The military of the United States executed 160 soldiers and other members of the armed forces between 1942 and 1961 (these figures do not include German prisoners of war, war criminals, spies, and saboteurs executed by U.S. military authorities between 1942 and 1951). There have been no military executions since 1961 although the death penalty is still a possible punishment for several crimes under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Of these executions, 157 were carried out by the United States Army. The United States Air Force conducted the three remaining executions, one in 1950 and two in 1954. The U.S. Navy has not executed anyone since 1849. The United States Army had previously executed a total of 36 soldiers during the First World War, all taking place by hanging between 5 November 1917 and 20 June 1919. Eleven of these hangings were performed in France while the remaining 25 were carried out in continental United States.[1]
Of the total, 106 were executed for murder (including 21 involving rape), 53 for rape and one (Eddie Slovik) for desertion.[2]
Reintroduction of the military death penalty[]
The death penalty by the U.S. military was reintroduced by the executive order of President Ronald Reagan in 1984.[3]
On July 28, 2008, President George W. Bush approved the execution of United States Army Private Ronald A. Gray, who had been convicted in April 1988 of multiple murders and rapes. A month later, Secretary of the Army Pete Geren set an execution date of December 10, 2008 and ordered that Gray be put to death by lethal injection at the Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute. The military publicly released Gray's execution date on November 20, 2008. On November 26, however, Gray was granted a stay of execution by federal judge Rogers. He has not yet been executed as of 2014[update].[4]
Punishable crimes[]
Currently, under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, 14 offenses are punishable by death. Under the following sections of the UCMJ, the death penalty can be imposed at any time:
- 94 - Mutiny or sedition
- 99 - Misbehavior before the enemy
- 100 - Subordinate compelling surrender
- 101 - Improper use of countersign
- 102 - Forcing a safeguard
- 104 - Aiding the enemy
- 106a - Espionage
- 110 - Improper hazarding of vessel
- 118 - Murder (including both premeditated murder and felony murder)
- 120 - Rape (including child rape)[5]
Four provisions of the UCMJ carry a death sentence only if the crime is committed during times of war:
- 85 - Desertion
- 90 - Assaulting or willfully disobeying a superior commissioned officer
- 106 - Lurking as a spy or acting as a spy
- 113 - Misbehavior of a sentinel or lookout
Sentencing and execution[]
Capital cases are tried in courts-martial before a panel of at least twelve military members. If the defendant is an enlisted servicemember, they may opt for at least one third of the panel to also be of enlisted rank. All members of the panel must outrank the accused. The defendant cannot plead guilty to the charges. The panel must be unanimous in conviction, that the government has proven necessary aggravating factors, that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, and that death is the only sentence applicable. All death sentences are automatically appealed first to the Court of Criminal Appeals for the military service concerned, then to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. The sentence must be personally confirmed by the President of the United States. Military executions would be conducted under regulations issued on January 17, 2006, and would ordinarily take place at the Special Housing Unit of the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, although alternative locations are possible (such as the Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute, where federal civilian death row inmates are housed and executed). Of five convicted servicemen awaiting execution, four are confined at the Special Housing Unit and one at Camp Lejeune, all of whom have been convicted of premeditated murder or felony murder.
Until 1961, the last military execution to date, hanging was the sole and official method. Later, the military introduced the electric chair, which was never used.[6] Currently, lethal injection is the sole method.[3]
Executions during World War II and postwar[]
The United States Army carried out 141 executions over a three-year period from 1942 to 1945, and a further six executions were conducted during the postwar period, for a known total of 147. 70 of these 141 wartime executions were carried out in the European Theatre, 27 in the Mediterranean Theatre, 21 in the Southwest Pacific Area, 19 in the continental United States, two in Hawaii, one in Guadacanal and one in India; of the six postwar executions, one took place in Hawaii, one in Japan, two in France and two in the Philippines. An execution was also carried out by the United States Air Force in Japan in 1950.
All executions carried out by the Army during 1942 to 1948 were performed under the authority of the Articles of War of June 4, 1920, an Act of Congress which governed military justice between 1920 and 1948. With the exception of Eddie Slovik, who was shot for desertion, all of these soldiers were executed for murder and/or rape. It should be noted that several of the soldiers listed as convicted and executed for murder and/or rape had also been convicted on other charges, including those of a military nature such as desertion and mutiny and plus lesser crimes that would not have been considered capital unless combined with more serious offenses which carried the death penalty. Sources for list in References section.
Executed person | Date of execution | Location | Method |
---|---|---|---|
James Rowe | 6 November 1942 | Fort Huachuca, Arizona | Hanging |
Edward J. Leonski | 9 November 1942 | Pentridge Prison, Melbourne, Australia, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Jerry Sykes | 19 January 1943 | Fort Huachuca, Arizona | Hanging |
David Cobb | 12 March 1943 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
George S. Knapp | 19 March 1943 | Bastrop, Texas | Hanging |
Francis A. Line | 26 March 1943 | Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona | Hanging |
Harold A. Smith | 25 June 1943 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
James E. Kendrick | 17 July 1943 | Oran, Algeria, North African Theater of Operations | Hanging |
Levi Brandon | 26 July 1943 | Fort Leavenworth, Kansas | Hanging |
Walter J. Bohn | 6 August 1943 | Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, United States | Hanging |
Willie A. Pittman | 30 August 1943 | Sicily, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Harvey Stroud | 30 August 1943 | Sicily, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Armstead White | 30 August 1943 | Sicily, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
David White | 30 August 1943 | Sicily, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Charles H. Smith | 6 September 1943 | Algiers, North African Theater of Operations | Hanging |
Lee A. Davis | 14 December 1943 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Edwin P. Jones | 5 January 1944 | Oran, Algeria, North African Theater of Operations | Hanging |
John H. Waters | 10 February 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
J.C. Leatherberry | 16 March 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Charles A. Spears | 18 April 1944 | Oran, Algeria, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Wiley Harris | 26 May 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Alex F. Miranda | 30 May 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Firing squad |
Robert L. Donnelly | 31 May 1944 | Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Eliga Brinson | 11 August 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Willie Smith | 11 August 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Clarence Whitfield | 14 August 1944 | Normandy, France, European Theater | Hanging |
Ray Watson | 29 August 1944 | Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
James W. Peoples | 2 September 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Harry Bever | 26 September 1944 | Fort Sill, Oklahoma | Hanging |
Arthur T. Brown | 2 October 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Andrew Gibson | 2 October 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Leroy E. Greene | 2 October 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Charles A. Horne | 2 October 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Eugene A. Washington, Jr. | 2 October 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Lloyd L. White, Jr. | 2 October 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Madison Thomas | 12 October 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
James B. Sanders | 25 October 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Ray W. Anderson | 25 October 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Paul Kluxdal | 31 October 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Willie Wimberly, Jr. | 9 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Joseph Watson | 9 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Aveline Fernandez | 15 November 1944 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Curtis L. Maxey | 16 November 1944 | St. Tropez, France, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Richard Scott | 18 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
William D. Pennyfather | 18 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Theron McGann | 20 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Arthur E. Davis | 22 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Charles H. Jordan | 22 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
James Hendricks | 24 November 1944 | Normandy, France, European Theater | Hanging |
Benjamin Pygate | 28 November 1944 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Firing squad |
Oscar N. Newman | 29 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Leo Valentine, Sr. | 29 November 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Charles Williams | 18 December 1944 | United States | Hanging |
William E. Davis | 27 December 1944 | European Theater | Hanging |
Waiter J. Baldwin | 17 January 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Sylvester Davis | 5 January 1945 | Randolph Air Force Base, Texas | Hanging |
Augustine Guerra | 8 January 1945 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Ernest L. Clarke | 8 January 1945 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
John. D. Cooper | 9 January 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
John R. O'Connor | 15 January 1945 | Fort Benning, Georgia | Hanging |
Arthur J. Farrell | 19 January 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
James W. Twiggs | 22 January 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Samuel Hawthorne | 29 January 1945 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Marvin Holden | 30 January 1945 | Lemur, Belgium | Hanging |
Elwood J. Spencer | 30 January 1945 | Lemur, Belgium | Hanging |
Eddie Slovik | 31 January 1945 | Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France, European Theater | Firing squad |
J.P. Wilson | 2 February 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Robert L. Skinner | 10 February 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Yancy Waiters | 10 February 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
William Mack | 15 February 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Otis B. Crews | 21 February 1945 | Mediterranean Theater | Hanging |
Williams C. Downes | 28 February 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Amos Agee | 3 March 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
John C. Smith | 3 March 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Frank Watson | 3 March 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Olins W. Williams | 9 March 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Lee A. Burns | 11 March 1945 | Aversa, Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
General L. Grant | 11 March 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Herman Perry | 15 March 1945 | Ledo, Assam, India | Hanging |
Robert L. Pearson | 17 March 1945 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Cubia (Parson) Jones | 17 March 1945 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Henry Baker | 18 March 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
John M. Mack | 20 March 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
John W. Taylor | 20 March 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Kinney Jones | 20 March 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Robert A. Pearson | 20 March 1945 | Guadalcanal | Hanging |
Abraham Smalls | 27 March 1945 | Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Tommie Davison | 29 March 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
William Harrison, Jr. | 7 April 1945 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Curn Jones | 10 April 1945 | Fort Benning, Georgia | Hanging |
Benjamin F. Hopper | 11 April 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Dan Boswell | 16 April 1945 | Camp Bowie, Texas | Hanging |
James L. Jones | 19 April 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Mileert Bailey | 19 April 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
John Williams | 19 April 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
William T. Curry | 20 April 1945 | Oro Bay, New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Area | Hanging |
Shelton McGhee, Sr. | 4 May 1945 | Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
George E. Smith, Jr. | 8 May 1945 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
George Green, Jr. | 15 May 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Haze Heard | 21 May 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
William McCarter | 28 May 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Clete O. Norris | 31 May 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Alvery R. Rollins | 31 May 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Matthew Clay, Jr. | 4 June 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Werner E. Schmiedel | 11 June 1945 | Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Ancieto Martinez | 15 June 1945 | Shepton Mallet, United Kingdom, European Theater | Hanging |
Victor Ortiz | 21 June 1945 | European Theatre | Hanging |
Willie Johnson | 26 June 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Fred A. McMurray | 2 July 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Louis Till | 2 July 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Charles H. Jefferies | 5 July 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
John T. Jones | 5 July 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Henry W. Nelson | 5 July 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Hanging |
Tom E. Gordon | 10 July 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Harold Crabtree | 31 July 1945 | Philippines | Firing squad |
Cornelius Thomas | 1 August 1945 | Schofield Barracks, Hawai'i | Hanging |
Jesse D. Boston | 1 August 1945 | Schofield Barracks, Hawai'i | Firing squad |
Robert Davidson | 6 August 1945 | Green Haven Correctional Facility, New York | Firing squad |
Ernest J. Harris | 9 August 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
Lee R. Davis | 14 August 1945 | Fort Sill, Oklahoma | Hanging |
Herbert W. Reid | 14 August 1945 | Camp Beale, California | Hanging |
Clinton Stevenson | 14 August 1945 | Camp Beale, California | Hanging |
Ellis McCloud, Jr. | 20 August 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
Robert Wray | 20 August 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Edward J. Reichl | 22 August 1945 | United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas | Hanging |
Harvey W. Nichols | 28 August 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
Albert Williams | 28 August 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
Bradley Walters, Jr. | 31 August 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
Henry C. Philpot | 10 September 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Fred Hurse | 20 September 1945 | United States | Hanging |
Clarence Gibson | 24 September 1945 | United States | Firing squad |
James C.Thomas | 25 September 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
Charles M. Robinson | 28 September 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Blake W. Mariano | 10 October 1945 | European Theater | Hanging |
Sidney Bennerman | 15 October 1945 | European Theater | Firing squad |
Woodrow Parker | 15 October 1945 | European Theater | Firing squad |
Ozell Louis | 15 October 1945 | Philippines | Hanging |
Charlie Ervin, Jr. | 19 October 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Firing squad |
Mansfield Spinks | 19 October 1945 | Italy, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II | Firing squad |
Dan J. Lee | 9 November 1945 | Philippines | Firing squad |
Ellsworth Williams | 5 January 1946 | Germany, European Theater | Hanging |
Solomon Thompson | 11 September 1946 | European Theater | Hanging |
Garlon Mickles | 22 April 1947 | Schofield Barracks, Hawai'i | Hanging |
James Norman | 25 April 1947 | Philippines | Hanging |
William Abney | 1 December 1947 | Mandaluyong, Philippines | Hanging |
Manuel Martinez | 23 April 1948 | European Theater | Hanging |
Stratman Armistead | 16 December 1948 | Nakano, Japan, Far East Command | Hanging |
Executions of German POWs during World War II[]
In 1945, the United States Army executed fourteen German prisoners of war by hanging at the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. These POWs, members of the German Armed services, had been convicted by general court-martial for the murders of fellow Germans believed by their fellow inmates to be collaborating as confidential informants with the United States military authorities. These hangings at the United States Disciplinary Barracks were carried out in a warehouse elevator shaft which had been converted into a temporary gallows. The fourteen Germans were subsequently buried in the Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery.[7]
Executed person | Age | Date of Execution | Name of victim |
---|---|---|---|
Walter Beyer | 32 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |
Hans Demme | 23 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |
Hans Schomer | 27 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |
Willie Scholz | 22 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |
Berthold Seidel | 30 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |
Erich Gauss | 14 July 1945 | Horst Günther | |
Rudolph Straub | 14 July 1945 | Horst Günther | |
Helmut Fischer | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler | |
Fritz Franke | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler | |
Guenther Kuelsen | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler | |
Heinrich Ludwig | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler | |
Bernard Reyak | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler | |
Otto Stengel | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler | |
Rolf Wizuy | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler |
Executions by the United States Air Force[]
The United States Air Force has executed a total of three airmen by hanging between 1950 and 1954. The first execution, that of Robert E. Keller, was conducted under the authority of the 1920 Articles of War; those of Burns and Dennis, Jr. were carried out under a short-lived revised version of the Articles of War popularly known as the Elston Act of 1948.
Executed person | Date of execution | Location | Crime |
---|---|---|---|
Robert E. Keller | 11 March 1950 | Nakano, Japan | Murder |
Robert Burns | 28 January 1954 | Guam | Murder and rape |
Herman Dennis, Jr. | 28 January 1954 | Guam | Murder and rape |
Executions under the Uniform Code of Military Justice[]
A total of ten military executions have been carried out by the United States Army under the provisions of the original Uniform Code of Military Justice of 5 May 1950. The first four of these executions, those of Bernard J. O'Brien, Chastine Beverly, Louis M. Suttles and James L. Riggins, were carried out by military officials at the Kansas State Penitentiary near Lansing, Kansas. The remaining six executions took place in the boiler room of the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Hanging was the method employed in these ten executions.
Executed person | Date of sentencing | Date of execution | Crime |
---|---|---|---|
Bernard J. O'Brien | 19 June 1952 | 31 July 1954 | Premeditated murder |
Chastine Beverly | 10 October 1951 | 1 March 1955 | Robbery, premeditated murder |
Louis M. Suttles | 10 October 1951 | 1 March 1955 | Robbery, premeditated murder |
James L. Riggins | 10 October 1951 | 1 March 1955 | Robbery, premeditated murder |
Thomas J. Edwards | 1 April 1953 | 14 February 1957 | Premeditated murder |
Winfred D. Moore | 19 August 1953 | 14 February 1957 | Murder, assault with intent to commit robbery |
Ernest L. Ranson | 5 June 1953 | 3 April 1957 | Lifting weapon against superior officer, premeditated murder, rape, robbery, 2 counts of assault with dangerous weapon |
Abraham Thomas | 15 April 1954 | 23 July 1958 | Four counts premeditated murder |
John E. Day, Jr. | 1 October 1951 | 23 September 1959 | Murder, premeditated assault with attempt to do bodily harm with dangerous weapon, assault |
John A. Bennett | 8 February 1955 | 13 April 1961 | Rape, premeditated attempted murder |
Individuals currently awaiting execution under the UCMJ[]
Five individuals are currently awaiting execution under the UCMJ. The death sentence of a sixth has been overturned on appeal, but that individual remains on death row awaiting a possible appeal by the military.[8] All executions, if carried out, will be by lethal injection.
Sentenced person | Date of sentencing | Crime |
---|---|---|
Ronald A. Gray | 12 April 1988 | Two counts of both rape and premeditated murder |
Dwight J. Loving | April 1989 | Two counts of felony murder |
Hasan Karim Akbar | 28 April 2005 | Two counts of premeditated murder |
Andrew P. Witt | 13 October 2005[n 1] | Two counts of premeditated murder |
Timothy B. Hennis | 15 April 2010 | Three counts of premeditated murder |
Nidal Malik Hasan | 28 August 2013 | Thirteen counts of premeditated murder |
- ↑ Witt's sentence was overturned on appeal in 2010, but he remains on death row while the military considers an appeal of that decision.
[]
The United States Navy has executed approximately seventeen sailors and Marines for various offenses, of which the most famous were several crew members of the USS Somers who were summarily hanged for allegedly conspiring to mutiny. No member of the Navy has been executed since 1849. The United States Navy also executed fourteen Japanese nationals by hanging on charges of war crimes on Guam after the Second World War.
See also[]
- Shepton Mallet Military Prison
- Plot E - "The Dishonored Dead"
References[]
- ↑ Establishment of Military Justice - Proposed Amendment of the Articles of War, Thursday September 25, 1919. United States Senate, Subcommittee on Militarz Affairs, Washington, D. C. (loc.gov/)
- ↑ Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2000
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 The U.S. Military Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center
- ↑ "Military sets date for first execution since 1961". Associated Press. November 20, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27828874/.
- ↑ Unlike the other capital offenses under the UCMJ, the text of Article 120 does not explicitly state that the death penalty is available, since such language was removed in a 2007 revision. However, the revision stated that the maximum penalty remained death, until the President specified otherwise. See National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, PL 109–163, January 6, 2006, 119 Stat 3136, §552(b). Subsequent Manuals for Courts Martial, issued under the President's authority, continue to describe the maximum penalty for rape as death. See Manual for Courts-Martial (2012) Appendix 28(f)(1).
- ↑ Baldor, Lolita C. (June 29, 2006). "Iraq murder charges raise specter of rarely used military death sentence". Associated Press. http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/military/article_eb49c13c-0e5a-50f3-a8de-1ab9f6e624ae.html.
- ↑ Fort Leavenworth Military Prison cemetery
- ↑ Chiaramonte, Perry (August 28, 2013). "Even with death sentence, Fort Hood shooter would face long wait for marytrdom". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/08/28/even-with-death-sentence-fort-hood-shooter-would-face-long-wait-for-martyrdom/. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
Sources[]
Information on listed military executions between 1942–1961 has been primarily derived from the following sources. Research on these executions continues.
- A handwritten list, Executed Death Cases Before 1951, discovered at The Pentagon in December 2003. The list is only partially legible and must therefore be used with some caution. The linked public version of this list is quite truncated, thereby omitting a great deal of useful information about these cases. The supplemental addendum, Death Sentence Ledger, tracks military capital cases between 1950-1967.
- Two tables of U.S. Soldiers executed during World War II's European Theater and Pacific Theater may be found on Before the Needle[dead link]
- The U.S. Rosters of World War II Dead, 1939-1945 (payment required) contains the names of many American servicemen executed by military authority overseas. These individuals are generally identified in the Rosters as GP (or General Prisoners) and were interred under the category of Administrative Decision.
- The Nationwide Gravesite Locator contains the names of numerous executed soldiers, many of them listed as being General Prisoners.
- The U.S. Veterans Gravesites, ca.1775-2006 (payment required) contains the names of numerous executed soldiers, many of them listed as being General Prisoners.
- Historical archives of the Stars and Stripes Newspaper, WWII Europe and North Africa Editions, 1942-1958 (payment required) contain numerous contemporary references to military executions.
- Death Penalty Cases in WWII Military Courts: Lessons Learned from North Africa and Italy, a paper written by Professor J. Robert Lilly of the School of Law, Northern Kentucky University, and Associate Professor J. Michael Thomson of the Political Science Department Northern Kentucky University, and presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences March 10–13, 2004. Las Vegas, NV, contains statistical information on 97 executions carried out in the European Theatre and the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II. It does not appear to be available online at this time.
- Taken by Force, by J. Robert Lilly, (ISBN 0-230-50647-X) published by Palgrave Macmillian in August, 2007, discusses crimes of sexual violence committed by American soldiers in the Second World War. It contains numerous references to military capital cases during this period.
- Official File, Court Martial Cases, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, contains information on sentence confirmation dates of soldiers executed for capital crimes within the continental United States between 1942-145.
- Official File, Court Martial Cases, Harry Truman Museum and Library, contains information on sentence confirmation dates of soldiers and members of the Air Force executed between 1945-1954.
- History of the JAG Branch Office, U.S. Forces, European Theater, 18 July 1942 to 1 Nov. 1945: n.a., Vol. 1–2, prep. by the Branch Office of the JAG-ETO, n.p ., n.d. (1946?), contains a summary on 70 military executions carried out in the European theater between 1943-1945.
- Ted Darcy Casualty Database
- Subchapter X, "Punitive Articles" of the Uniform Code of Military Justice
External links[]
The original article can be found at Capital punishment by the United States military and the edit history here.