Military Wiki
in: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters, All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from September 2017,
and 31 more

Ed White (astronaut)

Sign in to edit
Not to be confused with Edward Higgins White Sr..
Ed White (astronaut)
White in 1966
Birth name Edward Higgins White II
Born (1930-11-14)November 14, 1930
Died January 27, 1967(1967-01-27) (aged 36)
Place of birth San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
Place of death Cape Kennedy, Florida, U.S.
Rank Lieutenant Colonel USAF
Awards Congressional Space Medal of Honor

Edward Higgins White II (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967) (Lt Col, USAF) was an American aeronautical engineer, U.S. Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. On June 3, 1965, he became the first American to . White died along with astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom and Roger B. Chaffee during prelaunch testing for the first crewed Apollo mission at Cape Canaveral. He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his flight in Gemini 4 and was then awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor posthumously.

Early life[]

White was born on November 14, 1930, in San Antonio, Texas, to parents Edward Higgins White Sr. (1901–1978), who became a major general in the U.S. Air Force,[1] and Mary Rosina White (née Haller; 1900–1983).[citation needed] His interest in aviation was sparked after his father allowed him to fly in a T-6 trainer at the age of twelve.[2] He became a member of the Boy Scouts of America,[3] where he earned the rank of Second Class Scout.[4]

Education and military service[]

After graduation from Western High School in Washington, D.C., in 1948, he was accepted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, where in 1952 he earned his Bachelor of Science degree. He then joined the Air Force, and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant.[n 1] White was assigned to the 22nd Fighter Day Squadron at Bitburg Air Base, West Germany. He spent three and a half years in West Germany flying in F-86 Sabre and F-100 Super Sabre squadrons in the defense of NATO.[5][6]

White competed for a spot on the 1952 U.S. Olympic team in the 400 meter hurdles race, but missed making the team by 4/10 second.[7] White was also a half-back on the West Point soccer team.[8] His hobbies included squash, handball, swimming, golf, and photography.

In 1957, White read an article about the future of astronauts, and he decided to become an astronaut. He believed that getting an advanced degree would help him get a spot as an astronaut.[8] In 1958, White enrolled in the University of Michigan under Air Force sponsorship to study aeronautical engineering, where he received his Master of Science degree in 1959.[9] Following graduation, White was selected to attend the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. He earned his credentials as a test pilot in 1959 and was assigned to the Aeronautical Systems Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.[8] During his career, White would log more than 3,000 flight hours with the Air Force, including about 2,200 hours in jets, and would ultimately attain the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.[6]

Family[]

In 1953, White married Patricia Finegan, whom he met at a West Point football game.[5] The Whites had two children, Edward White III (born September 16, 1953) and Bonnie Lynn White (born May 15, 1956).[10] White was a devout Methodist.[11]

NASA career[]

Gemini program[]

EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws

Edward White during . During the Gemini 4 mission, White became the first American astronaut to perform a spacewalk

Ed White performs first U.S. spacewalk - GPN-2006-000025

Another image of Edward White during Gemini 4 performing

Main article: Gemini 4

White was one of nine men chosen as part of the second group of astronauts in 1962.[12][13] Within an already elite group, White was considered to be skilled by the management of NASA. He was selected to be Pilot of Gemini 4, serving alongside Command Pilot James McDivitt.[14] On June 3, 1965, the Gemini 4 crew was launched into space to begin its 4-day mission. On its fourth trip around the Earth, White became the first American to make a .[15] During his spacewalk, White used an oxygen propelled gun called the Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit to propel himself. White found the experience so exhilarating that he was reluctant to terminate the EVA at the allotted time, and had to be ordered back into the spacecraft.[16] While he was outside, a spare thermal glove floated away through the open hatch of the spacecraft, becoming an early piece of space debris in low Earth orbit, until it burned up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.[16][17] There was a mechanical problem with the hatch mechanism, which made it difficult to open and to relatch, which added to the time constraint of the spacewalk, and could have threatened the lives of both men if McDivitt had been unable to get the hatch latched, as they could not re-enter the atmosphere with an unsealed hatch.[15]

I'm coming back in... and it's the saddest moment of my life.

— Astronaut Edward H. White while reentering the spacecraft after his EVA, [18]

White's next assignment after Gemini 4 was as the backup for Gemini 7 Command Pilot Frank Borman.[19][20] He was also named the astronaut specialist for the flight control systems of the Apollo Command/Service Module. By the usual procedure of crew rotation in the Gemini program, White would have been in line for a second flight as the command pilot of Gemini 10 in July 1966, which would have made him the first of his group to fly twice.[20]

Apollo program[]

Apollo1-Crew 01

Apollo 1 crew: Grissom, White, and Chaffee

Main article: Apollo 1

In March 1966 White was selected as senior pilot (second seat) for the first crewed Apollo flight, designated AS-204. His fellow astronauts would be Command Pilot Virgil "Gus" Grissom, who had flown in space on the Liberty Bell 7 mission and as Commander of the Molly Brown Gemini mission, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, who had yet to fly into space.[6] The mission, which the men named Apollo 1 in June, was originally planned for late 1966 to rendezvous with the last Gemini mission, but the impracticality of making the Gemini capsule and systems compatible with Apollo and delays in the spacecraft development pushed the launch into 1967.[21][22]

Apollo 1 fire

Charred remains of the Apollo 1 Command Module, in which White was killed along with Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee

The launch of Apollo 1 was planned for February 21, 1967. The crew entered the spacecraft at 1:00 pm on January 27, mounted atop its Saturn IB booster on Launch Pad 34 at Cape Kennedy, for a "plugs-out" test of the spacecraft,[8] which included a rehearsal of the launch countdown procedure.[23] While the test's progress was delayed by problems with a cabin odor and poor communications, a fire broke out at 6:31 pm in the pure oxygen-filled cabin, killing all three men.[24]

White's job was to open the hatch cover in an emergency, which he apparently tried to do; his body was found in his center seat, with his arms reaching over his head toward the hatch.[23] Removing the cover to open the hatch was impossible because the plug door design required venting normally slightly greater-than-atmospheric pressure and pulling the cover into the cabin.[25] Grissom was unable to reach the cabin vent control to his left, where the fire's source was located. The intense heat raised the cabin pressure even more, to the point where the cabin walls ruptured.[26] The astronauts were killed by asphyxiation, smoke inhalation, and thermal burns.[24][27]

Aftermath[]

The fire's ignition source was determined to be a spark that jumped from a wire on the far left of the spacecraft, under Grissom's seat,[27][28][29] but their deaths were attributed to a wide range of lethal hazards in the early Apollo Command Module design, workmanship and conditions of the test, including the highly pressurized 100% oxygen pre-launch atmosphere, many wiring and plumbing flaws, flammable materials used in the cockpit and the astronauts' flight suits, and a hatch which could not be quickly opened in an emergency.[25][30] After the incident, these problems were fixed, and the Apollo program carried on successfully to reach its objective of landing men on the Moon.[24]

White was buried with full military honors at West Point Cemetery while Grissom and Chaffee are both buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[31]

In 1997, White was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. White was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1993[32][33] and the National Aviation Hall of Fame on July 18, 2009.[34][35]

White's wife Patricia remarried and continued to reside in Houston. On September 7, 1983, she died by suicide after surgery earlier in the year to remove a tumor.[36][37]

Organizations[]

White was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots; associate member of Institute of Aerospace Sciences; Tau Delta Phi (Engineering Honorary); and Sigma Delta Psi (Athletic Honorary).[6]

Awards and honors[]

White and McDivitt were presented honorary doctorate degrees in astronautical science by the University of Michigan after their Gemini 4 flight.[42] Later that week they traveled to the White House where President Johnson presented them the NASA Exceptional Service Medal.[43] The duo were also awarded the Arnold Air Society's John F. Kennedy Trophy.[44] White received the 1965 General Thomas D. White National Defense Award for his spacewalk. It is a trophy given by the National Geographic Society to outstanding air force personnel.[45] He was inducted into the Aerospace Primus Club (the "most exclusive club on Earth") for his EVA.[46] The Apollo 1 crew was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal posthumously in a 1969 presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom to the Apollo 11 crew.[47]

White, along with nine other Gemini astronauts, was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1982.[48][49] President Clinton presented the White and Chaffee families with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1997 (Grissom's family received the medal in 1978).[50]

Memorials[]

Schools[]

Many schools have been named in honor of Lt Colonel White:

  • Edward White Elementary Career Academy in Chicago[51]
  • Edward H. White Middle School in White's hometown of San Antonio, Texas[52]
  • Edward H. White II Elementary School in El Lago, Texas[53][54]
  • Edward White Elementary School in Eldridge, Iowa[55]
  • Ed White Memorial High School in League City, Texas[56]
  • Edward H. White High School in Jacksonville, Florida[57]
  • Edward H. White Elementary School in Houston, Texas.[58]
  • Ed White Middle School in Huntsville, Alabama[59] Huntsville is home to NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and has strong community ties to the space program. At the same time, the Huntsville City Schools named Roger B. Chaffee Elementary School and Virgil I. Grissom High School for White's fallen Apollo 1 crewmates.[60]
  • Edward H. White Memorial Youth Center, Seabrook, Texas[61]

Other sites[]

LC34plaque2

One of two Apollo 1 memorial plaques at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34

Ed White Memorial

Ed White III touches his father's name engraved in the Space Mirror Memorial at the KSC Visitor Complex.

Apollo1plaque

Launch Complex 34 Plaque

  • Edward White Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida (closed in 2014).[62]
  • Edward H. White II Park in Fullerton, California. Fullerton has also named parks in honor of Chaffee and Grissom.[63]
  • Island White, an artificial island in Long Beach Harbor off Southern California.[64][65]
  • Edward H. White Hall was a dormitory at Sheppard Air Force Base in Wichita Falls, Texas.[66] White Hall housed the 365th Training Squadron until 2010. The 365th trains aircraft avionics technicians.
  • McDivitt-White Plaza is located outside West Hall at the University of Michigan. West Hall formerly housed the College of Engineering and counts James McDivitt and Ed White among its alumni (McDivitt earned his B.S. and White earned his M.S. at the University of Michigan).[67]
  • The dismantled Launch Pad 34 at Cape Canaveral bears two memorial plaques. One reads, "They gave their lives in service to their country in the ongoing exploration of humankind's final frontier. Remember them not for how they died but for those ideals for which they lived." and the other "In memory of those who made the ultimate sacrifice so others could reach for the stars. Ad astra per aspera, (a rough road leads to the stars). God speed to the crew of Apollo 1."[5]
  • Edward H. White II American Legion Post 521; Pasadena, Texas.[68]
  • Edward White Park in Garland, Texas.[69]

In space[]

Voyager golden record 112 astronaut

Voyager Golden Record 112 astronaut

  • The star Iota Ursae Majoris was nicknamed "Dnoces" ("Second", as in "Edward Higgins White the Second", spelled backwards).[70]
  • White Hill, 11.2 km (7.0 mi) northwest of Columbia Memorial Station on Mars, is a part of the Apollo 1 Hills.[71]
  • A photograph of White performing his Gemini 4 space walk is included as one of several images on the Voyager Golden Record.[72]

Philatelic[]

US Space Walk 1967 Issue-5c

Accomplishments in Space Commemorative Issue of 1967

  • Eight months after his death, in September 1967, a postage stamp was issued by the United States Post Office, commemorating White's spacewalk.[73] It was the first time in USPO history that the design was actually spread over two stamps (one which featured White, the other his Gemini capsule, the two connected by a tether), which was considered befitting the "twins" aspect of the Gemini mission.[60]

Omega Speedmaster "Ed White"[]

The Omega Speedmaster wristwatch reference 105.003 has come to be known as the "Ed White" as this reference was worn by White during his spacewalk. The Speedmaster remains the only watch qualified by NASA for EVA use.[74]

In media[]

White was played by Steven Ruge in the 1995 film Apollo 13,[75] by Chris Isaak in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon,[76] and by Matt Lanter in the 2015 ABC TV series The Astronaut Wives Club.[77] In 2018, he was portrayed by Jason Clarke in First Man.[78]

See also[]

  • Alexei Leonov – first man to conduct a
  • Fallen Astronaut
  • List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
  • Voskhod 2 – Soviet space mission which included the first
  • Accomplishments in Space Commemorative stamp

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Prior to the first graduating class from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1959, a certain percentage of officers in the U.S. Air Force were drawn from West Point and from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. In any case, the vast majority of officers in the U.S. Armed Forces are educated and trained at the three kinds of R.O.T.C. programs at hundreds of other institutes and universities across the country.

References[]

  1. ↑ "MAJOR GENERAL EDWARD H. WHITE > U.S. Air Force > Biography Display". https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105237/major-general-edward-h-white/. 
  2. ↑ White, Mary. "Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew – Ed White". https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/white.htm. 
  3. ↑ "Astronauts and the BSA". Fact sheet. Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090414205119/http://www.scouting.org/Media/FactSheets/02-558.aspx. Retrieved March 20, 2006. 
  4. ↑ "Edward Higgins White at scouting.org". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213130/http://www.scouting.org/about/factsheets/scouting_space.aspx. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "The Official Site of Edward White II". Cmgww.com. http://www.cmgww.com/historic/white/about/biography.html. Retrieved 2013-11-28. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 "Astronaut Bio: Edward H. White II". NASA. December 1997. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/white-eh.html. Retrieved 2013-11-28. 
  7. ↑ Hymans, Richard (2008). "The History of United States Olympic Trials – Track and Field". http://www.usatf.org/usatf/files/69/695a8112-b7a0-4b9d-9dbb-8b4bca22677c.pdf. "1. Moore 52.0, 2. Yoder 52.6, 3. Blackman 52.7, 4. Edward White (USAF) 53.1" 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 White, Mary C.. "Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew – Ed White". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/white.htm. 
  9. ↑ Sandberg, Ariel (February 8, 2017). "Reflecting on Apollo 1 disaster, U-M alum astronaut Ed White". https://news.engin.umich.edu/2017/02/reflecting-on-apollo-1-disaster/. 
  10. ↑ Baer, Bonnie; White III, Ed (October 20, 2018). "When our dad, astronaut Ed White, died, he showed that the future belongs to the brave". Dallas News. https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2018/10/20/when-our-dad-astronaut-ed-white-died-he-showed-that-the-future-belongs-to-the-brave. 
  11. ↑ Burgess, Colin and Doolan, Kate, with Vis, Bert (2003). Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon, Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6212-4
  12. ↑ Evans, Ben (September 15, 2012). ""The Best All-Around Group": NASA’s Astronauts of ‘62". https://www.americaspace.com/2012/09/15/the-best-all-around-group-nasas-astronauts-of-62/. 
  13. ↑ "Here are the Next Nine Astronauts Who Will Join in U.S. Race to the Moon". Tampa, Florida. September 18, 1962. p. 4. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33352619/the_tampa_tribune/. 
  14. ↑ "Edward H. White II". January 25, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-H-White-II. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-043A. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Barbree, Jay (2007). "Live from Cape Canaveral". New York: HarperCollins. pp. 111, 112. ISBN 978-0-06-123392-0. https://archive.org/details/livefromcapecana00barb/page/111. 
  17. ↑ Moskowitz, Clara (February 13, 2019). "Lost in Space: 8 Weird Pieces of Space Junk". https://www.wired.com/2009/02/spacestuff/. 
  18. ↑ "Composite Air-to-ground and Onboard Voice Tape Transcription of the GT-4 Mission (U)" (PDF). NASA. 31 August 1965. p. 54. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/GT04_TEC.PDF. 
  19. ↑ "Gemini 7". http://www.astronautix.com/g/gemini7.html. "The backup crew for the flight, which would last up to 14 days, would be Edward H. White II and Michael Collins." 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Shayler, David (2001). Gemini Steps to the Moon. London: Springer. pp. 109. ISBN 978-1-85233-405-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PpO58QwowC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  21. ↑ Portree, David (August 25, 2012). "Before the Fire: Saturn-Apollo Applications (1966)". https://www.wired.com/2012/08/before-the-fire/. 
  22. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (January 26, 2017). "50 years on, reminders of Apollo 1 beckon a safer future". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/01/50-years-on-apollo-1-safer-future/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Apollo 1". https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_01a_Summary.htm. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Logsdon, John (2018). The Penguin Book of Outer Space Exploration. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 207–214. ISBN 978-0-14-312995-0. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Long, Tony (January 27, 2011). "Jan. 27, 1967: 3 Astronauts Die in Launchpad Fire". https://www.wired.com/2011/01/0127apollo-1-fire-kills-3-astronauts/. 
  26. ↑ Larimer, Sarah (January 26, 2017). "‘We have a fire in the cockpit!’ The Apollo 1 disaster 50 years later.". The New York Times. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/01/26/50-years-ago-three-astronauts-died-in-the-apollo-1-fire/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Apollo 1 (AS-204)". https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo1.cfm. 
  28. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (November 16, 2017). "Apollo 1: The Fatal Fire". https://www.space.com/17338-apollo-1.html. 
  29. ↑ Kluger, Jeffrey, Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon (Henry Holt & Co., 2017), p. 94. "At precisely 6:31 p.m., a spark jumped from a wire on the far left of the spacecraft, beneath Gus Grissom's seat. The wire ran beneath a little storage compartment with a metal door that had been opened and closed many times without anybody noticing that each time the door moved, it abraded a little more of the wire's insulation, finally leaving the wire free to spark at will. When the wire sparked during the plugs-out test, it ignited a small fire that stayed small for only a second or two. Accelerated by the pure oxygen, the flames climbed along the left-hand wall of the spacecraft, feeding on fabric and netting used for storage. That was the worst possible place for a fire to erupt, since it prevented Grissom from reaching a latch that would have opened a valve and vented the high-pressure atmosphere, thus slowing the flames."
  30. ↑ "Findings, Determinations And Recommendations". Report of Apollo 204 Review Board. NASA. April 5, 1967. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollo204/find.html. "No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified." 
  31. ↑ "West Point Cemetery". United States Military Academy West Point. https://www.usma.edu/history/SiteAssets/SitePages/Cemetery/West%20Point%20Cemetery.pdf. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Edward H. White II | Astronaut Scholarship Foundation". https://www.astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/edward-h-white-ii/. 
  33. ↑ Clark, Amy (March 14, 1993). "Activities Honor Gemini Astronauts". Cocoa, Florida. p. 41. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33582881/florida_today/. 
  34. ↑ Kaplan, Ron (December 17, 2008). "National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of "Class of 2009" inductees". National Aviation Hall of Fame web site. National Aviation Hall of Fame. http://nationalaviation.blade6.donet.com/components/content_manager_v02/view_nahf/htdocs/menu_ps.asp?NodeID=1600629420&group_ID=1134656385&Parent_ID=-1. Retrieved 2009-02-16. [dead link]
  35. ↑ Hannah, James (July 19, 2009). "Ed White, Jimmy Stewart inducted in Aviation Hall". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/18/AR2009071801228.html?hpid=entnews. 
  36. ↑ UPI (1983-09-08). "Pat White's obituary in New York Times". Nytimes.com. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/08/obituaries/widow-of-astronaut-is-dead.html. Retrieved 2013-11-28. 
  37. ↑ "NASA Wives and Families". Pbs.org. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/p_wives.html. Retrieved 2013-11-28. 
  38. ↑ "Ed White II: American Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award from His Personal Collection". Heritage Auctions. https://historical.ha.com/itm/transportation/space-exploration/ed-white-ii-american-academy-of-achievement-golden-plate-award-from-his-personal-collection/a/6087-40053.s. 
  39. ↑ "Two Spacemen, LBJ Press Aide in 1965's 'Elite'". Lawton, Oklahoma. January 9, 1966. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32071387/the_lawton_constitution_and_morning/. 
  40. ↑ "House Speaker Among Five Outstanding Young Texans". Brownwood, Texas. January 9, 1966. p. 1. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32071188/brownwood_bulletin/. 
  41. ↑ "Henderson Trophy Recipient Chronology". National Aeronautic Association. https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/henderson-trophy/henderson-trophy-winner-chronology. 
  42. ↑ "Four Days to Earn Doctorates". Benton Harbor, Michigan. June 16, 1965. p. 13. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32064970/the_newspalladium/. 
  43. ↑ "Johnson Honors Space Twins in Washington". June 17, 1965. p. 1. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32065450/longview_newsjournal/. 
  44. ↑ "Gemini 4 Astronauts get JFK Trophy". Pottsville, Pennsylvania. April 9, 1966. p. 3. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32071631/republican_and_herald/. 
  45. ↑ "The Gen. Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy". USAF. May 1997. p. 156. http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/1997/May%201997/0597recs.pdf. 
  46. ↑ "Ed White II: Air Force Aerospace Primus Club Plaque from His Personal Collection". Heritage Auctions. https://historical.ha.com/itm/transportation/space-exploration/ed-white-ii-air-force-aerospace-primus-club-plaque-from-his-personal-collection/a/6087-40051.s. 
  47. ↑ Smith, Merriman (August 14, 1969). "Astronauts Awed by the Acclaim". Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 1. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27531557/the_honolulu_advertiser/. 
  48. ↑ "The First American to walk in space". New Mexico Museum of Space History. http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=69. 
  49. ↑ Shay, Erin (October 3, 1982). "Astronauts Laud Gemini as Precursor to Shuttle". Albuquerque, New Mexico. p. 3. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28841417/albuquerque_journal/. 
  50. ↑ "Congressional Space Medal of Honor". C-SPAN. December 17, 1997. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/SpaceMed. 
  51. ↑ Herman, Edith (September 7, 1971). "Full Staffs Await City's School Bells". Chicago, Illinois. p. Section 2 Page 9. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39378247/chicago_tribune/. 
  52. ↑ "Edward H. White Middle School". San Antonio, Texas: North East Independent School District. http://www.neisd.net/white/. Retrieved July 20, 2009. 
  53. ↑ "Ed White Elementary School". Clear Creek ISD. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090811082334/http://www2.ccisd.net/OurSchools/White.aspx. Retrieved July 20, 2009. 
  54. ↑ "Ed H. White Elementary". Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140401114534/https://sites.google.com/a/staff.ccisd.net/whiteelementary/. Retrieved July 13, 2013. 
  55. ↑ "North Scott Community School District". Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110927211120/http://www.north-scott.k12.ia.us/ew/index.html. Retrieved August 8, 2011. 
  56. ↑ "Bay Area Charter Schools". Archived from the original on July 12, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090712115702/http://bayareacharter.com/. Retrieved July 20, 2009. 
  57. ↑ Allen, Rick (April 7, 1972). "Band from School Named for Son Surprises White". Tampa, Florida. p. 4. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39377998/the_tampa_tribune/. 
  58. ↑ "History of Ed White". Ed White Elementary. http://www.houstonisd.org/Page/57521. 
  59. ↑ "Ed White Middle School". Huntsville (Ala.) City Schools official site. http://www.hsv.k12.al.us/schools/middle/ewms/index_new.html. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Jaques, Bob (June 6, 2002). "First spacewalk by American astronaut 37 years ago" (PDF). Marshall Star. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. p. 5. http://marshallstar.msfc.nasa.gov/6-6-02.pdf. 
  61. ↑ "Ed White Memorial Youth Center". Ed White Memorial Youth Center. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080212210441/http://stall.net/ewmyc/. Retrieved July 11, 2008. 
  62. ↑ "Hospital Closure". HCA West Florida. https://hcawestflorida.com/campaigns/edward-white-hospital. 
  63. ↑ "City of Fullerton – List of Parks". Ci.fullerton.ca.us. https://www.cityoffullerton.com/gov/departments/parks_n_recreation/find_a_park/list_of_parks.asp. Retrieved 2013-11-28. 
  64. ↑ Michael Robert Patterson. "Fallen Astronaut". Arlingtoncemetery.net. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/fallen-astronauts.htm. Retrieved 2013-11-28. 
  65. ↑ "pdf of City of Long Beach Economic Zones". Archived from the original on July 13, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100713031654/http://www.longbeach.gov/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=17682. Retrieved 2013-11-28. 
  66. ↑ "A Brief History of the 82d Training Wing and Sheppard AFB". http://www.sheppard.af.mil/Portals/65/Documents/Sheppard%20History.pdf?ver=2015-12-22-155506-457. 
  67. ↑ Vielmetti, Edward (May 25, 2010). "Our neighborhoods: South University as seen from McDivitt-White Plaza". The Ann Arbor News. http://www.annarbor.com/neighborhoods/um-campus/our-neighborhoods-south-u-as-seen-from-mcdivitt-white-plaza/. 
  68. ↑ "Post History". American Legion Post 521. http://www.americanlegionpost521.org/index.php?id=2. 
  69. ↑ "Google Maps" (in en). https://www.google.com/maps/place/White,+Edward/@32.8470856,-96.6365619,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x3edefb2deb75373c!8m2!3d32.8470856!4d-96.6365619?shorturl=1. 
  70. ↑ "Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.postland.html. 
  71. ↑ "Martian Landmarks Dedicated to Apollo 1 Crew". NASA. January 27, 2004. https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20040127b.html. 
  72. ↑ "Here's What Humanity Wanted Aliens to Know About Us in 1977". January 22, 2016. http://time.com/4190807/voyager-golden-record-photos/. 
  73. ↑ "Gemini Space Walk". Sky Image Lab. http://www.skyimagelab.com/gemspacwal.html. Retrieved July 20, 2009. 
  74. ↑ "An Omega Speedmaster Reference 105.003 "Ed White" Circa 1965". Hondinkee. June 27, 2011. https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/just-because-an-omega-speedmaster-reference-105003-ed-white. 
  75. ↑ "Apollo 13 (1995)". https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112384/fullcredits. 
  76. ↑ James, Caryn (April 3, 1998). "Television Review; Boyish Eyes on the Moon". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/movies/television-review-boyish-eyes-on-the-moon.html. 
  77. ↑ Nededog, Jethro (November 25, 2014). "'90210's' Matt Lanter Signs On for ABC's 'Astronaut Wives Club' (Exclusive)". The Wrap. https://www.thewrap.com/90210s-matt-lanter-signs-on-for-abcs-astronaut-wives-club-exclusive/. 
  78. ↑ Richford, Rhonda (September 1, 2018). "'First Man' Star Jason Clarke Dismisses Flag Criticism: "It's Nonsense"". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/first-man-star-jason-clarke-dismisses-flag-criticism-nonsense-1139226. 

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Edward Higgins White.
Wikiquote has media related to: Edward Higgins White
All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at Ed White (astronaut) and the edit history here.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.