R. C. Maulbeck. (1978). "Carbon dioxide absorbent canister studies of the hot water heated, helium-oxygen mode, MK 12 surface-supplied diving system.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3513. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Spaur, W. H.; E. D. Thalmann and R. C. Maulbeck. (1979). "MK 12 surface-supplied diving system helium-oxygen emergency mode study.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3286. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Piantadosi, C. A.; D. J. Ball, M. L. Nuckols and E. D. Thalmann. (1979). "Manned evaluation of the NCSC diver thermal protection (DTP) passive system prototype.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3356. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Piantadosi, C. A.; E. D. Thalmann and W. H. Spaur. (1980). "Improved life support capability in the MK 11 semi-closed circuit UBA by modification of the carbon dioxide absorbent canister.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3287. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D.; I. P. B. Buckingham and W. H. Spaur. (1980). "Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I).". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Gray, C. G.; E. D. Thalmann. (1980). "Manned evaluation of the pre-production MK 16 underwater breathing apparatus.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3358. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Gray, C. G.; E. D. Thalmann and R. Syklawer. (1981). "United States Coast Guard emergency underwater escape rebreather evaluation.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3515. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Middleton, J. R.; E. D. Thalmann. (1981). "Manned evaluation of the pre-production MK 16 underwater breathing apparatus.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3297. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Gray, C. G.; E. D. Thalmann. (1981). "Manned evaluation of Field Change 9/85 to the MK 11 UBA CO2 absorbent canister.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4845. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D. (1983). "Computer algorithms used in computing the MK15/16 constant 0.7 ATA oxygen partial pressure decompression tables.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Jaggaers, F. R.; E. D. Thalmann. (1983). "Manned evaluation of MK 15 closed circuit UBA canister duration at 13.4 °C and 2 °C.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3293. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D.; F. K. Butler. (1983). "A procedure for doing multiple level dives on air using repetitive groups.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3376. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D. (1984). "Phase II testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Butler, F. K.; E. D. Thalmann. (1984). "Purging procedures for the Draeger LAR V underwater breathing apparatus.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3523. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Butler, F. K.; E. D. Thalmann. (1984). "Oxygen Toxicity in Closed-Circuit SCUBA Divers.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3378. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D. (1985). "Development of a Decompression Algorithm for Constant Oxygen Partial Pressure in Helium Diving.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4816. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D. (1985). "Air-N202 Decompression Computer Algorithm Development.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4820. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D. (1985). "Repetitive/Multi-Level Dive Procedures for Constant 0.7 ATA Oxygen Partial Pressure in Nitrogen Diving.".  Presswood, C. G.; E. D. Thalmann and M. D. Curley. (1986). "Test and evaluation of two prototype model underwater decompression monitors.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3377. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D.; R. Schedlich, J.R. Broome and P.E. Barker. (1987). "Evaluation of Passive Thermal Protection Systems for Cold Water Diving.".

Weinberg, R. P.; E. D. Thalmann. (1990). "Effects of Hand and Foot Heating on Diver Thermal Balance.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4247. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Albin, G.; P. Massell and E. D. Thalmann. (1990). "Basic Operation and Preliminary Trials of a Detector for Stationary Gas Bubbles.".  Thorp, J. W.; D.M. Stevens, A.J. Dutka, T.J. Doubt and E.D. Thalmann. (1992). "Pyridostigmine Prophylaxis During Warm Water Diving Operations.". pp. 23–26.  Survanshi SS, Weathersby PK, Homer LD, Thalmann ED. Design of Dive Trials. In: Lang MA, Vann RD eds: AAUS Repetitive Dive Workshop. Costa Mesa, CA. American Academy of Underwater Scientists, 1992:287-292. Weathersby, P. K.; S.S. Survanshi, R.Y. Nishi, and E.D. Thalmann. (1992). "Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Parker, E. C.; S.S. Survanshi, P.K. Weathersby, and E.D. Thalmann. (1992). "Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Ball, R.; J. Himm, L. D. Homer, and E. D. Thalmann. (1994). "A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion.".  Parker, E. C.; S.S. Survanshi, E.D. Thalmann and P.K. Weathersby. (1996). "Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Survanshi, S. S.; P. K. Weathersby, and E. D. Thalmann. (1996). "Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D.; P. C. Kelleher, S. S. Survanshi, E. C. Parker, and P. K. Weathersby. (1999). "Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Survanshi, S. S.; E. C. Parker, E. D. Thalmann, and P. K. Weathersby. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model.".  Survanshi, S. S.; E. C. Parker, E. D. Thalmann, and P. K. Weathersby. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume II. Repetitive dive tables: Air.".  Survanshi, S. S.; E. C. Parker, E. D. Thalmann, and P. K. Weathersby. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume III. Exceptional exposure tables: Air.".  Survanshi, S. S.; E. C. Parker, E. D. Thalmann, and P. K. Weathersby. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume IV. Repetitive dive tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2.".  Survanshi, S. S.; E. C. Parker, E. D. Thalmann, and P. K. Weathersby. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume V. Exceptional exposure tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2.".  Gerth, W. A.; E. D. Thalmann. (1998). "Vascular Effects of Underwater Low Frequency Sound in Immersed Individuals.".  Latson, G. W.; E. T. Flynn, W. A. Gerth, and E. D. Thalmann. (2000). "Accelerated Decompression Using Oxygen for Submarine Rescue - Summary Report and Operational Guidance.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3582. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Hamilton Jr, R. W.; E. D. Thalmann and D. J. Temple. (2002). "Multi-Day Air Saturation at 20 and 22 FSW With Direct Ascent: Data Report on Project 92-09.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4585. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Hamilton Jr, R. W.; E. D. Thalmann and D. J. Temple. (2002). "Surface Decompression Diving: Data Report on Protocol 90-02.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4980. Retrieved 2008-03-16.  Thalmann, E. D. (2003). "Suitability of the USN MK15(VVAL18) Decompression Algorithm for Air Diving.". http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4586. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

Book Chapters

• Vann, R.D; E.D. Thalmann (1993). "Decompression Modeling and Physiology". In Bennett, P.B. and Elliott, D.H. eds.. The Physiology and Medicine of Diving and Compressed Air Work (Fourth ed.). London: Bailliere Tindall. OCLC 2000230. 
• Thalmann, E.D., editor of Chapter 8: "Diving Medicine", in: U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Vol 1. 1984, 1993 revisions.. http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9. 
• Invited Reviewer for: "Treatment of decompression sickness", Chapter 13. In: Edmonds, C.; Lowry, C., and Pennefather, J. (1992). Diving and Subaquatic Medicine (Third ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. OCLC 24009565. 
• Thalmann, E.D. (1996). "Gas Physiology in Diving: Decompression". In Fregley, M.J. and C.M. Batteis, eds.. Handbook of Physiology, Section 4: Environmental Physiology Volume II. New York: The American Physiological Society. Oxford University Press.. pp. 1012–1015. 
• Thalmann, E.D. (1997). "Diving Hazards". In Langley, R.L, McLymore, R.L., Meggs, W.J. and Roberson, G.T. eds.. Safety and Health in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes. OCLC 35750471. 

External links

• Ed Thalmann Papers at Duke University Medical Center Archives