| Canadian Expeditionary Force | |
|---|---|
 Canadian Expeditionary Force | |
| Active | August 1914–1920 |
| Country |
Canada |
| Type |
 Canadian Army |
| Size | 619,646 enlistments during existence |
The Canadian Expeditionary Force was the designation of the field force created by Canada for service overseas in the First World War. The force fielded several combat formations in France and Flanders, the largest of which was the Canadian Corps, consisting of four divisions. The Canadian Cavalry Brigade and the Canadian Independent Force, which were independent of the Canadian Corps, also fought on the Western Front. The CEF also had a large reserve and training organization in England, and a recruiting organization in Canada. In the later stages of the European war, particularly after their success at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele, the Canadian Corps was regarded by friend and foe alike as the most effective Allied military formation on the Western Front.[1] The Germans went so far as to call them "storm troopers"[2] for their great combat efficiency. In August 1918, the CEF organized the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force, which reinforced the anti-Bolshevik garrison in Vladivostok during the winter of 1918–19.
Composition[]
26th Battalion of the Second Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1915
The Canadian Expeditionary Force was mostly volunteers, as conscription was not enforced until the end of the war when call-ups began in January 1918 (see Conscription Crisis of 1917). Ultimately, only 24,132 conscripts arrived in France before the end of the war.
Canada was the senior Dominion in the British Empire and automatically at war with Germany upon the British declaration. According to Canadian historian Dr. Serge Durflinger at the Canadian War Museum, popular support for the war was found mainly in English Canada. Of the first contingent formed at Valcartier, Quebec in 1914, 'fully two-thirds were men born in the United Kingdom'. By the end of the war in 1918, at least 'fifty per cent of the CEF consisted of British-born men'. Recruiting was difficult among the French-Canadian population, although one battalion, the 22nd, who came to be known as the 'Van Doos', was French-speaking ("Van Doo" is an approximate pronunciation of the French for "22" - vingt deux)
Private Joseph Pappin, 130 Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.[3]
To a lesser extent, several other cultural groups within the Dominion enlisted and made a significant contribution to the Force including aboriginals of the First Nations, Black Canadians as well as Black Americans.[4]
The CEF eventually numbered 260 numbered infantry battalions, two named infantry battalions (The Royal Canadian Regiment and Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry), 13 mounted rifle regiments, 13 railway troop battalions, 5 pioneer battalions, as well as numerous ancillary units including field and heavy artillery batteries, ambulance, medical, dental, forestry, labour, tunnelling, cyclist, and service units.
A distinct entity within the Canadian Expeditionary Force was the Canadian Machine Gun Corps. It consisted of several motor machine gun battalions, the Eatons, Yukon, and Borden Motor Machine Gun Batteries, and nineteen machine gun companies. During the summer of 1918, these units were consolidated into four machine gun battalions, one being attached to each of the four divisions in the Canadian Corps.
The Canadian Corps with its four infantry divisions comprised the main fighting force of the CEF. The Canadian Cavalry Brigade also served in France. Support units of the CEF included the Canadian Railway Troops, which served on the Western Front and provided a bridging unit for the Middle East; the Canadian Forestry Corps, which felled timber in Britain and France, and special units which operated around the Caspian Sea, in northern Russia and eastern Siberia.[5]
Major battles[]
The Battle of Ypres, 1915[]
The 1915 Battle of Ypres, the first engagement of Canadian forces in the Great War, changed the Canadian perspective on war. Ypres rushed young Canadian soldiers out of their former naïve ideal of glory and showed them common themes of war. As a testament to its gruesome nature, Ypres is also considered the grounds upon which poison gas in the Great War ceased to be irregular. Possibly the most impressive of the Canadian forces was the Second Brigade under the command of Arthur William Currie, who would later attain the rank of general. This first battle spat them out the other end as professional and skilled soldiers (especially at improvisation on the battlefield), with a high morale and confidence. The battle cost the BEF (of which the Canadian Corps was a part of) 59, 275 men.[6]
The Battle of the Somme, July–November 1916[]
“The Somme offensive had no great geographical objectives. Its purpose was threefold – to relieve pressure on the French armies at Verdun, to inflict as heavy losses as possible on the German armies, and to aid allies on other fronts by preventing any further transfer of Germany troops from the west.” [7] The Canadian Corps is formed after receiving the 2nd and 3rd division; its first commander was Major-General M. S. Mercer. On 1 July a seven-day assault began and British losses numbered 57, 470. During this time the 1st Newfoundland Regiment is decimated when attacking German trenches. Mark I Tank first appears in Battle at Somme, though premature the psychological impact is astounding and the sheer sight of it makes many German soldiers surrender immediately. The toll of the 5-month campaign cannot be statistically verified by a single reliable source however historians have come into the range of German losses roughly 670,000 and an Allied total of 623,907.[8]
The Battle of Vimy Ridge, 9–12 April 1917[]
The battle of Vimy Ridge had incredible significance for Canada as a young nation. For the first time ever the Canadian Corps, with all four of its divisions attacked as one, under Canadian leadership with sole members from Canada.[note 1] This tactical victory clearly showed how effective and powerful the Canadian Expeditionary Forces had become. This one Canadian offensive amounted to the capture of more land, prisoners and armaments than any previous offensive.[9] The main offensive tactic was the creeping barrage, an artillery strike combined with constant infantry progression through the battlefield.[note 2]
Passchendaele, October – November 1917[]
Led by Lieutenant General Arthur Currie, the first offensive of the Canadian Corps in Passchendaele or the Third Ypres, was on October 26, 1917, cost 2,481 Canadian soldiers and made little progress. The second assault on October 30 took the lives of 1,321 soldiers and also made small gains. However on November 6, the third attack won the town of Passchendaele, forfeiting 2,238 killed or wounded. The final assault to capture Passchendaele Ridge began on November 10 and was completed the same day. The Canadian Corps did in two weeks what the other Allied forces were not able to do in three months. Canadian Corps suffered 15,654 battle casualties in the muddiest stalemate battle of the Great War.[10]
The final count[]
After distinguishing themselves in battle from the Second Battle of Ypres, through the Somme and particularly in the Battle of Arras at Vimy Ridge in April 1917, and Passchendaele the Canadian Corps came to be regarded as an exceptional force by both Allied and German military commanders. Since they were mostly unmolested by the German army's offensive manoeuvres in the spring of 1918, the Canadians were ordered to spearhead the last campaigns of the War from the Battle of Amiens on August 8, 1918, which ended in a tacit victory for the Allies when the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.
The Canadian Expeditionary Force lost 60,661 men during the war, representing 9.28% of the 619,636 who enlisted.
The end of the CEF[]
The CEF was legally distinct from the Canadian Militia which did not mobilize in 1914. The Militia remained active in Canada during the war. After 1918, it was decided (after lengthy dissertation by the Otter Committee) that units of the CEF would be disbanded, and that the Militia would be reorganized. Individual units of the Canadian Militia, notably infantry and cavalry regiments, were permitted to perpetuate the battle honours and histories of the CEF units that had actually fought the war.[11]
After the war, the Canadian Military Hospitals Commission reported on provision of employment for members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force on their return to Canada, and the re-education of those who were unable to follow their previous occupations because of disability.[12]
Equipment[]
Vehicles[]
- Armoured carriers and armoured tractors
- Tanks
Mark I tank training tank, UK
- Mark IV tanks in battle were operated by CEF crews, but they belonged to the British Army
Small arms[]
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Martini Henry | 1870s-end of World War I |  United Kingdom
|
| Winchester rifle | 1870s-end of World War I | United States |
.303 rifles
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Ross Rifle Mark I and Ross Mark II (multiple * variants) | 1905–1913 | Canada
|
| Ross Rifle Mark III | 1913–1916 | Canada
|
| Lee-Enfield (SMLE) Mark III | 1916–1943 | United Kingdom
|
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Colt "New Service" Revolver—1900-1928 (also used by the NWMP and RCMP from 1905–1954) | United States | |
| Colt Model 1911 Pistol—1914-1945 | United States | |
| Smith & Wesson 2nd Model "Hand Ejector" Revolver—1915-1951 | United States |
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Webley Mark VI Revolver | United Kingdom
| |
| Enfield No. 2 MkI Revolver | United Kingdom
|
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Pattern 1907 bayonet | ||
| Ross Bayonet (for 1905 and 1910 rifles) | Canada
|
Machine guns, light machine guns and other weapons[]
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Colt Machine Gun 1914-1916 | USA | |
| Vickers Machine Gun 1914-1950s | UK | |
| Lewis Machine Gun—1916-c.1945 | USA |
Ammunition[]
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| .303 British | United Kingdom
| |
| .455 Webley | United Kingdom
|
Uniforms, load bearing and protective equipment[]
See also: Battledress, Uniforms of the Canadian Forces
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Service dress 1903-1939 | ||
| Canadian pattern and British pattern |
Load bearing equipment
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Oliver Pattern Equipment 1898-19?? | ||
| 1908 pattern web equipment |
Head dress
| Model/Type | Period or Years in Use | Manufacturer/Origins |
|---|---|---|
| Glengarry | United Kingdom
| |
| Tam o'shanter | United Kingdom
| |
| Field Service Cap | United Kingdom
| |
| Brodie helmet | United Kingdom
|
See also[]
- British Army
- Canadian Militia
- Military history of Canada during World War I
- List of Canadian battles during the First World War
- Canadian official war artists
- Canadian Corps
- Currie Hall
Notes[]
- ↑ British regular army officers made up the majority of staff - including senior staff -positions in the corps.
- ↑ The Canadian artillery was reinforced with British units and its planning was directed by a British officer, Major Alan Brooke, serving with the Corps HQ.
References[]
- ↑ Godefroy, A. (April 1, 2006). “Canadian Military Effectiveness in the First World War.” In The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest Bernd Horn (ed.) Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-612-2
- ↑ http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/commun/ml-fe/article-eng.asp?id=4867
- ↑ Original author is unknown. The photo comes from a private family collection. The would have been taken in late 1915 or early 1916, before their deployment.
- ↑ Morton, Desmond. When Your Number's Up
- ↑ Stacey, C. & N. Hillmer Canadian Expeditionary Force. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
- ↑ [Dancocks, Daniel G. Welcome to Flanders Fields: the First Canadian Battle of the Great War : Ypres, 1915. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1988]
- ↑ [Nicholson, Gerald W. L. Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: R. Duhamel, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1962.]
- ↑ [Nicholson, Gerald W. L. Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: R. Duhamel, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1962.]
- ↑ Nicholson, Gerald W. L. Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: R. Duhamel, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1962.
- ↑ [Bercuson, David Jay. The Fighting Canadians: Our Regimental History from New France to Afghanistan. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2008.]
- ↑ Otter committee article
- ↑ The Provision of Employment for Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force on Their Return to Canada, and the Re-Education of Those Who Are Unable to follow their previous occupations because of disability. Canada Military Hospitals Commission Nabu Press August 2010. This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923.
Further reading[]
- Berton, Pierre (1986). Vimy. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-1339-6
- Christie, Norm. For King & Empire, The Canadians at Amiens, August 1918. CEF Books, 1999
- Christie, Norm. For King & Empire, The Canadians at Arras, August–September 1918. CEF Books, 1997
- Christie, Norm. For King & Empire, The Canadians at Cambrai, September–October 1918. CEF Books, 1997
- Dancocks, Daniel G. Spearhead to Victory – Canada and the Great War, Hurtig Publishers, 1987
- Cook, Tim. "At the Sharp End - Canadians Fighting the Great War 1914-1916 Vol. One", Viking Canada, 2007
- Cook, Tim. "Shock Troops - Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917-1918 Vol. Two", Viking Canada, 2008
- Morton, Desmond and Granatstein, J.L. Marching to Armageddon. Lester & Orpen Dennys Publishers, 1989
- Morton, Desmond. When Your Numbers Up. Random House of Canada, 1993
- Newman, Stephen K. With the Patricia's in Flanders: 1914–1918. Bellewaerde House Publishing, 2000
- Nicholson, Col. G.W.L. Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919, Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War, Queen's Printer, 1964
- Schreiber, Shane B. Shock Army of the British Empire – The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War. Vanwell Publishing Limited, 2004
- Canada Military Hospitals Commission The Provision of Employment for Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force on Their Return to Canada, and the Re-Education of Those Who Are Unable to follow their previous occupations because of disability. Canada Military Hospitals Commission Nabu Press August 2010. This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923.
External links[]
- National Film Board - Images of a Forgotten War
- Canadian Great War Project
- The C.E.F. Paper Trail
- The C.E.F. Study Group
- The CEFSG Forum (moved to new site August 2012)
- The CEFSG Database and Utilities for CEF Research
- Central Ontario Branch – Western Front Association
- Library & Archives Canada—Canada and the First World War
- National Defence – Books/Publications Online – Contains a link to download a copy of Nicholson's Official History of the C.E.F.
- Veteran Affairs Canada – History of the First World War
- Regimental Rogue site
- Links to Nicholson text and maps (see book reference below: [1])
- canadiansoldiers.com
- Canadian Virtual War Memorial
- French Canada and Recruitment during the First World War
- Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914-1918 at Library and Archives Canada
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The original article can be found at Canadian Expeditionary Force and the edit history here.