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- Grand Duchy of Hesse (1806–1816), then renamed Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (1816–1918) — a former state in Hesse, Germany.
- It was formed in 1806 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of Napoleon's actions, who then elevated the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt to the level of grand duchy.
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