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Disappearance of ARA San Juan

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Location of departure and destination ports
Red pog
Ushuaia
City locator 9
Contact lost
Red pog
Mar del Plata
A map showing the locations of Ushuaia, Mar del Plata, and where communication was lost.[1]

On November 15, 2017, the Argentine submarine ARA San Juan disappeared off the coast of Argentina while on a training exercise. After a search lasting fifteen days, the submarine and its crew of 44 - including Argentina's first female submariner - were declared lost.[citation needed] It is the worst submarine disaster since the loss of the Russian Kursk in August 2000.

Background[]

S42ARASanJuan

ARA San Juan (S-42) in 2007.

ARA San Juan (S-42), a TR-1700-class diesel-electric submarine in service with the Argentine Navy since 19 November 1985, was built in Germany by Thyssen Nordseewerke.[2] She was laid down on 18 March 1982 and launched on 20 June 1983. San Juan underwent a mid-life update from 2008 to 2013, which included replacing all battery elements.[3]

In early November 2017, San Juan was part of a navy exercise in Tierra del Fuego which included the sinking of the ex ARA Comodoro Somellera as a target.[4][5] With the war game completed and after a short visit to Ushuaia open to the public, the submarine got underway to her home base at Mar del Plata.[6]

Disappearance and rescue efforts[]

On 17 November, it was announced that she had not been heard from since 15 November, and that a search and rescue operation had been launched 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) southeast of San Jorge Gulf.[7] There were at least 44 servicemen on board the missing submarine,[8] including Argentina's first female submarine officer, Eliana María Krawczyk.[9] The submarine carried oxygen for no more than seven days when submerged.[9][10]

On the same day, Argentine president Mauricio Macri moved to the official residence at Chapadmalal, near Mar del Plata, in order to follow the search and rescue operation more closely.[11][12] The Argentine Armed Forces set up a centre of operations at the naval base in Mar del Plata, with family members of the submariners also present at the base. The Argentine Navy brought in a team of mental health professionals to aid the families; a team to keep them updated on the search and rescue effort had also been set up.[13] Also on 17 November, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the Secretaría Nacional de Protección Civil de Argentina, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage.[14]

Argentine rescue commanders discuss operations with officer of Undersea Rescue Command

Argentine and US sailors in front of the Subsea Construction Support Vessel Skandi Patagonia

On 18 November, the Ministry of Defense reported that there had been attempts at communication that day from a satellite phone that was believed to be from the submarine,[15][16] but it was later determined that the calls were not from the vessel.[10]

On 19 November, the Argentine Armed Forces stated that severe weather with 8-metre (26 ft) waves in the area was hampering the search effort and that weather conditions would not be favourable until 21 November.[17][18]

On 20 November, the Argentine Navy announced that the "critical phase" for the rescue was approaching. Though the submarine had enough supplies to last 90 days above water, she only had enough oxygen for 7–10 days submerged and it was speculated that she was submerged when communications were lost given the rough weather. The Navy also stated that if the issue had simply been a communications failure, then San Juan would have arrived at Mar del Plata on 19 or 20 November.[10][19] The Argentine Navy later reported that sonar systems on two of its ships and sonar buoys dropped by a US P-8A Poseidon aircraft detected noises possibly coming from San Juan; a senior United States Navy officer told CNN that this sounded like banging on the hull in order to alert passing ships;[19][20][21] later analysis of the audio determined that the sound "did not correspond to a submarine", and was probably of biological origin.[22] By the end of the day the oceanographic vessels of the Argentine Navy Puerto Deseado and ARA Austral with support of the icebreaker Almirante Maximiano of the Brazilian Navy carried out an extensive scan in the place where the biological sound started.[23] The Royal Navy stated that 10-metre (33 ft) waves had slowed the search, but easing weather led to improved sonar conditions.[21]

File:Argentine and British pilots at Comodoro Rivadavia.jpg

Argentine officers in Comodoro Rivadavia greet arriving British officers following the longest non-stop flight in British military aviation.[24]

As of 21 November, the search area was 482,507 square kilometres (186,297 sq mi) in size; 15 planes and 17 ships were actively searching the area.[25] Weather conditions improved, with 3–4-metre (9.8–13.1 ft) waves, making the search for the submarine less difficult.[26] The United States Navy later reported that one of its planes had detected a heat signature which corresponded to a metallic object at a depth of 70 metres (230 ft), 300 kilometres (190 mi) off the coast of Puerto Madryn. There was no official confirmation from the Argentine Navy whether the object was indeed San Juan, but sources told Clarín newspaper that a fleet in the area led by the corvette ARA Drummond was given orders to proceed "at full speed" towards where the object was detected.[27] At 7:00 pm the British ship HMS Protector, in her maritime patrol area, had seen three flares to the east: one orange and two white. This information was reported to Puerto Belgrano where the Search and Rescue Coordinating Center is set up.[28] The Argentine Navy later determined that both the flares and heat signature were false leads.[29]

On 22 November, the Argentine Navy investigated a "hydroacoustic anomaly" identified on 15 November, three hours after the last contact of the lost submarine; ships and airplanes were sent back to the last contact point with ARA San Juan.[30] During a search flight over the South Atlantic, a U.S. P-8A Poseidon aircraft detected an object near the area where the missing submarine sent her last signal. The plane returned to base in Bahía Blanca late the same day.[31]

On 23 November the Argentine Navy said an event consistent with an explosion had been detected,[32] on the day the submarine lost communications, by CTBTO seismic anomaly listening posts on Ascension Island and Crozet Islands (Lat -46.12 deg; Long: -59.69 deg).[33] The Navy received information through the Argentine ambassador in Austria since the CTBTO is based in Vienna.[32][32][34] The organization had been asked to analyse data from the search area by the Argentine government on the week of the disappearance, but no leads had materialised until 22 November when the CTBTO informed the government.[35] In a press conference, the Argentine Navy stated that it had not ruled out any possibilities since the submarine had not been located yet, and a spokesperson requested that the media be more precise when reporting information following "imprecise information which affects the family members."[36] The Navy added that it received information on the explosion on the afternoon of 22 November, adding that it would have concentrated search efforts in that area had it known sooner.[37]

Macri edificio Libertad-24NOV2017

President Macri getting informed at the Libertad Building, 24-11-2017

On 24 November, the search and rescue operation was reinforced by the Brazilian submarine rescue ship Felinto Perry. The arrival of a Russian Navy exploration aircraft was also expected.[38] More than 30 aircraft and ships from Argentina, the United Kingdom, Brazil, the United States, Chile and other countries participated in the effort to find San Juan. In all, more than 4,000 personnel from 13 countries assisted the search, scouring some 500,000 square kilometres (190,000 sq mi) of ocean – an area the size of Spain.[39]

On 26 November, the Argentine Navy said that "despite 11 days of searching, it doesn't rule out that [the crew] could be in an extreme survival situation" and were not willing to draw any conclusions until the submarine had been located.[40] Weather conditions in the South Atlantic were again making the search difficult, with winds of up to 100 km/h (62 mph).[41]

On 27 November, Argentine Navy spokesman Captain Enrique Balbi revealed to the press that according to the submarine's last report from 15 November, San Juan's snorkel leaked water into the forward storage batteries the day before, which ignited a fire. After quenching the fire, the crew disconnected the forward storage batteries. The submarine continued to move powered by the aft batteries.[42] On 30 November, 15 days after the San Juan went missing, the Navy declared the rescue part of the operation to be over, turning its attention to finding the submarine and not her crew.[43] The loss of 44 crewmen constitutes the largest loss of life aboard a submarine since the Russian Kursk sank on 12 August 2000.[44]

Search continues[]

Unloading the russian submarine searcher

Russian Pantera Plus underwater search vehicle being unloaded

Locating a distressed or sunken submarine can be extremely difficult as witnessed by the disappearances of the French submarines Eurydice (found 53 days after sinking)[45] and Minerve (never found)[46] despite the fact that both were lost close to the French mainland.[47] The nuclear-powered USS Scorpion was located 5 months after sinking, largely thanks to data obtained from SOSUS.[48] The Israeli submarine INS Dakar was located in 1999, 31 years after her disappearance.[49]

As of 21 November, when including vessels and aircraft making their way to the search area, the Ministry of Defense stated that there were 27 ships and 18 aircraft participating in the search and rescue of San Juan. Of those, 18 ships and 5 aircraft are Argentine, with the remaining 9 ships and 13 aircraft belonging to the 11 other countries which have offered assistance. There are also tens of fishing vessels assisting in the search.[50] The operation is carried out under the auspices of ISMERLO, an international organisation of over 40 countries set up in 2003[51] following the Kursk submarine disaster.[52]

On 24 November, according to the Argentine Navy, 27 ships, 30 aircraft, 4,000 professionals from 13 countries participated in the search effort to the missing Argentine submarine, this was already the largest search and rescue operation in the history of the South Atlantic Ocean.[53][54]

Political consequences[]

On 16 December, the Argentine Navy fired its Head of Naval Operations after the incident.[55]

Countries part of the rescue and search efforts[]

Country Rescue Search Effort or pledge
Flag of Argentina Argentina Yes Yes The initial search and rescue operation was carried out by the destroyer Sarandí and the corvettes Rosales and Drummond, supported by two S-2E Tracker surveillance aircraft.[56] On 18 November, CONICET provided the ships ARA Austral and Puerto Deseado, and the Argentine Navy added ARA Robinson, Spiro, Patagonia, La Argentina and Bahía San Blas to the search along with a Eurocopter Fennec. The Argentine Air Force provided Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft.[57][58] The Argentine Naval Prefecture is providing the vessels Doctor Manuel Mantilla and Tango, along with a Beechcraft Super King; INVAP and the National Space Activities Commission are providing satellite support and using satellite photography to search for clues in the area.[59][60] On 24 November the tugboat ARA Puerto Argentino got underway from Comodoro to the search area of ARA San Juan to carry out a "mapping of the bottom of the sea".[61]
Flag of Brazil Brazil Yes Yes The Brazilian Air Force has provided a Lockheed P-3 Orion and an EADS CASA C-295 to aid search efforts; the Brazilian Navy has provided the frigate Rademaker, icebreaker Almirante Maximiano, and submarine tender ship Felinto Perry.[59][62] According to information from the Naval Operations Command, 500 Brazilian military personnel are distributed among the three vessels and 2 two aircraft sent to assist the Argentine Navy.[63]
Flag of Canada Canada Yes No The government sent a Challenger aircraft carrying CO2 absorbing lithium hydroxide curtains and oxygen generating candles, in order to prolong the breathable air in the submarine should contact be made.[64]
Flag of Chile Chile Yes ? The Chilean Navy sent an EADS CASA C-295 and the research vessel Cabo de Hornos to assist the search.[59]
Flag of Colombia Colombia Yes ? Offered a CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft of the Colombian Air Force.[65]
Flag of Ecuador Ecuador Yes ? The Ecuadorian Navy offered a CN-295 Persuader maritime patrol aircraft [66]
Flag of France France Yes ? Offered a Falcon 50 search plane of the French Naval Aviation.[65]
Flag of Germany Germany Yes ? Offered a Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft of the Marineflieger (German Naval Aviation).[65]
NATO flag NATO Yes ? The NATO Submarine Rescue System has been deployed and has the capacity to carry out underwater rescue efforts if needed.[59]
Flag of Norway Norway Yes ? On 18 November, the private company DOF ASA provided Skandi Patagonia for the search and rescue mission. The vessel had previously aided in the rescue of a cargo ship in the area in 2009 and comes equipped with an ROV, diving bell and sonar.[67] The vessel is accompanied by Sophie Siem, owned by Siem Offshore, carrying additional rescue equipment.[50][68][69]
Flag of Peru Peru Yes ? Offered assistance if needed, including a Fokker 60 of the Peruvian Naval Aviation.[58][65]
Flag of Russia Russia Yes Yes On 22 November, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the Argentine President Mauricio Macri, offering support. The equipment sent by the country includes special purpose ship Yantar and the unmanned underwater vehicle Pantera Plus. Experts were also being flown to Argentina aboard a military aircraft.[70][71] On 23 November, an Antonov An-124 arrived in Comodoro Rivadavia carrying the equipment and personnel, before continuing to Ushuaia.[72]
Flag of Spain Spain Yes No Offered three containers of supplies including oxygen and food rations should an underwater rescue be carried out.[57]
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Yes The United Kingdom offered assistance in the form of a C-130 Hercules aircraft based in the Falkland Islands.[73] The ice patrol and survey vessel HMS Protector was re-tasked to join the search and rescue operation on 18 November, with the Submarine Parachute Assistance Group deployed aboard the ship on 19 November. Subsequently, the patrol vessel HMS Clyde also joined the search and rescue operation.[74][75][76][77] On 22 November, a Royal Air Force (RAF) Voyager arrived at General Enrique Mosconi International Airport, Comodoro Rivadavia with submarine detection equipment.[78] This was the first RAF plane to land in Comodoro Rivadavia since before the Falklands War.[79][n 1][80]
Flag of the United States United States Yes Yes On 17 November, a U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) P-3 Orion aircraft, equipped with a magnetometer, gravimeter and other sensors, was redirected from Operation IceBridge to aid in the search.[81] The United States Navy sent a P-8A Poseidon aircraft, the McCann Rescue Chamber and the Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System.[82][83][84] On 19 November, the U.S. Navy sent a second P-8A,[85] and deployed four unmanned underwater vehicles,[86] to assist in the search. Additionally, thirty-six reservists from Navy Reserve Undersea Rescue Command and its Headquarters deployed to Skandi Patagonia.[87] The U.S. Air Force supported the effort through Air Mobility Command moving Air Force and Navy personnel, and more than one million pounds of equipment, to Argentina with three C-5M Super Galaxy and seven C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft.[88]
Flag of Uruguay Uruguay Yes ? Offered assistance if needed and deployed a Naval Aviation Beechcraft Super King Air and the Uruguayan Navy rescue ship ROU Vanguardia.[57][58]

Gallery[]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ According to other source, Nimrod XV226 visited Comandante Espora naval air base in October 1999 for a training exercise.

References[]

  1. ↑ "Missing sub 'reported breakdown'". 21 November 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42055676. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  2. ↑ Miller, David (2002). The Illustrated Directory of Submarines. Zenith Press. pp. 480. ISBN 0-7603-1345-8. 
  3. ↑ Latinoamericana, Comunidad Submarinista. "Reparación de Media Vida Submarino Tipo TR1700 ARA San Juan S-42 (Segunda Parte)". http://www.elsnorkel.com/2011/09/el-casco-del-s-42-ara-san-juan.html. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
  4. ↑ "La Flota de Mar despliega su esplendor en Ushuaia" (in es-ES). Zona Militar. 7 November 2017. https://www.zona-militar.com/2017/11/07/la-flota-mar-despliega-esplendor-ushuaia/. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Operaciones integradas del Comando de Adiestramiento y Alistamiento | Gaceta Marinera" (in es-ES). gacetamarinera.com.ar. 6 November 2017. http://gacetamarinera.com.ar/operaciones-integradas-del-comando-de-adiestramiento-y-alistamiento/. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  6. ↑ "Argentine navy loses contact with submarine". BBC. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42030560. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
  7. ↑ "Desapareció un submarino argentino y se desplegó un operativo de rescate" (in spanish). La Nacion. 16 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083159-desaparecio-un-submarino-argentino-y-se-despliega-un-operativo-de-rescate. 
  8. ↑ Melgar, Ana; Gallón, Natalie; Hanna, Jason. "Argentine navy says its lost contact with submarine". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/17/americas/argentina-submarine-missing/index.html. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Politi, Daniel; Londoño, Ernesto (17 November 2017). "Search Underway for Argentine Navy Submarine With 44". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/17/world/americas/argentina-submarine-missing.html. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Uki Goñi (20 November 2017). "Missing Argentinian submarine running out of air as search enters 'critical phase'". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/20/missing-argentina-submarine-running-out-of-air-as-search-enters-critical-phase. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  11. ↑ "Macri seguirá las informaciones desde Chapadmalal" (in es-AR). La Capital. 18 November 2017. https://www.lacapital.com.ar/informacion-gral/macri-seguira-las-informaciones-chapadmalal-n1508464.html. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  12. ↑ "Mauricio Macri y su familia debieron aterrizar de emergencia por malas condiciones climáticas en Chapadmalal". La Nacion. 17 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083529-mauricio-macri-y-su-familia-debieron-aterrizar-de-emergencia-por-malas-condiciones-climaticas-en-chapadmalal. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  13. ↑ "Submarino ARA San Juan: la Armada envió psicólogos a Mar del Plata para contener a las familias" (in es). Clarin. 18 November 2017. https://www.clarin.com/politica/submarino-desaparecido-armada-envio-psicologos-mar-plata-contener-familias_0_SyfKB2akz.html. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  14. ↑ "International Charter on Space and Major Disasters: Search and Rescue of Submarine, Argentina". 2017-11-17. https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/activations/-/article/find-and-rescue-of-submarine-at-sea-in-argentina-activation-561-. 
  15. ↑ "Habrían intentado comunicarse siete veces desde el submarino ARA San Juan" (in es-LA). Infobae. 18 November 2017. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/18/detectaron-12-senales-compatibles-con-intentos-de-comunicacion-desde-el-submarino-ara-san-juan/. Retrieved 19 November 2017. 
  16. ↑ "Detectaron siete llamadas satelitales que se habrían realizado desde el ARA San Juan". www.telam.com.ar. 18 November 2017. http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201711/224109-submarino-ondas-comunicaciones.html. Retrieved 19 November 2017. 
  17. ↑ "La búsqueda del submarino Ara San Juan: recién el martes las condiciones serán favorables". La Nacion. 19 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083840-la-armada-asegura-que-recien-el-martes-las-condiciones-climaticas-seran-favorables-para-detectar-el-submarino. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  18. ↑ "Argentinian Navy unsure if satellite signals are from lost submarine" (in en-AU). ABC News. 20 November 2017. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-20/argentina-unsure-if-signals-came-from-lost-submarine/9167738. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 CNN, John Kirby, Ana Melgar and Joe Sterling, (20 November 2017). "Argentinian navy detects noises that may be from missing sub". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/20/americas/argentina-missing-submarine/index.html. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  20. ↑ Lugones, Paula (20 November 2017). "Submarino ARA San Juan: según la Marina de EE.UU., detectaron "posibles ruidos" de la nave" (in es). Clarin. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/submarino-ara-san-juan-marina-eeuu-detectaron-posibles-ruidos-nave_0_rkSNLKggG.html. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Goñi, Uki (20 November 2017). "Argentina's navy detects fresh noises as hope revived in hunt for missing sub". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/20/missing-argentina-submarine-running-out-of-air-as-search-enters-critical-phase. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  22. ↑ "La Armada confirmó que el ruido registrado durante la búsqueda del Ara San Juan "no corresponde a un submarino"" (in Spanish). http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084112-la-armada-confirmo-que-el-ruido-registrado-durante-la-busqueda-del-ara-san-juan-no-corresponde-a-un-submarino. 
  23. ↑ "twitter". https://twitter.com/Armada_Arg/status/932775871844356096. 
  24. ↑ "Llegó el vuelo directo más largo de la aviación militar británica para cooperar". Telam. 22 November 2017. http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201711/225375-el-vuelo-directo-mas-largo-en-la-historia-de-la-aviacion-militar-britanica-para-cooperar-en-la-busqueda-del-san-juan.html. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  25. ↑ "Submarino ARA San Juan: qué se sabe hasta ahora sobre su desaparición y la búsqueda para encontrarlo". La Nacion. 21 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084281-que-se-sabe-hasta-ahora-sobre-el-submarino-ara-san-juan. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  26. ↑ "Con las mejoras meteorológicas, se intensifica la búsqueda del submarino". Telam. 21 November 2017. http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201711/224766-balbi-esta-bajando-la-intensidad-del-viento-y-la-altura-de-las-olas-en-area-de-busqueda-del-ara-san-juan.html. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  27. ↑ "ARA San Juan: detectan una nueva señal y envían aviones y buques para determinar si se trata del submarino. desaparecido" (in es). Clarin. 21 November 2017. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/ara-san-juan-detectan-nueva-senal-envian-aviones-buques-determinar-trata-submarino-desaparecido_0_Sk-LlwzeM.html. Retrieved 22 November 2017. 
  28. ↑ "Twitter update by speakperson Balbi" (in Spanish). Armada Argentina. https://twitter.com/Armada_Arg/status/933341731709444102. 
  29. ↑ "Avanza un operativo donde hace 8 días se detectó una "anomalía hidroacústica"". Telam. 23 November 2017. http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201711/225405-ara-san-juan-busqueda-armada-argentina-ruido-anomalia-hidroacustica.html. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  30. ↑ "Una explosión en las baterías, la hipótesis de la "anomalía" más temida". http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084863-una-explosion-en-las-baterias-la-hipotesis-de-la-anomalia-mas-temida. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  31. ↑ "Possible explosion detected near missing Argentine sub's last known location". 23 November 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-submarine-flight/u-s-navy-plane-detected-object-near-argentine-submarines-last-known-location-idUSKBN1DN19V. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "'Explosion' dashes sub crew survival hopes". 23 November 2017. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-42100620. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  33. ↑ "Submarino ARA San Juan: cómo se detectó la explosión y qué podría significar". La Nacion. 23 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084967-submarino-ara-san-juan-como-se-detecto-la-explosion-y-que-podria-significar. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  34. ↑ "Vocero de la Armada: "Hubo un evento singular consistente con una explosión" en el ARA San Juan". Telam. 23 November 2017. http://www.telam.com.ar/multimedia/video/28266-vocero-de-la-armada-hubo-un-evento-singular-consistente-con-una-explosion-en-el-ara-san-juan/. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  35. ↑ "Búsqueda del ARA San Juan: cómo se detectó la explosión y por qué se conoció una semana después" (in es-LA). Infobae. 23 November 2017. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/23/busqueda-del-ara-san-juan-como-se-detecto-la-explosion-y-por-que-se-conocio-una-semana-despues/. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  36. ↑ "Nuevo parte de la Armada sobre el ARA San Juan: "No descartamos nada porque todavía no sabemos dónde está el submarino"" (in es-LA). Infobae. 23 November 2017. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/23/nuevo-parte-de-la-armada-sobre-el-ara-san-juan-no-descartamos-nada-porque-todavia-no-sabemos-donde-esta-el-submarino/. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  37. ↑ "Submarino ARA San Juan: "Entendemos a las familias, es un momento crítico", dijo el vocero de la Armada". La Nacion. 23 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085133-la-busqueda-del-submarino-ara-san-juan-entendemos-a-la-familia-es-un-momento-critico. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  38. ↑ "Sigue el esfuerzo de búsqueda del submarino ARA "San Juan" - Gaceta Marinera". http://gacetamarinera.com.ar/sigue-el-esfuerzo-de-busqueda-del-submarino-ara-san-juan/. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  39. ↑ "U.S. Navy plane scours South Atlantic in search for Argentine sub". 24 November 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-submarine-flight/u-s-navy-plane-scours-south-atlantic-in-search-for-argentine-sub-idUSKBN1DO23S. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  40. ↑ "La Armada, sobre los tripulantes del ARA San Juan: "No descartamos una situación de supervivencia extrema"" (in Spanish). La Nacion. 26 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085908-la-armada-sobre-el-ara-san-juan-no-descartamos-que-los-tripulantes-esten-en-situacion-de-supervivencia-extrema. Retrieved 26 November 2017. 
  41. ↑ "El fuerte viento demora el operativo y complica las tareas de rescate" (in Spanish). La Nacion. 26 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085829-el-fuerte-viento-demora-el-operativo-y-complica-las-tareas-de-rescate. Retrieved 26 November 2017. 
  42. ↑ Clarin.com. "Submarino ARA San Juan: cómo fue el principio de incendio en las baterías" (in es). https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/submarino-ara-san-juan-principio-incendio-baterias_0_SyKFZnteM.html. 
  43. ↑ "Submarino ARA San Juan: la Armada dio por finalizado el operativo de rescate y ya no busca sobrevivientes" (in Spanish). La Nacion. 30 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084309-ara-san-juan-operativo-rescate. Retrieved 30 November 2017. 
  44. ↑ Politi, Daniel; Londoño, Ernesto (30 November 2017). "Argentine Navy Gives Up Hope of Finding Submarine Crew Alive". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/world/americas/argentine-navy-gives-up-hope-of-finding-submarine-crew-alive.html. Retrieved 1 December 2017. 
  45. ↑ "Historique". http://www.netmarine.net/bat/smarins/eurydice/histoire.htm. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  46. ↑ "Minerve". http://www.netmarine.net/bat/smarins/minerve/index.htm. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  47. ↑ http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a204011.pdf
  48. ↑ "Submarine Photo Index". http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08589.htm. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  49. ↑ Bochner, Uri Dotan. "Search and Discovery of the Israeli Submarine Dakar". http://www.submarines.dotan.net/dakar/search/. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Partió de Comodoro Rivadavia el buque que podría rescatar al ARA San Juan". Telam. 21 November 2017. http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201711/224874-busqueda-submarino-ara-san-juan-operativo-comodoro-rivadavia-skandi-patagonia-sophie-siem-gabriel-actis-armada.html. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  51. ↑ "An officer of Italian Navy at the head of ISMERLO". Marina Militare. 17 July 2015. http://www.marina.difesa.it/EN/Conosciamoci/notizie/Pagine/20150717_ismerlo.aspx. Retrieved 22 November 2017. 
  52. ↑ "Qué es Ismerlo, el sistema internacional que alertó al mundo sobre el ARA San Juan". La Nacion. 21 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084362-que-es-ismerlo-el-sistema-internacional-que-alerto-al-mundo-sobre-el-ara-san-juan. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  53. ↑ "Submarino ARA San Juan: "No hay fecha para que termine la fase de búsqueda y rescate", dijo el vocero de la Armada". http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085484-submarino-ara-san-juan-no-hay-fecha-para-que-termine-la-fase-de-busqueda-y-rescate-dijo-el-vocero-de-la-armada. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  54. ↑ "Hope fades after 9 days of searching for Argentine submarine". 25 November 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-submarine/hope-fades-as-search-for-argentine-submarine-enters-ninth-day-idUSKBN1DO1NV. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  55. ↑ https://news.sky.com/story/argentina-fires-head-of-navy-a-month-after-submarine-vanished-11173343
  56. ↑ "Tres barcos y dos aviones de la Armada buscan al ARA San Juan" (in es-ES). Diario La Capital de Mar del Plata. http://www.lacapitalmdp.com/tres-barcos-y-dos-aviones-de-la-armada-buscan-al-ara-san-juan/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 "La Armada Española le ofreció a la Argentina equipamiento para el rescate del submarino ARA San Juan" (in es-LA). Infobae. 20 November 2017. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/20/la-armada-espanola-le-ofrecio-a-la-argentina-equipamiento-para-el-rescate-del-submarino-ara-san-juan/. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 "En fotos: las embarcaciones y aeronaves que participan de la búsqueda del ARA San Juan". La Nacion. 18 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083661-en-fotos-las-embarcaciones-y-aeronaves-que-participan-de-la-busqueda-del-ara-san-juan. Retrieved 19 November 2017. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 "En detalle: la tecnología que enviaron empresas privadas y otros países para la búsqueda del ARA San Juan". La Nacion. 18 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083681-en-detalle-la-tecnologia-que-enviaron-empresas-privadas-y-otros-paises-para-la-busqueda-del-ara-san-juan. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  60. ↑ "Balbi: "Hay cinco buques oceanográficos en el área y se realiza una búsqueda satelital"". Telam. 21 November 2017. http://www.telam.com.ar/multimedia/video/28185-balbi-hay-cinco-buques-oceanograficos-en-el-area-y-se-realiza-una-busqueda-satelital/. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  61. ↑ "Submarino ARA San Juan: zarpó hacia la zona de búsqueda un remolcador que hará un "mapeo del fondo del mar"". http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085419-submarino-ara-san-juan-zarpo-hacia-la-zona-de-busqueda-un-remolcador-que-hara-un-mapeo-del-fondo-del-mar. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  62. ↑ Bermúdez, Gabriel (19 November 2017). "Submarino ARA San Juan: llega el avión más moderno de EE.UU. para sumarse a la búsqueda" (in es). Clarin. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/submarino-ara-san-juan-llega-avion-moderno-ee-uu-sumarse-busqueda_0_S1hVADJxf.html. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  63. ↑ "Marinha e FAB contabilizam 325 horas de buscas a submarino argentino". 23 November 2017. https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/marinha-fab-contabilizam-325-horas-de-buscas-submarino-argentino-22106756. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  64. ↑ Pugliese, David (24 November 2017). "Canadian military sends equipment to Argentina which is searching for its missing submarine". Ottawa Citizen. http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/canadian-military-sends-equipment-to-argentina-which-is-searching-for-its-missing-submarine. Retrieved 24 November 2017. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 "Submarino ARA San Juan: todos los medios navales y aéreos que trabajan en la búsqueda". La Nacion. 20 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084124-submarino-ara-san-juan-todos-los-medios-navales-y-aereos-que-trabajan-en-la-busqueda. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  66. ↑ Ecuador, Armada del. "La Armada del Ecuador se encuentra lista para apoyar a nuestros hermanos argentinos en las tareas de búsqueda y rescate del ARA SAN JUAN #somoshermanos # esanma #FFAAContigo #SoyMarinopic.twitter.com/tlulAG9PUw". https://twitter.com/armada_ecuador/status/934185673246105600. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  67. ↑ "Un buque de rescate apto para operaciones submarinas se dirige a Comodoro Rivadavia" (in es-LA). Infobae. 18 November 2017. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/18/un-buque-de-rescate-apto-para-operaciones-submarinas-se-dirige-a-comodoro-rivadavia/. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  68. ↑ "Skandi Patagonia". http://www.dof.no/en-GB/DOF-Fleet/CSV/Skandi-Patagonia. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  69. ↑ "Sophie Siem: Siem Offshore AS". http://www.siemoffshore.com/Default.aspx?ID=183. 
  70. ↑ "Эксперт рассказал, как повысить эффективность поиска подлодки "Сан-Хуан"" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 23 November 2017. https://ria.ru/world/20171123/1509446802.html. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  71. ↑ "Russia sends Navy experts to search for missing Argentine submarine" (in ru). TASS. 23 November 2017. http://tass.com/world/977086. Retrieved 24 November 2017. 
  72. ↑ "Llegó al país el avión ruso Antonov con equipos para el rescate del submarino" (in Spanish). 24 November 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085658-submarino-ara-san-juan-llego-a-comodoro-rivadavia-el-avion-ruso-antonov-con-equipos-para-el-rescate. Retrieved 26 November 2017. 
  73. ↑ "UK offers help as Argentinian military submarine ARA San Juan goes missing at sea" (in en-GB). Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/argentinian-military-submarine-ara-san-juan-missing-at-sea-for-two-days-11130303. 
  74. ↑ Británica, Embajada (17 November 2017). "Following a request from the Argentine Government, @RoyalNavy's HMS Protector has been deployed to join the search and rescue effort for the #ARASanJuan. Our thoughts are with the crew of the submarine and their families.pic.twitter.com/s60QU7NePr" (in en). https://twitter.com/UKinArgentina/status/931687069541371904. 
  75. ↑ "HMS Protector helps hunt for missing Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan" (in en-GB). Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/argentinian-military-submarine-ara-san-juan-missing-at-sea-for-two-days-11130303. 
  76. ↑ Farmer, Ben (19 November 2017). "Elite Royal Navy rescue team sent as possible calls detected from missing Argentine submarine" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/19/bad-weather-hinders-search-missing-argentine-submarine/. 
  77. ↑ Navy, Royal (19 November 2017). "HMS Protector (@protector_hms) has now arrived in the South Atlantic to join international efforts to find and rescue a missing Argentine submarine. The @RoyalNavy's Submarine Parachute Assistance Group has also been deployed. More details: www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2017/november/19/171118-protector-assists-submarine-search …pic.twitter.com/qP8U3DdEWh" (in en). https://twitter.com/RoyalNavy/status/932292195440349184. 
  78. ↑ "Más ayuda para el ARA San Juan: aterrizaron en Comodoro Rivadavia un avión de la Fuerza Aérea Británica y uno español". https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/22/mas-ayuda-para-el-ara-san-juan-aterrizaron-en-comodoro-rivadavia-un-avion-de-la-fuerza-aerea-britanica-y-uno-espanol/. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  79. ↑ "RAF plane lands in Argentina to join search for missing submarine". Evening Standard. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/raf-plane-lands-in-argentina-for-first-time-since-falklands-war-to-help-search-for-missing-submarine-a3699211.html. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  80. ↑ Ala, Linea (17 October 2013). "Linea ALA: un Nimrod MR2 por Bahia Blanca". http://linea-ala.blogspot.com.ar/2013/10/un-nimrod-mr2-por-bahia-blanca.html. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
  81. ↑ Gallagher, Sean (17 November 2017). "Argentine Navy diesel sub disappears, NASA plane joins in search". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/11/nasa-icebridge-flying-lab-aids-in-search-for-missing-argentine-navy-sub/. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
  82. ↑ "U.S. Navy P-8A Poseidon to Support Argentina Search for Submarine". U.S. Southern Command. 17 November 2017. http://www.southcom.mil/News/PressReleases/Article/1376328/release-us-navy-p-8a-poseidon-to-support-argentina-search-for-submarine/. Retrieved 18 November 2017. 
  83. ↑ "US Navy to Deploy Undersea Rescue Capabilities to Argentina". U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command Public Affairs. 18 November 2017. http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=103417. 
  84. ↑ "Submarine Rescue Systems - OceanWorks". http://www.oceanworks.com/our-business/military/submarine-rescue-systems/. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  85. ↑ "Second US Navy P-8A Aircraft Joins Argentina's Submarine Search". U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command Public Affairs. 19 November 2017. http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=103419. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  86. ↑ "US Navy Deploys Unmanned Submersibles in Argentine Submarine Search". U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command Public Affairs. 19 November 2017. http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=103420. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  87. ↑ "Navy Reserve Sailors Deploy for Argentine Submarine Search". Commander, Navy Reserve Forces Command Public Affairs. 22 November 2017. http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=103469. Retrieved 23 November 2017. 
  88. ↑ Carlson, Steven (22 November 2017). "US continues to help search for Argentine sub crew that could be running out of oxygen". Stars and Stripes. https://www.stripes.com/news/us-continues-to-help-search-for-argentine-sub-crew-that-could-be-running-out-of-oxygen-1.499073. 

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