Estimates of deaths in the Libyan Civil War vary with figures from 2,500 to 25,000 given between March 2 and October 2, 2011.[1][2] An exact figure is hard to ascertain, partly due to a media clamp-down by the Libyan government. Some conservative estimates have been released. Some of the killing "may amount to crimes against humanity" according to the United Nations Security Council[3] and as of March 2014[update], is under investigation by the International Criminal Court.[4]
Deaths caused by government forces[]
On February 22, the International Coalition Against War Criminals gave an estimate that 519 people had died, 3,980 were wounded and over 1,500 were missing.[5]
Human Rights Watch has estimated that at least 233 people had been killed by February 22.[6]
On February 23, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Franco Frattini stated that according to his information 1,000 people had died so far.[7][8]
On February 24, the IFHR said that 130 soldiers had been executed in Benghazi and Bayda, after they mutinied and sided with the protesters.[9]
On February 25, Navi Pillay, the High Commissioner for Human Rights of the United Nations, said that reports indicated that "thousands may have been killed or injured".[10]
Deaths caused by rebel forces[]
Among the security forces there had been more than 1,700 dead, including civilians in support of the government, alleged mercenaries[11] and government soldiers. There have been many reports that members of the security forces have been killed by both the government and the opposition.
On February 18, two policemen were hanged by protesters in Benghazi.[12] Also, on the same day, 50 alleged African mercenaries, mostly from Chad, were executed by the protesters in Bayda. Some of them were killed when protestors burned down the police station in which they locked them up[13] and at least 15 were lynched in front of the courthouse in Bayda.[14] The bodies of some of them were put on display and caught on video.[15][16] By February 23, the government confirmed that 111 soldiers had been killed.[17]
On February 23, a group of 22 government soldiers attempted to make a breakout from an air base near Derna, which had been under siege for days by rebel fighters. Within hours, all of them were captured and eventually 14 of them were shot execution style while a 15th was hanged by the opposition forces.[18] Between February 15 and May 22, 37 former government loyalists were killed in Benghazi in revenge killings by some opposition groups.[19]
Toward the end of the Battle of Misrata (February 18, 2011 – May 15, 2011), at least 27 sub-Saharan Africans from Mali, Niger or Chad, who were accused of being mercenaries, were executed by rebel forces.[20]
Deaths caused by Coalition forces[]
The Libyan official sources claimed that at least between 64 and 90 people were killed during the bombardments on the first two days of the U.N. intervention and another 150 had been wounded.[21] The Vatican news agency claimed that in Tripoli alone, at least 40 civilians died as a result of the bombing campaign.[22] According to the Libyan Health office, the airstrikes killed 1,108 civilians and wounded 4,500 by July 13.[23]
- On April 1, NATO airstrikes killed 14 rebel fighters and wounded seven more on the frontline at Brega.[24]
- On April 7, news reports surfaced that NATO bombers killed 10–13 rebels and wounded 14–22 near the eastern oil town of Brega.[25]
- On April 27, at least one NATO warplane accidentally attacked the Libyan rebel forces position near the besieged city of Misrata, killing 12 fighters and wounding five others.[26]
- On May 13, 11 religious imams were claimed to be killed and 50 others injured when a NATO airstrike struck a large gathering in Brega praying for peace in conflict-ridden Libya.[27]
- On June 19, at least nine civilians were killed in a NATO airstrike on Tripoli. Reporters saw bodies being pulled out of a destroyed building. NATO acknowledged being responsible for the civilians' deaths.[28]
- On June 20, The then Libyan government, claimed that 15 civilians including three children had been killed by a NATO airstrike on Sorman.[29]
- On July 25, 11 civilians were claimed killed[30] by a NATO airstrike on a medical clinic in Zliten.[31]
- On July 30, 3 journalists were killed and 15 wounded in NATO attacks against the Libyan state TV Al-Jamahiriya, which continued to broadcast after the attacks.[32]
- On August 9, the Libyan government claimed that 85 civilians were killed in NATO airstrikes on Majer, a village near Zliten.[33] A NATO spokesman confirmed that they bombed Zliten on August 8 and 9,[34] but said that he was unable to confirm the casualties. The Libyan government declared three days of national mourning. Reporters were later taken to a hospital where they saw at least 30 dead bodies including the bodies of at least two young children. The Libyan government claimed that the bodies of others killed in the airstrikes were taken to other hospitals.[35] Commander of the NATO military mission in Libya, Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard said "I cannot believe that 85 civilians were present when we struck in the wee hours of the morning, and given our intelligence. But I cannot assure you that there were none at all".[36]
- On March 2, 2012, after the conclusion of hostilities, the United Nations Human Rights Council released a comprehensive report concluding that in total 60 civilians were killed and 55 wounded by the NATO air campaign.[37]
Legal status[]
On February 26, 2011, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) stated in UNSC Resolution 1970, "the widespread and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes against humanity"[3] and referred "the situation" in Libya since February 15, to the International Criminal Court (ICC),[3] a permanent tribunal that presently can prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes. On March 4, the ICC assigned investigation of the case to Pre-trial Chamber I, consisting of Judge Cuno Tarfusser from Italy, Judge Sylvia Steiner from Brazil and Judge Sanji Mmasenono Monageng from Botswana.[4]
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen stated on March 28 that NATO was impartial and that it interpreted the terms of UNSC Resolution 1973 on the protection of civilians to apply to both rebel and government forces. The BBC stated that "the rebels felt they had a 'private understanding' of the NATO mission, [believing] that the western world has joined them in a campaign of regime change." The NATO Secretary General described the possibility that NATO would attack rebel forces who endanger civilian populations as "hypothetical" as of the date of the interview.[38]
Timeline of reported deaths per event[]
Combatant deaths[]
Date | Opposition fatalities | Government fatalities | Detail |
---|---|---|---|
February 16 | 1 | None reported | Protests in Roujdane.[39] |
February 17–20 | 332–479 | 163 | First Battle of Benghazi |
February 17–25 | 300–700 | None reported | Tripoli clashes |
February 17 | 4–10 | None reported | Protests in Ajdabiya.[40] |
February 18 | 2 | None reported | Protests in Qubah.[41] |
February 18 – May 15 | 366 | 358 | Battle of Misrata |
February 20 | 4 | None reported | Protests in Tobruk.[42] |
February 20 | 3 | None reported | Protests in Zintan.[43] |
February 20 | 1 | None reported | Protests in Zuwara.[44] |
February 21 – May 22 | None reported | 37 | Revenge killings against loyalists in Benghazi.[19] |
February 21 | 15 | 3 | Rebel capture of the La Abraq Airport in Bayda.[45] |
February 22–24 | 9 | None reported | Protests in Gharyan.[46][47] |
February 23 | 2 | 15 | Capture and execution of loyalist fighters at Derna.[18] |
February 24 – March 10 | 151 | 65 | First Battle of Zawiya |
February 26 | 22 | None reported | Capture and execution of rebel fighters at Sirte.[48] |
Late February | 3 | None reported | Rebel attack on a military base at Gariyat.[49] |
March 1 – August 18 | 500–517 | 397 | Nafusa Mountains Campaign |
March 1 – July 20 | 27 | None reported | Fighting at the Algerian-Libyan border.[50] |
March 2 | 14 | 2–10 | First Battle of Brega |
March 4–12 | 71–81 | 4–27 | Battle of Ra's Lanuf |
March 4 | 34–100 | None reported | Explosion at an arms depot in Benghazi.[51][52] |
March 6 | 182–230 | 1 | Battle of Bin Jawad |
March 13–15 | 7 | 25 | Second Battle of Brega |
March 14 | 7 | 16 | Government re-taking of Zuwara.[53] |
March 15–26 | 136 | 41 | Battle of Ajdabiya |
March 15 | 1 | None reported | Rebel fighter plane crashes.[54] |
March 17 | None reported | 1–2 | Bombing run on the Benghazi military air base.[55] |
March 18 | 3 | None reported | Fighting in Zuwetina.[56] |
March 19–20 | 261 | 27–30 | Second Battle of Benghazi |
March 20 | 1 | None reported | Killing of a rebel activist in Benghazi.[57] |
March 22–24 | None reported | 19–28 | Coalition air-strikes on Tripoli.[58] |
March 26–30 | 12 | 7 | First Gulf of Sidra offensive |
March 28 | 1 | None | Execution of captured rebel at Sirte.[59] |
March 31 – April 7 | 46–49 | 28 | Third Battle of Brega |
April 3 – June 15 | 25 | 3 | East Libyan Desert Campaign |
April 8 – July 13 | 75–87 | 94–95 | Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road |
April 17 | None reported | 20 | Rebel attack on a military headquarters in Zawiya.[60] |
May 4 | 1 | None reported | Rebel fighter dies of wounds in Benghazi.[61] |
May 12 | 1 | None reported | Rebel French mercenary killed in Benghazi.[62] |
May 16 – August 19 | 435 | 522–532 | Battle of the Misrata frontline |
May 28 | 12 | 3 | Suppression of an opposition protest in Bani Walid.[63] |
May 29 | 2 | 3 | Suppression of an opposition protest in Tripoli.[64][65] |
May | 3 | None reported | Execution of rebel prisoners in Khoms.[66] |
May | 40 | None reported | Execution of rebel prisoners near Tripoli.[67] |
June 2 | None reported | 2 | NATO air-strike in 'Aziziya.[68] |
June 7 | None reported | 1 | NATO air-strike in Tripoli.[69] |
June 9–16 | 22 | 12 | Zliten uprising |
June 11–12 | 30 | 2 | Zawiya raid |
June 11 | 1 | None reported | Sabha clashes[70] |
June 13 | 6 | None reported | Fighting west of Zawiya.[71] |
June 16 | None reported | 1 | Attack on a military patrol in Tripoli.[72] |
June 17 | 3 | None reported | Suppression of an opposition protest in Tripoli.[73] |
June 18 | None reported | 1 | Rebel sniper fire in Tripoli.[74] |
June 19 | None reported | 4 | NATO air-strike in Sabha.[75] |
June 23 | None reported | 9 | NATO air-strike near Zliten.[76] |
July 13 – August 22 | 144 | 42 | Fourth Battle of Brega |
July 17 – September 27 | 28 | 51 | Fezzan campaign |
July 22 | None reported | 6 | NATO air-strike on a pipeline production plant south of Brega.[77] |
July 24–26 | None reported | 7 | NATO air-strikes on Zliten.[78] |
July 28 | 3 | None reported | Killing of the rebel commander-in-chief in Benghazi.[79] |
July 29 | 4 | 5 | Loyalist attack on a prison in Benghazi.[80] |
July 31 | 3–6 | 4–11 | Attack on a loyalist hideout in Benghazi.[81][82][83] |
August 4 | 3 | None reported | Msallata clashes |
August 13–28 | 95 | 95 | Rebel coastal offensive |
August 20–28 | 1,700 | 128 | Battle of Tripoli |
August 23 – October 20 | 437 | 236–903 | Second Gulf of Sidra offensive |
August 28 | None reported | 5 | NATO air-strike in Taruna.[84] |
August 28 | None reported | 20 | NATO air-strike in Bani Walid.[85] |
August 29 | 153 | None reported | Discovery of a killing site for mutinous soldiers in Tripoli.[86] |
Late August | None Reported | 1,000 | Rebel execution of loyalist prisoners after the Battle of Misrata.[87] |
September 3 | 1 | None reported | Execution of a rouge rebel in Tripoli.[88] |
September 4 | None reported | 1 | NATO air-strike near Tripoli.[89] |
September 4–18 | 10 | None reported | Rebel firearms accidents in Tripoli.[90] |
September 8 – October 17 | 85–91 | 7–9 | Battle of Bani Walid |
September 11 | 12 | None reported | Rebel inter-factional fighting in the Nafusa mountains.[91] |
September 12 | 15–17 | None reported | Ra's Lanuf raid |
September 24 | 9–11 | None reported | Ghadames raid |
October 4–11 | 10 | None reported | Rebel inter-factional fighting in Zuwara.[92] |
October 14 | 1 | 2 | Clashes in Tripoli.[93] |
Based on the numbers, between 5,887 and 6,609 opposition members/fighters (including some civilian supporters) and between 3,309 and 4,227 Gaddafi loyalists had been killed by October 23, 2011.
In addition, another 1,350 opposition fighters and activists have been confirmed as missing in the fighting in the east,[94] 781–900 were reported to be missing in the Battle of Misrata, of which 163 were later confirmed dead when found in two mass graves,[95][96] 136 went missing during the Nafusa Mountains Campaign, 74 were missing following the Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road and up to 700 rebels were missing following the Battle of Bin Jawad, of which 170 were later found in a mass grave,[97] for a total of 2,708–2,827 rebels reported missing.
In January 2013, the new Libyan government stated, based on unfinished research, that 4,700 rebel fighters and a similar number of loyalist soldiers were killed during the conflict. An estimated 2,100 rebels and loyalists were missing. No count was given on the number of killed and missing civilians.[98]
Civilian deaths[]
Date | Civilian fatalities | Detail |
---|---|---|
February 24 – March 10 | 84–449 | First Battle of Zawiya |
February 18 – May 15 | 871 | Battle of Misrata |
March 1–13 | 39 | Shelling of Zuwara.[92] |
March 6 | 1 | Shooting in Bayda.[99] |
March 12 | 1 | Killing of Al Jazeera cameraman near Benghazi.[100] |
March 15–26 | 25–30 | Battle of Ajdabiya |
March 18 | 3 | Fighting in Zuwetina.[56] |
March 19 – July 13 | 1,108 | NATO bombing campaign.[23] |
Late March – early May | 1,400 | Sinking of refugee boats while they were trying to reach Italy.[101] |
April 5 | 1 | Third Battle of Brega |
April 8 – June 25 | 27 | Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road |
April 12 | 1 | Woman refugee dies before reaching Malta.[102] |
April 21 – May 25 | 5 | East Libyan Desert Campaign |
May 16 – August 19 | 14 | Battle of the Misrata frontline |
May 22 | 4 | Fire at a refugee camp in Tunisia near the border.[103] |
May 24 | 2 | Clashes at a refugee camp in Tunisia near the border.[104] |
May 31 | 1 | Refugee dies before reaching Malta.[105] |
June 2 | 272 | Refugee immigrant boat sinks while it was trying to reach Italy.[106] |
June 2 | 1 | One person killed by loyalists in Tripoli.[65] |
June 5 | 1 | One person tortured and killed by rebels in Benghazi.[107] |
June 6 | 19 | Mass suffocation of detainees by loyalists in Al-Khoms.[108] |
June 11–12 | 1 | Zawiya raid |
July 13 – August 22 | 1 | Fourth Battle of Brega |
July 25 | 11 | NATO air-strike on Zliten.[109] |
July 30 | 3 | NATO air-strike on Tripoli.[110] |
July 30 | 25 | Refugees die of asphyxiation on a boat while trying to reach Italy.[111] |
July 30 – August 3 | 120 | Rebel killings of civilians from the Warfalla tribe in Benghazi.[112] |
August 3 | 3 | Loyalist killings of civilians in Zawiya.[113] |
August 4 | 3 | NATO air-strike on Zliten.[110] |
August 8 | 35–85 | NATO air-strike on the village of Majer, near Zliten.[114] |
August 13–28 | 26 | Rebel coastal offensive |
August 19 | 27 | NATO air-strike on Tripoli.[115] |
August 20–28 | 275 | Battle of Tripoli |
August 22 | 1 | Loyalist shelling of Zliten.[116] |
August 23 – October 20 | 800-2,151 | Second Gulf of Sidra offensive |
September 4–18 | 20 | Random rebel fire in Tripoli.[90] |
September 6 – October 6 | 12 | Landmine explosions near Zliten.[117] |
September 8 – October 17 | 19–22 | Battle of Bani Walid |
September 30 | 4 | Random rebel fire in Tripoli.[118] |
October 1 | 3 | Rebel inter-factional fighting in the Nafusa mountains and Tripoli.[119] |
October 5 | 1 | One person shot and killed by rebels in Tripoli.[120] |
October 12 | 1 | One person tortured and killed by rebels in Taworgha.[107][121] |
There had been at least 5,637 to 7,046 reported civilians killed by October 23, 2011. However, a number of civilians were also killed during the Second Battle of Benghazi and during the campaign in the Nafusa mountains, so the number could be far higher. Also, the number of civilians reported to had been killed in NATO air-strikes could be smaller because it was proven that some of the previous government-announced tolls from individual strikes were exaggerated.[citation needed]
Overall deaths[]
In the end, according to the numbers presented, a total of 14,572 to 18,873 deaths have been reported, of which some have not been independently confirmed.
The opposition stated near the end of the war that 25,000 people had been killed[122] and 4,000 had been reported as missing.[123]
In January 2013, the new Libyan government, based on unfinished research, estimated the number of killed to be actually far lower than previous estimates, with 4,700 of the dead being rebel fighters, a similar number loyalist soldiers and an undefined number civilians. An estimated 2,100 rebels and loyalists were missing.[98]
Deaths overall[]
The total number of people killed includes protesters, armed belligerents, and civilians:
Source | Libyan casualties | Time period |
---|---|---|
World Health Organization | 2,000 killed[124] | February 15 – March 2, 2011 |
International Federation for Human Rights | 3,000 killed[125] | February 15 – March 5, 2011 |
Libyan League for Human Rights | 6,000 killed[125] | February 15 – March 5, 2011 |
National Transitional Council | 10,000 killed[126] | February 15 – April 12, 2011 |
UN Human Rights Council | 10,000–15,000 killed[127] | February 15 – June 9, 2011 |
Al Jazeera English | 13,000 killed[128] | February 15 – June 18, 2011 |
National Transitional Council | 30,000 killed[123] | February 15 – September 8, 2011 |
National Transitional Council | 25,000 killed[2] | February 15 – October 2, 2011 |
Notable deaths, disappearances and other cases[]
- Ali Hassan al-Jaber, Qatari journalist of Al Jazeera, killed
- Mohammed Nabbous, Libyan journalist and founder of Libya Alhurra TV, killed
- Kais al-Hilali, Libyan political cartoonist famous for painting anti-Gaddafi mural, killed
- Tim Hetherington, British-American photojournalist, killed[129]
- Chris Hondros, American photojournalist, killed[129]
- Ahmed Eyzert, engineer who discovered and masterminded the "invaluable" technique of using Google Earth satellite imagery with coordinates to enhance artillery accuracy, killed[130]
- Saif al-Arab Gaddafi, son of Muammar Gaddafi, killed along with three of Gaddafi's grandchildren in a NATO air-strike
- Iman al-Obeidi, Libyan postgraduate law student, alleged rape case with media and governmental response
- Rana Akbani, Syrian journalist in government custody from March 28 to April 14[131]
- Anton Hammerl, South African photographer, missing and presumed killed on April 5[132]
- Manu Brabo, Spanish photographer in government custody from April 5 to May 18[133]
- James Foley, American journalist in government custody from April 5 to May 18
- Clare Morgana Gillis, American journalist in government custody from April 5 to May 18
- Nigel Chandler, British journalist released from government custody on May 18
- Khamis Gaddafi, son of Muammar Gaddafi, killed when his vehicle was destroyed on August 29
- Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan leader from 1969–2011, killed in hometown of Sirte on October 20
- Mutassim Gaddafi, son of Muammar Gaddafi, killed alongside his father on October 20
References[]
- ↑ Staff (March 2, 2011). "RT News Line, March 2". RT. http://rt.com/news/line/2011-03-02/. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Residents flee Gaddafi hometown
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Resolution 1970 (2011)" (PDF; requires Adobe Reader). United Nations Security Council (via International Criminal Court). February 26, 2011. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xDEdgg2s. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Press release (March 7, 2011). "Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Assigned to Pre-Trial Chamber I". International Criminal Court. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xDF31KTI. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ↑ "Live Blog – Libya Feb 22". Al Jazeera. February 22, 2011. http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-22. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ↑ "European Nationals, Companies Flee Libyan Unrest". Agence France-Presse (via Philippine Daily Inquirer). February 22, 2011. http://politics.inquirer.net/politics/view/20110222-321532/European-nationals-companies-flee-Libyan-unrest. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
- ↑ Dziadosz, Alexander (February 9, 2011). "Fear Stalks Tripoli, Celebrations in Libya's East". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/23/us-libya-protests-idUSTRE71G0A620110223. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ↑ "Live Blog – Libya Feb 23". Al Jazeera. February 22, 2011. http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-23. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ↑ "Libya – 130 Soldiers Executed". News24. February 18, 2011. http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Libya-130-soldiers-executed-20110223. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libyan Crackdown 'Escalates' – UN". BBC News. February 25, 2011.
- ↑ "Black Men Mistaken for Mercenaries". The Sydney Morning Herald. March 6, 2011. http://www.smh.com.au/world/black-men-mistaken-for-mercenaries-20110305-1biwb.html. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ↑ "Two Policemen Hanged in Libya Protests". Xinhua News Agency. February 19, 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-02/19/c_13739109.htm. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ↑ Black, Ian; Bowcott, Owen (February 18, 2011). "Libya Protests: Massacres Reported as Gaddafi Imposes News Blackout". The Guardian. London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/18/libya-protests-massacres-reported. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ↑ Hauslohner, Abigail (February 23, 2011). "Libya's Alleged Foreign Mercenaries: More Gaddafi Victims?". Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053490,00.html. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
- ↑ 1:50. "African Mercenary Killed in Libya". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6akmd6tfxg. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ↑ "African Mercenary Killed in Libya 2". YouTube. February 22, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s91AvXP2XQ&skipcontrinter=1. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ↑ 7:15 pm. "Libya Says 300 Dead in Violence, Including 111 Soldiers". The Asian Age. http://www.asianage.com/international/libya-says-300-dead-violence-including-111-soldiers-193. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Smith, Graeme (April 1, 2011). "A Rebellion Divided: Spectre of Revenge Killings Hangs over Eastern Libya". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/a-rebellion-divided-spectre-of-revenge-killings-hangs-over-eastern-libya/article1967949/page1/.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Killings of Gadhafi Agents in Benghazi Raise Fears of Reprisal Killings in Rebel-Held Libya". Newser. http://www.newser.com/article/d9nclre00/killings-of-gadhafi-agents-in-benghazi-raise-fears-of-reprisal-killings-in-rebel-held-libya.html.
- ↑ "Libyan rebels distribute rules on POW treatment". Boston.com. 30 May 2011. http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2011/05/30/libyan_rebels_distribute_rules_on_pow_treatment/. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ↑ "Libya Says 64 Killed in Western Military Strikes". The Times of India. March 20, 2011. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/libya-says-64-killed-in-western-military-strikes/articleshow/7748763.cms. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ↑ ""At Least 40 Civilian Deaths in Air Raid on Tripoli," Complains Apostolic Vicar of Tripoli, Repeating the Urgency for a Diplomatic Solution". Agenzia Fides. March 31, 2011. http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=28698&lan=eng. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Rights Group: Libyan Rebels Loot Seized Towns". Associated Press. July 13, 2011. http://hosted2.ap.org/txdam/633c954da7d9434f9de7ed15f38075aa/Article_2011-07-13-ML-Libya/id-0a735547b8864a20a6bfb8a8c00c7b73. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
- ↑ Meo, Nick (April 2, 2011). "Libya: Nato Warplanes Kill 14 Rebels". The Daily Telegraph. London. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8423675/Libya-Nato-warplanes-kill-14-rebels.html. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ↑ "NATO Checking Report of Air Strike on Libya Rebels". Agence France-Presse. April 7, 2011. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jv_sNu4z2ePkq1HOS0P_x7-rgNdA?docId=CNG.6f1a3c295003e2f3af5b879590880652.321.
- ↑ Chivers, C.J. (April 27, 2011). "NATO Strike Kills 12 Libyan Rebels in Misurata". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/africa/28libya.html?partner=rss&emc=rss. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
- ↑ "Libya Says 11 Clerics Killed in NATO Airstrike". Daily Herald (May 13, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "NATO Acknowledges Civilian Deaths in Tripoli Strike". Reuters (June 19, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libyan Officials Claim Nato Raid 'Kills 15'. BBC News (June 20, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libya's Zlitan increasingly in rebel, NATO sights". Cnn. July 25, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/25/libya.fighting/index.html. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ Hafez Ahmed (July 26, 2011). "NATO raids clinic in Libya: 7 killed". News Today. http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=34314&date=2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ Staff (July 31, 2011). "NATO Raid in Libya Kills 3 Reporters". Sky News Australia. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ↑ "Libya says NATO strike kills dozens of civilians". Reuters. August 9, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE7780OO20110809. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ Photographic Evidence of NATO War Crimes. Pakistan Observer (August 11, 2011). Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ↑ "Tripoli says NATO strike kills dozens of civilians". Reuters. August 9, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE7780ZZ20110809?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "Libya Slams UN Chief over Civilian Deaths Comments. Agence France-Presse (August 13, 2011). Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ↑ "International Commission of Inquiry on Libya Report". http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/03/03/world/africa/united-nations-report-on-libya.html?_r=0.
- ↑ "Nato protection 'applies to both sides' in Libya". BBC News. March 28, 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9438000/9438247.stm. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ↑ "First Rebel To Die in Libya's West Now A Hero". Ipotnews. March 2, 2011. http://www.ipotnews.com/index.php?level2=newsandopinion&level3=&level4=LIFESTYLE&news_id=435902&group_news=ALLNEWS&taging_subtype=LIBYA&popular=&search=y&q=LIFESTYLE.
- ↑ Black, Ian (February 17, 2011). "Libya's day of rage met by bullets and loyalists". The Guardian. London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/17/libya-day-of-rage-unrest.
- ↑ 27 dead in fresh protests in Libya: Opposition. News One. February 19, 2011
- ↑ "Exclusive – Tobruk celebrates, Libya's east abandons Gaddafi". Reuters. February 23, 2011. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/23/uk-libya-protests-tobruk-idUKTRE71M0CO20110223.
- ↑ Daragahi, Borzou (April 23, 2011). "Libyan rebels firmly in control in mountainous west". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/23/world/la-fg-libya-zintan-20110423/2.
- ↑ "Libya: Fewer Police Abuses in Zuwara, Under Control of Anti-government Forces". Human Rights Watch (February 27, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ The Battle for Libya: Killings, Disappearances and Torture
- ↑ "Libyan Soldiers Executed by Foreign African Mercenaries for Refusing to Kill Civilians (Feb. 2011)". YouTube (February 22, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Protesting Continues During Funeral Procession of Gharyan Martyr (Feb. 24). Feb17.info (February 25, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ Fadel, Leila; Sly, Liz; Faiola, Anthony (February 27, 2011). "Rebel Army May Be Formed as Tripoli Fails To Oust Gaddafi". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/26/AR2011022602622_2.html?sid=ST2011022602703. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
- ↑ Libya revolution filters slowly to desert towns
- ↑ Algeria claims 7 foreign terrorists killed. Associated Press (July 20, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Gaddafi Forces Accused of 'Massacre' as Battles Rage". Channel NewsAsia (March 6, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libya: Toll in Rajmeh Arms Depot Explosions Near Benghazi May Be as High as 100". Los Angeles Times. March 5, 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/03/libya-toll-in-rajmeh-arms-depot-explosions-near-benghazi-may-be-as-high-as-100-.html.
- ↑ "The Fight for Sabratha". www.weeklystandard.com. August 16, 2011. http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/fight-sabratha_590281.html?nopager=1.
- ↑ "Photo: Pilot Mohammed Mokhtar Osman Who Crashed into Baab Al Aziziyah". Democratic Underground. March 15, 2011. http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=439x656425.
- ↑ "Gadhafi Forces Bombing Benghazi: Witnesses". CBC News. March 17, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/03/17/libya-red-cross031711.html.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 "As It Happened: Libya Crisis". BBC News. March 18, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12776418.
- ↑ "Writing on Wall for Street Artist". The Australian (March 25, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ Brigade commander killed (March 22),[1] 9 killed/rebel claim (March 23),[2] 18 killed (March 23/24)[3], total of 19–28 reported killed
- ↑ McGreal, Chris (April 17, 2011). "Saved from Gaddafi's Torturers – By a Simple Gesture of Kindness". The Guardian. London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/17/gadaffi-torturers-kindness-sirte.
- ↑ "Misrata Shelled Again, Casualties Seen". townhall.com. April 19, 2011. http://townhall.com/news/us/2011/04/19/misrata_shelled_again,_casualties_seen.
- ↑ "Libya: rebellion continues". The Boston Globe. 16 May 2011. http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/05/libya_rebellion_continues.html. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ↑ "Libyan Rebels Seek US Recognition". Al Jazeera English. May 13, 2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/05/20115139534241170.html.
- ↑ Libya: 10 Protesters Apparently Executed
- ↑ "Activist Video Shows Big Anti-Gaddafi Protest in Tripoli". Reuters (May 30, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Libyans Chafe Under Gadhafi's Rule in Tripoli". Associated Press (September 17, 2009). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ Libyans celebrate their freedom as they mourn the dead
- ↑ Mass grave found at Bab Al-Azizya
- ↑ "More NATO Strikes Hit Libya". CNN. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Gadhafi Defiant in Face of Heaviest NATO Airstrikes in Libya". USA Today. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Gadhafi Offered Way Out". Bangkok Post. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libyan Rebels Receiving Arms from Qatar and Tunisians?". International Business Times (June 13, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "In Libya, More Novice Soldiers in Defense of Qaddafi". The New York Times.
- ↑ "What's Really Going On in Gadhafi's Tripoli?". CNN. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libyan Media Minders Nervous After Guard Death". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Nato Admits Libya Bombing Error". The Irish Times. June 30, 2011.
- ↑ "Nato Chief Says Alliance Will Finish Job in Libya". The Malaysian Insider (June 24, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libya Says Six Killed in Airstrike Near Brega". Reuters. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Libya's Zlitan Increasingly in Rebel, NATO Sights". CNN.
- ↑ "Libyan Rebel Commander Abdel Fattah Younes Killed". BBC News.
- ↑ "Libyan Rebels Step Up Purge Against Gaddafi Loyalists". The Daily Telegraph.
- ↑ "Benghazi Clash Exposes Cracks in Rebel Ranks". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Gaddafi cell routed by Libyan rebels". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ↑ "Rebels clash with Gaddafi loyalists in rebel-held east". Reuters (via AlertNet).
- ↑ Rebels: Gaddafi's Son 'Killed In Air Strike'
- ↑ Muammar Gaddafi's town of Bani Walid ready to surrender
- ↑ Libya conflict: Gaddafi family 'flee to Algeria'
- ↑ Back to bloody anarchy: Andrew Malone revisits Libya and finds a country riven by torture, mass murder and savage vengeance
- ↑ Gadhafi loyalists given one more week to surrender
- ↑ Exclusive: abandoned Libyan missile: a gift to militants?
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Anti-Qaddafi Forces Capture, Then Lose, Last Redoubts
- ↑ Reports: Infighting Between Libyan Rebels Kills 12
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Camels, Minority Rights Spur Battle in Libya
- ↑ Gaddafi gunmen, government forces clash in Libyan capital
- ↑ Nordland, Rod (September 16, 2011). "Libya Counts More Martyrs Than Bodies". Human Rights Watch. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/world/africa/skirmishes-flare-around-qaddafi-strongholds.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1.
- ↑ Libyan rebels hand out rules on POW treatment; some 300 in custody, including 10 foreigners
- ↑ Thousands Still Missing in Post-Revolution Libya
- ↑ Libya holds funeral for 170 bodies found in largest civil war mass grave
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government
- ↑ "In Libya, being a rebel medic means being a target". April 4, 2011. http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=299251.
- ↑ "Al Jazeera: Cameraman Ali Hassan Al-Jaber Killed In Libya Ambush". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "600 Feared Dead in Libya Refugee Boat Sinking: UN". Global News. May 10, 2011. http://www.globalnews.ca/feared+dead+Libya+refugee+boat+sinking/4759017/story.html.
- ↑ "Ethnic Berbers Flee Conflict in Western Libya, Reach Tunisia". AllAfrica. April 12, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201104121029.html.
- ↑ "Fire Kills Four at Tunisian Refugee Camp". Reuters (via AlterNet). May 22, 2011. http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/fire-kills-four-at-tunisian-refugee-camp. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Rights Watchdog Urges Tunisia To Protect Refugees After 6 Killed". Daily Star. June 24, 2011. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Jun-24/Rights-watchdog-urges-Tunisia-to-protect-refugees-after-6-killed.ashx#axzz1QAsaqSUl. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Maltese Patrol Boat Rescues 76 Migrants". The Straits Times. June 1, 2011. http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_675280.html.
- ↑ "U.N.: At Least 150 Drown When Boat from Libya Capsizes". CNN. June 4, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/04/libya.migrants/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 "Libyan Rebels Accused of Arbitrary Arrests, Torture". CNN. June 5, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/05/libya.war/index.html?iref=allsearch.
- ↑ Libya: 19 Suffocated in Gaddafi Detention
- ↑ "Libya's Zlitan Increasingly in Rebel, NATO Sights". CNN.
- ↑ 110.0 110.1 "Libya Says Three Dead in NATO Strikes on TV". Muscat Daily.
- ↑ "Italian Coastguards Find 25 Bodies on Boat at Lampedusa". BBC News. August 1, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14363905.
- ↑ "Libyagate: Benghazi, Zliten, Nafusa Peace March, TV Station All Bombed". The Daily Telegraph.
- ↑ Zawiyah residents welcome freedom from Gadhafi
- ↑ Libyan civilian toll from NATO bombings still unknown
- ↑ Rebels and Gaddafi forces fight for Libya coast cities
- ↑ Libyan rebels face pro-Gaddafi counter-attack in Zlitan
- ↑ Deadly legacy of Gaddafi landmines
- ↑ Tripoli's residents call time on celebratory gunfire
- ↑ Anti-Gadhafi tribes clash in two Libyan locales
- ↑ Libya's new rulers contend with pro-Gadhafi district
- ↑ Prisoners in Libya languish without charge
- ↑ Mulholland, Rory; Deshmukh, Jay (October 3, 2011). "Residents flee Gaddafi hometown". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/residents-flee-gaddafi-hometown-20111003-1l49x.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ↑ 123.0 123.1 Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war
- ↑ http://www.newrepublic.com/article/world/86090/libya-death-toll-war-qadaffi
- ↑ 125.0 125.1 Adams, Richard (March 10, 2011). "Libya Uprising – Thursday 10 March". The Guardian. London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/mar/10/libya-uprising-gaddafi-live#block-15. Retrieved March 19, 2011. Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Up to 15,000 Killed in Libya War: U.N. Rights Expert". Reuters.
- ↑ Staff (June 18, 2011). "Libyan Rebels Continue Push Towards Tripoli – Fighting Erupts in Nalut, in Country's Northwest, a Day After Rebels Claimed To Have Seized an Area West of Misurata". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ↑ 129.0 129.1 "Two Photojournalists Killed in Libyan City of Misrata". BBC News. April 21, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13151490. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
- ↑ "Google Points Way for Libyan Rebel Artillery in Fight Against Gaddafi". The Australian (June 17, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Journalists Under Attack in Libya: The Tally". Shabablibya.org. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Anton Hammerl Dead: Photojournalist Killed In Libya". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 20 May 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/20/anton-hammerl-dead-photoj_n_864577.html. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ↑ "No Word on Fate of Hammerl". May 18, 2011. http://www.thestar.co.za/no-word-on-fate-of-hammerl-1.1070736. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
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The original article can be found at Casualties of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and the edit history here.