| Edmund Glaise-Horstenau | |
|---|---|
| |
| Glaise-Horstenau (right) with Hungary's defense minister Károly Bartha and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris (left), 1941 | |
| Vice-Chancellor of Austria | |
In office 11 March 1938 – 16 February 1938 | |
| President | Wilhelm Miklas |
| Chancellor | Arthur Seyss-Inquart |
| Preceded by | Ludwig Hülgerth |
| Succeeded by | Anschluss (Adolf Schärf in 1945) |
Federal Minister for the Interior Federal State of Austria
| |
In office 6 November 1936 – 16 February 1938 | |
| President | Wilhelm Miklas |
| Chancellor | Kurt Schuschnigg |
| Preceded by | Kurt Schuschnigg (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Arthur Seyss-Inquart |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 27 February 1882 Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 20 July 1946 (aged 64) Nuremberg, Allied-occupied Germany |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Edmund Glaise-Horstenau (also known as Edmund Glaise von Horstenau; 27 February 1882 – 20 July 1946) was an Austrian officer in the Bundesheer, last Vice-Chancellor of Austria before the 1938 Anschluss, and general in the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War.
Life[]
Born in Braunau am Inn the son of an officer, Glaise-Horstenau attended the Theresian Military Academy and served in World War I on the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army, where he from 1915 headed the press department of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces. After the war he studied history at the University of Vienna, beside his employment at the Austrian War Archives (as director from 1925 to 1938). He also achieved the rank of a colonel at the Austrian Heeresnachrichtenamt in 1934.
Originally a monarchist, Glaise-Horstenau became the number-two man in the hierarchy of the banned Austrian Nazi Party in the middle and late 1930s behind its leader Arthur Seyss-Inquart. To improve relations with Nazi Germany, he was appointed a member of the Staatsrat of the Federal State of Austria from 1934 in the rank of a Minister Without Portfolio, and from 1936 to 1938 served as Federal Minister for the Interior in the cabinet of Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, after being appointed under pressure from Adolf Hitler. At the meeting at the Berghof in Berchtesgaden on February 12, 1938 between Hitler and Schuschnigg, Germany demanded among other things that Glaise-Horstenau be made Minister of War in a new, pro-Nazi government, and that he would thereafter establish close operational relations between the German and Austrian Armies, leading ultimately to the assimilation of the Austrian into the German system.[1] After Schuschnigg had to resign on March 11, Glaise-Horstenau served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria under Seyß-Inquart for two days.
Croatia[]
Siegfried Kasche, von Horstenau and Ante Pavelić in Zagreb.
After the Anschluss he entered the Wehrmacht and was appointed as Plenipotentiary General in the Independent State of Croatia on April 14, 1941. There, he was shocked by the atrocities of the Ustaše (Croatian Fascist para-militaries), which he repeatedly denounced and opposed.[2][3] As early as 28 June 1941, he reported the following to the German High Command, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW):
| “ | ...according to reliable reports from countless German military and civil observers during the last few weeks the Ustaše have gone raging mad. | ” |
On 10 July, he added:
| “ | Our troops have to be mute witnesses of such events; it does not reflect well on their otherwise high reputation... I am frequently told that German occupation troops would finally have to intervene against Ustaše crimes. This may happen eventually. Right now, with the available forces, I could not ask for such action. Ad hoc intervention in individual cases could make the German Army look responsible for countless crimes which it could not prevent in the past.[4] | ” |
The lack of response from the OKW at Glaise-Horstenau's criticism of the Ustaše's methods increasingly frustrated him, and caused deep tension with the dictator of Croatia Ante Pavelić. By 1944, he had grown so dismayed at the atrocities he had witnessed that he became deeply implicated in the Lorković-Vokić plot, with the purpose of overthrowing Pavelić's regime and replacing it with a pro-Allied government.[5] The subsequent failure of this attempt turned Glaise-Horstenau into persona non grata both for the Croatian establishment and the Nazis. Consequently, during the first week of September, Pavelić and German ambassador Siegfried Kasche conspired together and effected his removal on September 25. Glaise-Horstenau's withdrawal from the scene opened the door for the total politicalization of the Croatian armed forces, which occurred over the next several months.[6]
Glaise-Horstenau was then passed into Führer-Reserve and entrusted with the obscure task of Military Historian of the South East until his capture by the US Army on May 5, 1945. Fearing extradition to Yugoslavia, he committed suicide at Langwasser military camp near Nuremberg, Germany, on July 20, 1946.
Legacy[]
In his time as a military diplomat in Zagreb he began his autobiography, which he continued during custody in 1945/46 until shortly before his death. His extensive recollections offer a portrait of the Austrian élites during the last years of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy and the interwar time. They were collected by Austrian state archivist Peter Broucek, who edited and published them between 1980 and 1988.
Publications[]
- The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire, translated by Ian F.D. Morrow, London, Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1930 (Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Amalthea Verlag, Zürich-Leipzig-Wien, 1929)
Footnotes[]
- ↑ Documents on German Foreign Policy, I, pp. 513-515
- ↑ Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund, v. Peter Broucek (1980). Ein General im Zwielicht : die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises von Horstenau. Graz and Köln: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf. p. 168. ISBN 3-205-08740-2. http://www.jerusalim.org/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/jasenovac/ja0010.html.
- ↑ Jonathan Gumz. German Counterinsurgency Policy in Independent Croatia, 1941-1944. The Historian, Vol. 61, 1998.
- ↑ General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau to the OKW, July 10, 1941; report to Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler from the Geheime Staatspolizei, dated February 17, 1942.
- ↑ Nada Kisić-Kolanović. NDH i Italija: političke veze i diplomatski odnosi. Hrvatski institut za povijest. Zagreb, 2001. (pg. 112)
- ↑ Kiszling, Rudolf (1956). Die Kroaten, Der Schicksalsweg eines Südslawenvolkes (The Croats: The Fateful Journey of a South Slavic People). Graz and Köln: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf. pp. 210–211.
References[]
- Edmund Glaise von Horstenau, v. Peter Broucek. Ein General im Zwielicht : die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises von Horstenau. Wien; Koln; Graz: Bohlau (1980). ISBN 3-205-08740-2.
- Bd. 1: K.u.K. Generalstabsoffizier und Historiker, 1980.
- Bd. 2: Minister im Ständestaat und General im OKW, 1983.
- Bd. 3: Deutscher Bevollmächtigter General in Kroatien und Zeuge des Untergangs des "Tausendjährigen Reiches" 2005.
The original article can be found at Edmund Glaise-Horstenau and the edit history here.