| Battle of the Delta or Battle of the Nile | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Egyptian-Sea People wars | |||||||
 Sea Peoples in their ships during the battle with the Egyptians. Relief from the mortuary temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Egypt | Sea Peoples | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Ramesses III | Unknown | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown, thousands | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Many killed, and captured | ||||||
The Battle of the Delta was a sea battle between Egypt and the Sea Peoples, circa 1175 BCE when the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III repulsed a major sea invasion. The conflict occurred somewhere at the shores of the eastern Nile Delta and partly on the borders of the Egyptian Empire in Syria, although their precise location is unknown. This major conflict is recorded on the temple walls of the mortuary temple of pharaoh Ramesses III at Medinet Habu.
Historical background[]
In the 12th century BCE, the Sea Peoples (also known under several other names, such as Tjekker, Peleset, and Sherden) invaded the Middle East from the eastern Mediterranean. They destroyed and plundered Hattusha, capital of the Hittite Empire, and also attacked Syria and Palestine where many cities were burned and ruined. (Carchemish was one of the cities which survived the Sea People's attacks.) Cyprus had also been overwhelmed and its capital ransacked. Since the Medinet Habu inscriptions depict women and children loaded in ox-carts, the attackers are believed to be migrants looking for a place to settle.[2] Their attacks are reported, for instance, in letters by Ammurapi, the last king of Ugarit, pleading for assistance from Eshuwara, the king of Alasiya:
- "My father [Eshuwara], behold, the enemy's ships came (here); my cities(?) were burned, and they did evil things in my country. Does not my father know that all my troops and chariots(?) are in the Land of Hatti, and all my ships are in the Land of Lukka?...Thus, the country is abandoned to itself. May my father know it: the seven ships of the enemy that came here inflicted much damage upon us".[3]
The Sea People invasions are often listed among the causes or symptoms of the Bronze Age collapse. Ramesses had previously fought the Sea Peoples in southern Lebanon, at the Battle of Djahy. Ramesses III describes a great movement of peoples in the East from the Mediterranean which, caused a massive destruction of the former great powers of the Levant, Cyprus and Anatolia:
- "the lands were removed and scattered to the fray. No land could stand before their arms, from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, Alashiya on being cut off. [ie: cut down]"[4]
The battle[]
After defeating the Sea Peoples on land in Syria, Ramesses rushed back to Egypt where preparations for the invaders assault had already been completed. According to the Medinet Habu inscriprions, Ramesses looked at the sea, he stared at a force of thousands of enemies, and possibly the end of the Egyptian empire. Ramesses lined the shores of the Nile Delta with ranks of archers who were ready to release volleys of arrows into the enemy ships if they attempted to land. Knowing that he would be defeated in the battle at sea, Ramesses enticed the Sea Peoples and their ships into the mouth of the Nile, where he had assembled a fleet in ambush. This Egyptian fleet worked the Sea Peoples' boats towards shore. Then archers both on land and on the ships devastated the enemy. The Sea People's ships were overturned, many were killed and captured and some even dragged to the shore where they were killed. In the inscriptions, Ramesses proclaims:
- "Those who reached my boundary, their seed is not; their hearts and their souls are finished forever and ever. As for those who had assembled before them on the sea, the full flame was their front before the harbour mouths, and a wall of metal upon the shore surrounded them. They were dragged, overturned, and laid low upon the beach; slain and made heaps from stern to bow of their galleys, while all their things were cast upon the water."[5]
Aftermath[]
The Battle of the Delta saved Egypt from the destruction that befell Hatti, Alasiya, and other great Near Eastern powers. There is no documentation for any pursuit of the defeated Sea Peoples, Although defeated in the Delta, some of the Sea Peoples (specifically the Peleset) are believed to have settled in Palestine some time after Ramesses death.
References[]
- ↑ Gary Beckman, "Hittite Chronology", Akkadica, 120 (2000). p.23 The exact date of the battle is unknown and depends on whether Amenmesse had an independent reign over all Egypt or if it was subsumed within the reign of Seti II. However, a difference of 3 years is minor.
- ↑ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, 1998. p.371
- ↑ Jean Nougaryol et al. (1968) Ugaritica V: 87-90 no.24; letter RS 18.147
- ↑ Dothan, Trude & Moshe, People of the Sea: The search for the Philistines. New York: Scribner, 1992. p.23
- ↑ James H. Breasted, Extracts from Medinet Habu inscription, trans. 1906, iv.§§65-66
External links[]
- Battle of the Nile Delta, 1178 BC at Rivers from Eden.
- Medinet Habu and the Sea Peoples at BYU-Idaho.
The original article can be found at Battle of the Delta and the edit history here.