Convoy PQ 16 was an Arctic convoy sent from Great Britain by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during the Second World War. It sailed in May 1942, reaching the Soviet northern ports after five days of air attacks that left eight ships sunk and two damaged. 25 ships arrived safely.
Background[]
In the winter and spring of 1942, U.S President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Soviet Union premier Joseph Stalin continually pressed for more convoys to Russia, to deliver War Stores to help them sustain their fight against Germany, despite the knowledge that the naval forces were stretched to the limit. Finally Stalin sent an urgent message to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in May 1942 in which he said, "I am fully aware of the difficulties involved and of the sacrifices made by Great Britain in the matter (the Russian convoys). I feel, however, incumbent upon me to approach you with the request to take all possible measures in order to ensure the arrival of the above-mentioned materials in the USSR".
Ships[]
This convoy consisted of 35 merchant ships: 21 American, 4 Soviet, 8 British, 1 Dutch and one of Panamanian registry. It also had one auxiliary vessel, the CAM ship Empire Lawrence. The convoy was led by Commodore HN Gale in Ocean Voice.
The close escort was led by the destroyer HMS Ashanti (Cdr. RG Onslow) and consisted of the destroyers ORP Garland, HMS Volunteer, HMS Achates, and HMS Martin, the anti-aircraft "gunship" Alynbank, four Flower class corvettes, one minesweeper and four trawlers.
There were two support groups; a Cruiser Cover Force led by R.Adm. HM Burrough in the cruiser HMS Nigeria, and comprising the cruisers Kent, Liverpool and Norfolk and destroyers HMS Onslow, HMS Marne and HMS Oribi and a Distant Covering Force of the battleships Duke of York and USS Washington, the carrier HMS Victorious, the cruisers HMS London and USS Wichita, and 13 destroyers.
Action[]
PQ 16 left Hvalfjord in Iceland on 21 May under the protection of the Local Escort, meeting the Ocean Escort on 23 May. At this time of the year the convoy would be operating in the period of perpetual daylight of the Arctic summer; this lessened the effectiveness of U-boat attack, but make round-the-clock air attack more likely. It also increased the chance of early detection by German reconnaissance aircraft.
On 25 May PQ 16 met its cruiser escort, but on the same day was spotted by a FW200 reconnaissance plane, which commenced shadowing. That evening the German air force commenced a series of attacks which continued for the next five days, until the convoy was in range of Soviet fighter cover. On 25 May one ship was damaged and forced to return under escort; on 26 May all air attacks were repulsed, but one ship Syros, was torpedoed by U-703. By 27 May the air attacks began to break through; three ships were sunk and another damaged around mid-day; another sunk and one damaged in mid-afternoon. That evening two more ships were sunk, and another damaged. On 28 May the convoy was joined by the Eastern Local escort; three Soviet destroyers and four minesweepers. Their extra firepower enabled all further air attacks to be beaten off. On 29 the convoy divided, six ships making for Archangel, while the remainder docked at Murmansk.
Eight merchant ships were lost: six by air attack, one by submarine U-703 and one by a mine. Two U-boats were damaged during attacks by escorts, and an unknown number of attacking aircraft shot down.
Aftermath[]
When Convoy PQ16 was assembled off Iceland Churchill declared it would be worthwhile if even 50% got through; despite the losses the majority of the ships of Convoy PQ16 did arrive, most ships to Murmansk (30 May 1942) and eight ships to Archangelsk (1 June 1942). The convoy was such a success in terms of the War Stores delivered that the Germans made greater efforts to disrupt the following convoys. The Heavy Lift Ships from Convoy PQ16 including SS Empire Elgar stayed at Archangelsk and Molotovsk unloading convoys for over 14 months.
Ships in the convoy[]
| Name | Flag | Tonnage (GRT) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| HMS Achates (H12) |  Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May Destroyer | |
| Alamar (1916) |  United States
|
5,689 | Sunk by aircraft off Bear Island |
| Alcoa Banner (1919) | United States
|
5,035 | |
| Alynbank | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May | |
| American Press (1920) | United States
|
5,131 | |
| American Robin (1919) | United States
|
5,172 | |
| Arcos (1918) |  Soviet Union
|
2,343 | |
| HMS Ashanti (F51) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May Destroyer | |
| Atlantic (1939) |  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
5,414 | |
| RFA Black Ranger (A163) |  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
3,417 | |
| HMS Blankney (L30) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Bramble (J11) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 28 May - 30 May Destroyer | |
| Carlton (1920) | United States
|
5,127 | Bombed and detached |
| Chernyshevski (1919) | Soviet Union
|
3,588 | |
| City Of Joliet (1920) | United States
|
6,167 | Sunk |
| City Of Omaha (1920) | United States
|
6,124 | |
| HMS Duke of York (17) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Battleship | |
| HMS Eclipse (H08) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| Empire Baffin (1941) | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
6,978 | |
| Empire Elgar (1942) | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
2,847 | |
| Empire Lawrence (1941) | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
7,457 | Bombed and sunk |
| Empire Purcell (1942) | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
7,049 | Sunk by aircraft |
| Empire Selwyn (1941) | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
7,167 | |
| Exterminator (1924) |  Panama
|
6,115 | |
| HMS Faulknor (H62) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Roselys | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May | |
| HMS Fury (H76) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| ORP Garland |  Polish Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 27 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Gossamer | Royal Navy
|
Escort 28 May - 30 May | |
| Grozni |  Soviet Navy
|
Escort 28 May - 30 May | |
| HMS Hazard | Royal Navy
|
Escort 21 May - 30 May | |
| Heffron (1919) | United States
|
7,611 | |
| HMS Honeysuckle | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May | |
| Hybert (1920) | United States
|
6,120 | |
| HMS Hyderabad | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May | |
| HMS Icarus (D03) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Intrepid (D10) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| John Randolph (1941) | United States
|
7,191 | |
| HMS Kent (54) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 26 May Heavy cruiser | |
| Kuibyshev | Soviet Navy
|
Escort 28 May - 30 May | |
| HMS Lady Madeleine (FY 283) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 21 May ASW trawler | |
| HMS Lamerton (L88) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Leda (J93) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 29 May - 30 May | |
| HMS Ledbury (L90) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Liverpool (C11) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 26 May Light cruiser | |
| HMS London (69) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Heavy cruiser | |
| Lowther Castle (1937) | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
5,171 | Sunk by aircraft using aerial torpedo |
| HMS Marne (G35) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 26 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Martin (G44) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May Destroyer | |
| Massmar (1920) | United States
|
5,828 | |
| Mauna Kea (1919) | United States
|
6,064 | |
| Michigan (1920) | Panama
|
6,419 | |
| HMS Middleton (L74) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| Minotaur (1918) | United States
|
4,554 | |
| Mormacsul (1920) | United States
|
5,481 | Sunk by German aircraft Off North Cape On 27 May |
| Nemaha (1920) | United States
|
6,501 | |
| HMS Nigeria (60) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 26 May Light cruiser | |
| HMS Norfolk (78) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 26 May Heavy Cruiser | |
| HMS Northern Spray (FY 129) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 21 May - 26 May ASW Trawler | |
| Ocean Voice (1941) | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
7,174 | Bomb-damaged but reached port safely |
| HMS Onslow (G17) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 26 May Destroyer | |
| HMS Oribi (G66) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 26 May Destroyer | |
| Pieter De Hoogh (1941) |  Netherlands
|
7,168 | |
| HMS Retriever (FY 261) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 21 May - 25 May ASW trawler | |
| Revolutsioner (1936) | Soviet Union
|
2,900 | |
| Richard Henry Lee (1941) | United States
|
7,191 | |
| HMS Seagull (J85) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 28 May - 30 May Minesweeper | |
| HMS Seawolf (47S) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Submarine | |
| Shchors (1921) | Soviet Union
|
3,770 | |
| Sokrushitelny | Soviet Navy
|
Escort 28 May - 30 May | |
| HMS St Elstan (FY 240) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 21 May ASW trawler | |
| HMS Starwort | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May | |
| Stari Bolshevik (1933) | Soviet Union
|
3,974 | Bomb-damaged but reached port safely |
| Steel Worker (1920) | United States
|
5,685 | Reached port but was later bombed in harbour and sunk.[1] |
| Syros (1920) | United States
|
6,191 | Sunk |
| HMS Trident (N52) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Submarine | |
| USS Mayrant (DD-402) | United States
|
Escort 24 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| USS Rhind (DD-404) | United States
|
Escort 24 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| USS Rowan (DD-405) | United States
|
Escort 24 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| USS Wainwright (DD-419) | United States
|
Escort 24 May - 29 May Destroyer | |
| USS Washington (BB-56) | United States
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Battleship | |
| USS Wichita (CA-45) | United States
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Heavy cruiser | |
| HMS Victorious (R38) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Aircraft carrier | |
| HMS Volunteer (D71) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 30 May Destroyer | |
| West Nilus (1920) | United States
|
5,495 | |
| HMS Wheatland | Royal Navy
|
Escort 23 May - 29 May Destroyer |
Notes[]
- ↑ "Convoy PQ.16". Convoyweb. http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/russian/convoy1.php?convoy=PQ.16. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
References[]
- Clay Blair : Hitler's U-Boat War Vol I (1996) ISBN 0-304-35260-8
- Paul Kemp : Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters (1993) ISBN 1-85409-130-1
- Bernard Schofield : (1964) The Russian Convoys BT Batsford ISBN (none)
- Ransome Wallis, R (1973). "Two Red Stripes". Ian Allen Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-0461-7.
- Richard Woodman: Arctic Convoys 1941-1945 (1994) ISBN 0-7195-5752-6
- Convoy web
See also[]
- novel
- Finnish radio intelligence intercepted planned route of the convoy.
The original article can be found at Convoy PQ 16 and the edit history here.